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library(discrim)
Attaching package: 'discrim'
The following object is masked from 'package:dials':
smoothnesslibrary(naivebayes)naivebayes 1.0.0 loaded
For more information please visit:
https://majkamichal.github.io/naivebayes/emails <- read.csv("messages.csv")
head(emails) subject
1 job posting - apple-iss research center
2
3 query : letter frequencies for text identification
4 risk
5 request book information
6 call for abstracts : optimality in syntactic theory
message
1 content - length : 3386 apple-iss research center a us $ 10 million joint venture between apple computer inc . and the institute of systems science of the national university of singapore , located in singapore , is looking for : a senior speech scientist - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - the successful candidate will have research expertise in computational linguistics , including natural language processing and * * english * * and * * chinese * * statistical language modeling . knowledge of state-of - the-art corpus-based n - gram language models , cache language models , and part-of - speech language models are required . a text - to - speech project leader - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - the successful candidate will have research expertise expertise in two or more of the following areas : computational linguistics , including natural language parsing , lexical database design , and statistical language modeling ; text tokenization and normalization ; prosodic analysis . substantial knowledge of the phonology , syntax , and semantics of chinese is required . knowledge of acoustic phonetics and / or speech signal processing is desirable . both candidates will have a phd with at least 2 to 4 years of relevant work experience , or a technical msc degree with at least 5 to 7 years of experienc e . very strong software engineering skills , including design and implementation , and productization are required in these positions . knowledge of c , c + + and unix are preferred . a unix & c programmer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - we are looking for an experienced unix & c programmer , preferably with good industry experience , to join us in breaking new frontiers . strong knowledge of unix tools ( compilers , linkers , make , x - windows , e - mac , . . . ) and experience in matlab required . sun and silicon graphic experience is an advantage . programmers with less than two years industry experience need not apply . these positions include interaction with scientists in the national university of singapore , and with apple 's speech research and productization efforts located in cupertino , california . attendance and publication in international scientific / engineering conferences is encouraged . benefits include an internationally competitive salary , housing subsidy , and relocation expenses . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ send a complete resume , enclosing personal particulars , qualifications , experience and contact telephone number to : mr jean - luc lebrun center manager apple - iss research center , institute of systems science heng mui keng terrace , singapore 0511 tel : ( 65 ) 772-6571 fax : ( 65 ) 776-4005 email : jllebrun @ iss . nus . sg\n
2 lang classification grimes , joseph e . and barbara f . grimes ; ethnologue language family index ; pb . isbn : 0-88312 - 708 - 3 ; vi , 116 pp . ; $ 14 . 00 . summer institute of linguistics . this companion volume to ethnologue : languages of the world , twelfth edition lists language families of the world with sub-groups shown in a tree arrangement under the broadest classification of language family . the language family index facilitates locating language names in the ethnologue , making the data there more accessible . internet : academic . books @ sil . org languages , reference lang & culture gregerson , marilyn ; ritual , belief , and kinship in sulawesi ; pb . : isbn : 0-88312 - 621 - 4 ; ix , 194 pp . ; $ 25 . 00 . summer institute of linguistics . seven articles discuss five language groups in sulawesi , indonesia ; the primary focus is on cultural matters , with some linguistic content . topics include traditional religion and beliefs , certain ceremonies , and kinship . internet : academic . books @ sil . org language and society , indonesia computers & ling weber , david j . , stephen r . mcconnel , diana d . weber , and beth j . bryson ; primer : a tool for developing early reading materials ; pb . : isbn : 0-88313 - 678 - 8 ; xvi , 266 pp . + ms-dos software ; $ 26 . 00 . summer institute of linguistics . the authors present a computer program and instructions for developing reading materials in languages with little or no background in literacy . the book is structured as a how-to manual with step by step procedures to establish an appropriate primer sequence and to organize words , phrases , and sentences that correlate with the sequence . it presupposes a thorough knowledge of linguistics . internet : academic . books @ sil . org literacy , computer\n
3 i am posting this inquiry for sergei atamas ( satamas @ umabnet . ab . umd . edu ) , a research associate at the university of maryland at baltimore . his field is molecular biology , and his work involves comparing dna strings using various algorithms . i do n't understand the details well enough to pass them along . at any rate , one such algorithm relies upon frequencies with which the letters g , a , t , and c occur in the dna strings . he would like to explore the analogous use of letter ( sound ) frequencies in natural language texts . hence this posting . specifically , sergei wonders if any linguist subscribers could help steer him to recent literature concerning text identification based on letter frequencies . any suggestions could be sent directly to him at the above address , or to me and i ' ll pass them along . he would also be interested in collaborative work if this research connects with the work of any linguists or text processing specialists . he observes that very often work in one field would actually help work in a far-removed field , if only people knew what was going on over there . george fowler george fowler gfowler @ indiana . edu [ email ] dept . of slavic languages * * 1-317 - 726-1482 [ home ] * * [ try here first ! ] ballantine 502 1-812 - 855-2624 / - 2608 / - 9906 [ dept . ] indiana university 1-812 - 855-2829 [ office ] bloomington , in 47405 usa 1-812 - 855-2107 [ dept . fax ]\n
4 a colleague and i are researching the differing degrees of risk perceived by our hong kong students in different contexts where spoken english is required . we would be interested to find out more about research in the area of risk-taking in language learning . so far we have n't come up with much . can anyone help here ?\n
5 earlier this morning i was on the phone with a friend of mine living in south america . as we were talking in spanish , he said : " si voy a la liberi ' a , comprare ' el libro " which can be rendered into english as " if i go to the bookstore , i will purchase it " . i found this expression a bit unusual so i asked him saying that he really meant to say " si fuese a la libreri ' a , comprari ' a el libro " or " if i were to go to the bookstore , i would buy it " to which he said to me , " ah , the subjunctive is dead in spanish ! " . weather this is a matter of subjunctive discussion or not , is something to be left for another time . nevertheless , he mentioned in the course of our conversation that there is a book ( a spanish translation of a french original ) titled something like " la muerte del subjuntivo " or " the demise / death of the subjunctive " . does any one know of this book ? or books which may deal with similar content ? any and all help will be appreciated . joseph m kozono < kozonoj @ gunet . georgetown . edu >\n
6 content - length : 4437 call for papers is the best good enough ? workshop on optimality in syntactic theory to be held at the massachusetts institute of technology , cambridge , ma , may 19-21 1995 . syntactic research in a variety of frameworks is assigning a growing role to the notion of comparison . this work , which is at the forefront of current research , includes theories involving principles of economy and optimality . much of this work is still unpublished or in formative stages ( legendre , raymond , and smolensky ( 1993 ) , grimshaw ( 1993 ) , pesetsky ( 1994 ) , chomsky ( 1989 , 1993 , 1994 ) ) . the relevant data vary from one account to another , but empirical comparisons of these proposals now can and should be undertaken . ) from may 19-21 , 1995 , mit will be hosting a workshop to explore and clarify particular issues of syntactic theories in which comparison plays a significant role . the workshop will consist of invited talks and talks selected from anonymously submitted abstracts . abstracts are invited to address the following questions : * what is the nature of the candidate or reference set for comparison ? which linguistic objects compete for the best choice ? * what criteria determine the optimal output from a set of candidates ? * does the grammar compare derivations ( as with the economy principles of chomsky ( 1989 , 1993 ) ) or representations ( as in the optimality theoretic analyses developed for phonology by prince and smolensky ( 1993 ) ) . * is language acquisition or variation explained by parameterization or constraint re-ranking ? * what are the computational implications and requirements of the different approaches ? invited talks will be presented by : joan bresnan , stanford noam chomsky , mit jane grimshaw , rutgers david pesetsky , mit paul smolensky and geraldine legendre , johns hopkins university edward stabler , ucla submissions for consideration must be received by march 15 , 1994 , via mail or fax transmission . authors whose abstracts are accepted will be requested to provide a more complete paper by mid - april to prepare focused discussion . we may be able to assist with travel costs for student or unemployed presenters . eight or nine 30 - minute time slots are reserved for accepted papers , each with an additional 10 minutes for questions and discussion . abstracts should be anonymous and not longer than two pages . mailing address : good enough mit 20d-219 77 massachusetts avenue , cambridge , ma , 02139 mailings should include six copies of an anonymous abstract with a cover sheet indicating the paper title , author 's name , affiliation , address , phone number , and email address . fax transmissions may be made to ( 617 ) 253-5017 , attention : david pesetsky , and should also include the cover sheet . any further questions may be addressed by email to good-enough @ mit . edu . more detailed conference information will also be made available via anonymous ftp to broca . mit . edu , in the pub / good-enough directory . references cited above : chomsky , n . ( 1989 ) , " some notes on economy of derivation and representation . " in laka , i . and a . mahajan ( ed . ) _ mit working papers in linguistics 10 , cambridge : mit working papers in linguistics . chomsky , n . ( 1993 ) , " a minimalist program for linguistic theory , " in hale , k . and j . keyser ( ed . ) _ a view from building 20 _ , cambridge : mit press . chomsky , n . ( 1994 ) , " bare phrase structure , " occasional paper # 5 , cambridge : mit working papers in linguistics . grimshaw , j . ( 1993 ) , " minimal projection , heads , and optimality , " ms . rutgers university [ available by anonymous ftp from ruccs . rutgers . edu , as pub / ot / papers / minproj . ps ] , to appear in linguistic inquiry . legendre , g . , w . raymond , and p . smolensky ( 1993 ) " an optimality - theoretic typology of case and grammatical voice systems , " _ proceedings of the nineteenth annual meeting of the berkeley linguistic society _ , berkeley , ca , 464-478 . pesetsky , d . ( in prep . ) , _ syntax at the edge : optimality effects in sentence grammar _ [ handouts only available by anonymous ftp from ruccs . rutgers . edu , as pub / ot / papers / sentpron . ps ] . prince , a . and p . smolensky ( 1993 ) , _ optimality theory : constraint interaction in generative grammar _ , ruccs technical report # 2 , rutgers university center for cognitive science , piscataway , new jersey [ to appear , mit press ] .\n
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6 0#change label column to factors from integer vectors
emails <- emails %>%
mutate(label = as.factor(label))