Impact of Student Characteristics on Attitudes towards research participation
Exploration Data Anaylsis and Data Prepartion
Geovanni Flores, Janely Rosales, Kelly Liang, Leonel Naranjo, Andrew Nguyen
IBM 3202 Sec2, Cal Poly Pomona
2026-05-03
Introduction
Research Overview
Problem
Students vary in willingness to participate in academic research, yet little is known about how individual characteristics shape these attitudes.
Objectives
- Identify key student characteristics influencing research attitudes.
- Compare attitudes across student groups.
- Determine strongest predictors of participation.
Importance
- Researchers: Better recruitment & representation.
- Institutions: Programs to boost engagement.
- Students: Removes barriers to participation.
Methods
Population
👥 Target Population
Undergraduate business students enrolled in IBM 3202, Section 2 at Cal Poly Pomona
Who They Are
- formerly enrolled students in IBM 3202
- Exposed to academic research participation as part of coursework
- Data collected at Cal Poly Pomona
Scope
- Single course section (Sec 2)
- Business-focused undergraduate students
- Survey completed by December 2019
Data Collection
📋 Survey Instrument
Research Participation Experience (RPE) Survey
Source file: RPE - Combined-2019-12-19.sav
What Was Captured
- Student major
- Expected final grade
- Days on campus per week
- Cal Poly GPA
Attitude Scales
- Attitudes toward research participation
- Valuation of research participation
- Motivation & future participation intent
Data Wrangling
Step 1 — Import & Clean
Standardized all variable names using clean_names()
Step 2 — Recode Variables
major→ 4 groups (Marketing, Hospitality, Other Business, Non-Business)grade→ ordered factor (A, B, C, D or below)- Missing values excluded listwise per RQ
Step 3 — Create Composite Indices
Step 4 — Reliability Check
Scale reliability confirmed via Cronbach’s α
| Scale | Items | Threshold |
|---|---|---|
| Valuation Index | valu_worth_time, valu_worth_effo |
α > 0.70 |
| Attitude Index | at_parti_good, at_parti_posi, at_parti_fun, at_parti_useful |
α > 0.70 |
Final Usable Sample & Sample Characteristics
Student Profile
| Characteristic | Groups |
|---|---|
| Major | Marketing · Hospitality & Restaurant · Other Business · Non-Business |
| Expected Grade | A · B · C · D or below |
| Days on Campus | 0 – 7 days/week |
| GPA | 1.0 – 4.0 scale |
Cases with missing values on key variables were excluded listwise for each respective research question.
Scales Used
Note
Valuation of Research Participation
valu_worth_time + valu_worth_effo
(Semantic differential scale)
Tip
Attitude Toward Research Participation
at_parti_good · at_parti_posi
at_parti_fun · at_parti_useful
(Semantic differential scale)
Loading Libraries
Reading and Printing Data
# A tibble: 862 × 167
subject per_survey survey start_time end_time duration
<dbl> <dbl> <dbl+lbl> <dttm> <dttm> <dbl>
1 1 1 1 [Winte… 2011-03-15 16:20:59 2011-03-15 16:25:00 4
2 2 2 1 [Winte… 2011-03-12 17:27:00 2011-03-12 17:34:59 8
3 3 3 1 [Winte… 2011-03-12 18:25:00 2011-03-12 18:30:00 5
4 4 4 1 [Winte… 2011-03-12 18:34:00 2011-03-12 18:40:00 6
5 5 5 1 [Winte… 2011-03-13 11:53:00 2011-03-13 11:56:00 3
6 6 6 1 [Winte… 2011-03-16 17:43:00 2011-03-16 17:45:00 2
7 7 7 1 [Winte… 2011-03-12 19:40:00 2011-03-12 19:46:00 6
8 8 8 1 [Winte… 2011-03-12 20:34:00 2011-03-12 20:36:59 3
9 9 9 1 [Winte… 2011-03-14 12:57:59 2011-03-14 13:04:59 7
10 10 10 1 [Winte… 2011-03-12 22:45:00 2011-03-12 22:51:00 6
# ℹ 852 more rows
# ℹ 161 more variables: major_class <dbl+lbl>, incentive_prime <dbl+lbl>,
# major <dbl+lbl>, resch_covered <dbl+lbl>, validy_covered <dbl+lbl>,
# grade <dbl+lbl>, like_ibm301 <dbl+lbl>, like_research <dbl+lbl>,
# help_under_r_c <dbl+lbl>, help_know_g_r <dbl+lbl>,
# help_under_m_c <dbl+lbl>, credit_earned <dbl+lbl>, n_studies <dbl+lbl>,
# motive_part <dbl+lbl>, sincere <dbl+lbl>, interested <dbl+lbl>, …Data Structure and Summary
tibble [862 × 167] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
$ subject : num [1:862] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
..- attr(*, "format.spss")= chr "F8.0"
$ per_survey : num [1:862] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
..- attr(*, "format.spss")= chr "F8.0"
$ survey : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Survey (1_W2011, 2_SP2011)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:2] 1 2
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "Winter 2011" "Spring 2011"
$ start_time : POSIXct[1:862], format: "2011-03-15 16:20:59" "2011-03-12 17:27:00" ...
$ end_time : POSIXct[1:862], format: "2011-03-15 16:25:00" "2011-03-12 17:34:59" ...
$ duration : num [1:862] 4 8 5 6 3 2 6 3 7 6 ...
..- attr(*, "format.spss")= chr "F8.0"
$ major_class : dbl+lbl [1:862] 3, 5, 5, 5, 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 3, 3, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, ...
..@ label : chr "Major Class (W2011_1-5, SP2011_6-13)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:13] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:13] "W2011-IBM301-01 (Dr. Hossain)" "W2011-IBM301-02 (Dr. Myers)" "W2011-IBM301-03 (Dr. Jung)" "W2011-IBM301-04 (Dr. Whitson)" ...
$ incentive_prime : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Primary Incentive_1,2,3 (Req, Extra,No Credit)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:3] 1 2 3
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:3] "Required Course Credit" "Extra Credit" "No Credit Offered"
$ major : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Majors_1-10 (Ac_Ci_F_IB_Mg_Mk_T_E_HRT_Oth)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:10] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:10] "Accounting" "Computer Information System" "Finance and Real Estate" "International Business" ...
$ resch_covered : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Marketing research chapter covered and tested_ 1,2,3,4 (Y,N, NS,NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:4] 1 2 3 4
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:4] "Yes" "No" "Not Sure" "Not Applicable"
$ validy_covered : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Research reliability and validity covered_1,2,3,4 (Y,N, NS,NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:4] 1 2 3 4
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:4] "Yes" "No" "Not Sure" "Not Applicable"
$ grade : dbl+lbl [1:862] 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Expected major class' grade_1,2,3,4,5 (A,B,C,D,F)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "90% and above (A)" "80% and above (B)" "70% and above (C)" "60% and above (D)" ...
$ like_ibm301 : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 2, 3, 5, 4, 3, 4, 6, 2, 2, 5, 3, 4, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Likability of marketing research chapter_1-6(1-5 LikertS, 6=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:6] 1 2 3 4 5 6
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:6] "Not at all liked it" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ like_research : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 4, 6, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Likability of research vs. marketing research chapter_1-6(1-5 LikertS, 6=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:4] 1 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:4] "Not at all liked it" "Very much liked it" "Not Applicable" "Did not participate"
$ help_under_r_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, 6, 4, 1, 1, 4, 2, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Research participation helps understand marketing research chapter_1-6 (1-5 LikertS, 6=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:6] 1 2 3 4 5 6
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:6] "Didn't help at all" "Slightly helped" "Somewhat helped" "Moderately helped" ...
$ help_know_g_r : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 1, 3, 2, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Research participation helps gain knowledge about good marketing research_1-5 (Didn’t help at all - Helped a lot)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "Didn't help at all" "Slightly helped" "Somewhat helped" "Moderately helped" ...
$ help_under_m_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] 4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 2, 3, 5, 2, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Research participation helps in understanding marketing concept in general_1-5 (Didn’t help at all - Helped a lot)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "“Didn’t help at all”" "“Slightly helped”" "“Somewhat helped”" "“Moderately helped”" ...
$ credit_earned : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 3, 3, 5, 4, 1, 4, 1, 1, 4, 4, 1, 1, 6, 4, 4, 4, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Sona Credit Earned_1-7 ( 0.5 - 3.5 or more)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "“0.5 sona credits”" "“1 sona credits”" "“1.5 sona credits”" "“2.0 sona credits”" ...
$ n_studies : dbl+lbl [1:862] 4, 3, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, NA, 3, 4, 4, 1, NA, 5...
..@ label : chr "Number of Studies_1-5 ( 1-5 or more)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "One study" "Two studies" "Three studies" "Four studies" ...
$ motive_part : dbl+lbl [1:862] 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3, ...
..@ label : chr "Motivation to Participate_1,2,3 (learn,credit,both)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:4] 1 2 3 4
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:4] "“Because I wanted to learn more about marketing”" "“Because I was given a credit”" "“For both reasons”" "“Did not participate”"
$ sincere : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Sincerity in Participation_1-5 (Not at all - VM Sincere)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "Not at all sincere" "Slightly sincere" "Somewhat sincere" "Moderately sincere" ...
$ interested : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 5, 3, 2, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Interest in Participation_1-5 (Not at all - VM Interested)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "Not at all interested" "Slightly interested" "Somewhat interested" "Moderately interested" ...
$ qual_good1 : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Quality of the Studies_1-5 (Bad/Good)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "“ 1 - Bad”" "“2”" "“3”" "“4”" ...
$ qual_good2 : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 1, 4, 3, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Quality of the studies_1-5 (Low-High)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "1 - Low Quality" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ help_g_mr : dbl+lbl [1:862] 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 7, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 7, ...
..@ label : chr "Participation helped me understand how to conduct good marketing research_1-7 (SD-SA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "“Strongly Disagree”" "“Disagree”" "“Somewhat Disagree”" "“Neither Disagree Nor Agree”" ...
$ help_g_mr_be : dbl+lbl [1:862] 7, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 7, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 1, 6, 4, 7, ...
..@ label : chr "Participation helped me understand marketing research better_1-7 (SD - SA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "“Strongly Disagree”" "“Disagree”" "“Somewhat Disagree”" "“Neither Disagree Nor Agree”" ...
$ help_mktg_concept : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, 7, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 5, 3, 2, 1, 6, 4, 7, ...
..@ label : chr "Participation helped me understand marketing concept in general_1-7 (SD - SA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "“Strongly Disagree”" "“Disagree”" "“Somewhat Disagree”" "“Neither Disagree Nor Agree”" ...
$ learn_mktg_alot : dbl+lbl [1:862] 6, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 2, 1, 6, 4, 7, ...
..@ label : chr "I feel I learned a lot about marketing by participating_1-7 (SD-SA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ enhanced_mktg_know : dbl+lbl [1:862] 7, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 2, 1, 6, 4, 7, ...
..@ label : chr "I feel participating in the studies enhanced my knowledge about marketing_1-7 (SD-SA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ at_parti_good : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 2, 5, 3, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Participation in Research is bad/good_1-5"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "1- Bad" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ at_parti_posi : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Participation in research is Negative/Positive_1-5"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "1 - Negative" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ at_parti_fun : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 2, 5, 3, 2, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Participation in research is Boring/Fun_1-5"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "“1 - Boring”" "“2”" "“3”" "“4”" ...
$ at_parti_useful : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Participation in research is Useless/Useful_1-5"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "“1 - Useless”" "“2”" "“3”" "“4”" ...
$ valu_worth_time : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, NA, 5, 4, 2...
..@ label : chr "Participation was Not Worth/Worth Time_1-5"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "“1 - Not worth my time”" "“2”" "“3”" "“4”" ...
$ valu_worth_effo : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 5, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, NA, 4, 4, 2...
..@ label : chr "Participation was Not Worth/Worth Effort_1-5"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "1 - Not worth my effort" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ value_all_bus : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Research participation is valuable to all Businesss majors _1-7 (SD - SA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ value_non_bus : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Research Participation is valuable even to non-business majors_1-7 (SD - SA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ value_lim_mkt : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Participation should be limited to Marketing Students_1-7 (SD-SA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ intent_part : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, NA, 4, 2, 1...
..@ label : chr "Future Participation Intentions_1-5 (VU - VL)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "1- Very Unlikely" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ sona_enr_easy : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Sona: Easy Enrollment_1-7 (VD - VE)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "1 - Very Difficult" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ sona_nav_easy : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Sona: Easy Navigation_1-7 (VD - VE)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "1 - Very Difficult" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ sona_like_feat : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Sona: Liked Features_1-7 (DL VM - L VM)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "1- Disliked them very much" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ sona_attent_icf : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Sona: Attention to \"ICF_1-7 (Not at all - VM)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "1 - Not at all" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ sona_help_qamp_a : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Sona: Q&A Helpful_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:3] 1 7 8
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:3] "Not at all helpful" "Very much helpful" "Not Applicable'"
$ sona_conv_app : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Sona:Convenient appointment 1-8 (Not at all - VM convenient; 8-NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:8] "1 - Not convenient at all" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ ots_res_24 : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "OTS: Response within 24 hours_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:8] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ ots_res_rea_time : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "OTS: Response in reasonable time frame_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:8] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ ots_helpful : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "OTS: Tech person was helpful_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:8] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ ots_res_satis : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "OTS: Tech person's response was satisfactory_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:8] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ ots_res_reasnbl : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "OTS: Tech person's response was reasonable_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:8] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ ots_over_satisf : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "OTS: Overall, tech support is satisfactory_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:8] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ bl_quiet : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BL: Lab is quiet_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ bl_spacious : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BL: Lab is spacious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ bl_comf_chair : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BL: Chair is comfortable_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ bl_priv_invad : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BL: My privacy was invaded - REV_Cd_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ bl_overall_comf : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BL:Overall, Lab was comfortable_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ blp_on_time : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BLP: Studies started without much delay_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ blp_read_icf : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BLP: Reading ICF was good to get informed_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ blp_icf_respect : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BLP: Reading ICF made me respect the research more_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ blp_icf_serious : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BLP: Reading ICF made me more serious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ blp_icf_waste : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BLP: Reading ICF was a waste of time - REV_Cd_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ blp_int_help : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BLP: Admission/Initiation procedure was helpful_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ blp_int_serious : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BLP: Introduction Procedure made me more serious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat disagree" "Neither disagree nor agree" ...
$ blp_effective : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "BLP: Overall, I feel the behavioral lab procedure was effective_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ r_credible : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Researcher(s) credible_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ r_knowledgeable : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Researcher(s) knowledgeable_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ r_trustworthy : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Researcher(s) trustworthy_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ r_courteous : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Researcher(s) courteous_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ r_serious : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Researcher(s) serious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ r_helpful : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Researcher(s) helpful_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ r_professional : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Researcher(s) professional_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ rpe_good : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Research Participation Experience: Good_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ rpe_positive : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Research Participation Experience: Positive_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ rpe_value : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Research Participation Experience: has great value_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ rpe_recommand : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Research Participation Experience: recommend_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ rpe_likely_parti : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Research Participation Experience: likely to participate again_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly Disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat Disagree" "Neither Disagree Nor Agree" ...
$ rpe_suggestions_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Research Participation Experience: Suggestions_1-6 (NoSug,BigLab,MoreStud,MoreTime,Decline,Others)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:6] 1 2 3 4 5 6
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:6] "No suggestions; everything is perfect" "Bigger Lab: more space" "Offer more studies" "Offer more timeslots" ...
$ gender : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Gender_1,2 (M,F)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:2] 1 2
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "Male" "Female"
$ yourage : num [1:862] 23 22 29 28 22 19 20 20 23 20 ...
..- attr(*, "label")= chr "Age"
..- attr(*, "format.spss")= chr "F8.0"
$ country_born : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Birth Country_1,2 (US,Oth)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:2] 1 2
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "US" "Other Country"
$ country_grow : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Country Grow before the age of 14_1,9"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:9] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:9] "US" "Asian Countries" "Mexico" "Canada" ...
$ year_lived : num [1:862] 23 4 12 10 22 19 20 20 21 20 ...
..- attr(*, "label")= chr "Number of years in US"
..- attr(*, "format.spss")= chr "F8.0"
$ race : dbl+lbl [1:862] 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "Race/Ethnicity_1,2,3,4,5(AA/B,As,C/W,H/L,Others)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "African American or Black" "Asian" "Caucasian or White" "Hispanic or Latino" ...
$ culture_id : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, ...
..@ label : chr "Culture Identification_1,2,3,4(A,H,As,Others)"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:4] 1 2 3 4
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:4] "American Culture" "Hispanic Culture" "Asian Culture" "Others"
$ hours_work_n : num [1:862] 20 0 20 8 4 0 NA 15 40 15 ...
..- attr(*, "label")= chr "Work Hours per week (Free Entry)"
..- attr(*, "format.spss")= chr "F8.0"
$ days_oncampus_n : dbl+lbl [1:862] 4, 3, 4, 4, 2, 0, NA, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3...
..@ label : chr "Days on campus_0 to 7"
..@ format.spss: chr "F8.0"
..@ labels : Named num [1:8] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:8] "none" "one day" "two days" "three days" ...
$ gpa_calpoly_n : num [1:862] 3.5 3.28 3.45 2.8 2.33 2.5 2.9 3.7 3.1 3.38 ...
..- attr(*, "label")= chr "Overall GPA at CPP (Free Entry)"
..- attr(*, "format.spss")= chr "F8.2"
$ incentive_prime_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Primary Incentive_1,2 (Req, Extra)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 19
..@ labels : Named num [1:2] 1 2
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "Required" "Extra"
$ major_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Majors_1-3 (MKT_Other CBA_Non-CBA)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 10
..@ labels : Named num [1:3] 1 2 3
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:3] "Marketing" "All Other CBA majors" "Non-CBA majors"
$ resch_covered_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Marketing research chapter covered and tested_ 1,0 (Y - N,NS,NA)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 17
..@ labels : Named num [1:2] 0 1
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "No-NS-NA" "Yes"
$ validy_covered_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
..@ label : chr "Research reliability and validity covered_1,0 (Y, N.NS.NA)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 18
..@ labels : Named num [1:2] 0 1
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "No-NS-NA" "Yes"
$ grade_r : dbl+lbl [1:862] 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, ...
..@ label : chr "“Expected Major Class Grade_r 5,4,3,2,1 (A,B,C,D,F)”"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 10
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "F" "D" "C" "B" ...
$ like_ibm301_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 3, NA, 2, 4, 2, 3, 5, 4, 3, 4, NA, 2, 2...
..@ label : chr "Likability of marketing research chapter_1-5 (Not at all-VM Liked)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 15
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "1 - Not at all Liked it" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ like_research_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 4, NA, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3...
..@ label : chr "Likability of research vs. marketing research chapter_1-5 (Not at all- VM Liked)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 17
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "1 - Not at all liked it" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ help_under_r_c_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, NA, 4, 1...
..@ label : chr "Research participation helps understand marketing research chapter_1-5 (Didn’t help at all-Helped a lot)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 18
..@ labels : Named num [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:5] "Didn’t help at all" "Slightly helped" "Somewhat helped" "Moderately helped" ...
$ help_know_g_r_c : num [1:862] 5 4 4 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 ...
..- attr(*, "label")= chr "“Research participation helps gain knowledge about good marketing research (1-5)”"
..- attr(*, "format.spss")= chr "F8.2"
..- attr(*, "display_width")= int 17
$ value_lim_mkt_r : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Participation should NOT be limited to Marketing Students_1-7 (SD - SA)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 17
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "Strongly disagree" "Disagree" "Somewhat disagree" "Neither disagree nor agree" ...
$ sona_help_qamp_a_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Sona: Q&A Helpful_1-7 (Not at all helpful - NA)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 19
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "1- Not at all helpful" "2" "3" "4" ...
$ sona_conv_app_c : dbl+lbl [1:862] NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA...
..@ label : chr "Sona:Convenient appointment 1-7 (Not at all - VM convenient)"
..@ format.spss : chr "F8.2"
..@ display_width: int 17
..@ labels : Named num [1:7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:7] "1 - Not convenient at all" "2" "3" "4" ...
[list output truncated] subject per_survey survey
Min. : 1.0 Min. : 1.00 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.: 216.2 1st Qu.: 43.25 1st Qu.:2.000
Median : 454.5 Median : 87.00 Median :4.000
Mean : 480.4 Mean : 91.25 Mean :3.761
3rd Qu.: 738.5 3rd Qu.:133.00 3rd Qu.:5.000
Max. :1017.0 Max. :250.00 Max. :6.000
start_time end_time duration
Min. :2011-03-12 15:04:00 Min. :2011-03-12 15:11:00 Min. : 2.00
1st Qu.:2011-03-13 01:21:15 1st Qu.:2011-03-13 01:29:30 1st Qu.: 7.00
Median :2011-03-15 14:28:00 Median :2011-03-15 14:32:00 Median :10.00
Mean :2011-04-17 12:53:53 Mean :2011-04-17 13:02:34 Mean :10.86
3rd Qu.:2011-06-03 23:27:45 3rd Qu.:2011-06-03 23:38:45 3rd Qu.:13.00
Max. :2011-06-06 06:11:00 Max. :2011-06-06 06:18:00 Max. :66.00
NA's :566 NA's :566
major_class incentive_prime major resch_covered
Min. : 1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. : 1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.: 3.000 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.: 3.000 1st Qu.:1.000
Median : 3.000 Median :2.000 Median : 5.000 Median :1.000
Mean : 4.805 Mean :1.541 Mean : 5.567 Mean :1.506
3rd Qu.: 5.000 3rd Qu.:2.000 3rd Qu.: 9.000 3rd Qu.:2.000
Max. :21.000 Max. :3.000 Max. :10.000 Max. :4.000
NA's :172
validy_covered grade like_ibm301 like_research help_under_r_c
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:3.00 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:3.000
Median :1.000 Median :2.000 Median :4.00 Median :4.000 Median :3.000
Mean :1.416 Mean :1.964 Mean :3.74 Mean :3.753 Mean :3.406
3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:2.000 3rd Qu.:4.00 3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:4.000
Max. :4.000 Max. :5.000 Max. :6.00 Max. :6.000 Max. :6.000
NA's :7
help_know_g_r help_under_m_c credit_earned n_studies motive_part
Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :0.000 Min. :0.000 Min. :1.00
1st Qu.:3.00 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:2.000 1st Qu.:2.00
Median :3.00 Median :3.000 Median :2.000 Median :2.000 Median :2.00
Mean :3.42 Mean :3.367 Mean :2.521 Mean :2.524 Mean :2.37
3rd Qu.:4.00 3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:3.000 3rd Qu.:3.00
Max. :5.00 Max. :5.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :5.000 Max. :3.00
NA's :4 NA's :2
sincere interested qual_good1 qual_good2 help_g_mr
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:3.00 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:4.000
Median :5.000 Median :4.00 Median :4.000 Median :4.000 Median :5.000
Mean :4.482 Mean :3.46 Mean :3.777 Mean :3.719 Mean :4.914
3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:4.00 3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:6.000
Max. :5.000 Max. :5.00 Max. :5.000 Max. :5.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :1 NA's :1 NA's :1 NA's :1
help_g_mr_be help_mktg_concept learn_mktg_alot enhanced_mktg_know
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.000
Median :5.000 Median :5.000 Median :5.000 Median :5.000
Mean :4.885 Mean :4.858 Mean :4.654 Mean :4.824
3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
at_parti_good at_parti_posi at_parti_fun at_parti_useful valu_worth_time
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00
1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:3.00 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:3.00
Median :5.000 Median :4.000 Median :3.00 Median :4.000 Median :4.00
Mean :4.275 Mean :4.248 Mean :3.37 Mean :4.216 Mean :3.72
3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:4.00 3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:4.00
Max. :5.000 Max. :5.000 Max. :5.00 Max. :5.000 Max. :5.00
NA's :1
valu_worth_effo value_all_bus value_non_bus value_lim_mkt
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:2.000
Median :4.000 Median :6.000 Median :5.000 Median :3.000
Mean :3.834 Mean :5.378 Mean :5.265 Mean :3.391
3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:5.000
Max. :5.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :1 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
intent_part sona_enr_easy sona_nav_easy sona_like_feat sona_attent_icf
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.00 1st Qu.:4.000
Median :4.000 Median :7.000 Median :7.000 Median :7.00 Median :5.000
Mean :3.655 Mean :6.096 Mean :6.122 Mean :6.13 Mean :4.765
3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.00 3rd Qu.:6.000
Max. :5.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.00 Max. :7.000
NA's :1 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
sona_help_qamp_a sona_conv_app ots_res_24 ots_res_rea_time
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:5.00 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:7.000
Median :6.000 Median :6.00 Median :8.000 Median :8.000
Mean :5.784 Mean :5.73 Mean :7.065 Mean :7.094
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.00 3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:8.000
Max. :8.000 Max. :8.00 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000
NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
ots_helpful ots_res_satis ots_res_reasnbl ots_over_satisf bl_quiet
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.00 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.000
Median :8.000 Median :8.00 Median :8.000 Median :8.000 Median :7.000
Mean :7.101 Mean :7.13 Mean :7.148 Mean :7.061 Mean :6.667
3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:8.00 3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:8.000
Max. :8.000 Max. :8.00 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000
NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
bl_spacious bl_comf_chair bl_priv_invad bl_overall_comf
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:2.000 1st Qu.:6.000
Median :6.000 Median :7.000 Median :4.000 Median :6.000
Mean :6.126 Mean :6.401 Mean :4.272 Mean :6.338
3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:8.000
Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000
NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
blp_on_time blp_read_icf blp_icf_respect blp_icf_serious
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:4.000
Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000
Mean :6.259 Mean :6.022 Mean :5.687 Mean :5.612
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000
Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000
NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
blp_icf_waste blp_int_help blp_int_serious blp_effective
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:2.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:5.000
Median :4.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000
Mean :4.272 Mean :6.099 Mean :5.662 Mean :6.203
3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000
Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000
NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
r_credible r_knowledgeable r_trustworthy r_courteous r_serious
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :2.00
1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.00
Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :7.000 Median :6.00
Mean :6.323 Mean :6.319 Mean :6.319 Mean :6.607 Mean :6.42
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.00
Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.00
NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
r_helpful r_professional rpe_good rpe_positive
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000
Median :7.000 Median :7.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000
Mean :6.513 Mean :6.601 Mean :5.775 Mean :5.825
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:7.000
Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000
NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
rpe_value rpe_recommand rpe_likely_parti rpe_suggestions_c
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:4.000
Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :5.000
Mean :5.612 Mean :5.413 Mean :5.371 Mean :4.379
3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:5.000
Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :8.000 Max. :6.000
NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :738
gender yourage country_born country_grow year_lived
Min. :1.000 Min. :13 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. : 0.00
1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:20 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:18.00
Median :2.000 Median :22 Median :1.000 Median :1.000 Median :20.00
Mean :1.519 Mean :23 Mean :1.253 Mean :1.563 Mean :19.18
3rd Qu.:2.000 3rd Qu.:24 3rd Qu.:2.000 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:23.00
Max. :2.000 Max. :55 Max. :2.000 Max. :9.000 Max. :55.00
NA's :1
race culture_id hours_work_n days_oncampus_n
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. : 0.00 Min. :0.000
1st Qu.:2.000 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.: 0.00 1st Qu.:2.000
Median :3.000 Median :1.000 Median :16.00 Median :4.000
Mean :2.942 Mean :1.719 Mean :16.21 Mean :3.691
3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:3.000 3rd Qu.:25.00 3rd Qu.:5.000
Max. :5.000 Max. :4.000 Max. :60.00 Max. :7.000
NA's :10 NA's :90
gpa_calpoly_n incentive_prime_c major_c resch_covered_c
Min. :0.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :0.0000
1st Qu.:2.770 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:2.000 1st Qu.:0.0000
Median :3.000 Median :2.000 Median :2.000 Median :1.0000
Mean :2.997 Mean :1.536 Mean :2.196 Mean :0.7169
3rd Qu.:3.400 3rd Qu.:2.000 3rd Qu.:3.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
Max. :4.450 Max. :2.000 Max. :3.000 Max. :1.0000
NA's :25 NA's :3 NA's :172
validy_covered_c grade_r like_ibm301_c like_research_c
Min. :0.0000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:3.00 1st Qu.:3.000
Median :1.0000 Median :4.000 Median :4.00 Median :4.000
Mean :0.7587 Mean :4.036 Mean :3.58 Mean :3.635
3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:4.00 3rd Qu.:4.000
Max. :1.0000 Max. :5.000 Max. :5.00 Max. :5.000
NA's :7 NA's :57 NA's :43
help_under_r_c_c help_know_g_r_c value_lim_mkt_r sona_help_qamp_a_c
Min. :1.00 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:2.00 1st Qu.:3.00 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:4.000
Median :3.00 Median :3.00 Median :4.000 Median :5.000
Mean :3.26 Mean :3.42 Mean :4.145 Mean :5.093
3rd Qu.:4.00 3rd Qu.:4.00 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000
Max. :5.00 Max. :5.00 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :46 NA's :738 NA's :336
sona_conv_app_c ots_res_24_c ots_res_rea_time_c ots_helpful_c
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.00 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.000
Median :6.000 Median :6.00 Median :6.000 Median :6.000
Mean :5.454 Mean :5.29 Mean :5.329 Mean :5.438
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.00 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.00 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :247 NA's :624 NA's :628 NA's :620
ots_res_satis_c ots_res_reasnbl_c ots_over_satisf_c bl_quiet_c
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00
1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:6.00
Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :7.00
Mean :5.436 Mean :5.519 Mean :5.449 Mean :6.21
3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.00
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.00
NA's :628 NA's :625 NA's :608 NA's :348
bl_spacious_c bl_comf_chair_c bl_priv_invad_r bl_overall_comf_c
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:5.000
Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000
Mean :5.484 Mean :5.854 Mean :5.014 Mean :5.764
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:7.000
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :348 NA's :348 NA's :349 NA's :349
blp_on_time_c blp_read_icf_c blp_icf_respect_c blp_icf_serious_c
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:4.00 1st Qu.:4.000
Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :5.00 Median :5.000
Mean :5.828 Mean :5.593 Mean :5.18 Mean :5.099
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.00 3rd Qu.:6.000
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.00 Max. :7.000
NA's :309 NA's :295 NA's :296 NA's :294
blp_icf_waste_r blp_int_help_c blp_int_serious_c blp_effective_c
Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:3.00 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:5.000
Median :5.00 Median :6.000 Median :5.000 Median :6.000
Mean :4.52 Mean :5.552 Mean :5.094 Mean :5.669
3rd Qu.:6.00 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000
Max. :7.00 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :293 NA's :326 NA's :307 NA's :330
r_credible_c r_knowledgeable_c r_trustworthy_c r_courteous_c
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:6.000
Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000
Mean :5.766 Mean :5.748 Mean :5.761 Mean :6.148
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :344 NA's :347 NA's :344 NA's :343
r_serious_c r_helpful_c r_professional_c rpe_good_c
Min. :2.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.:5.000
Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000
Mean :5.912 Mean :6.019 Mean :6.151 Mean :5.759
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:6.000
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :340 NA's :344 NA's :340 NA's :177
rpe_positive_c rpe_value_c rpe_recommand_c rpe_likely_parti_c
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00
1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.00
Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :6.00
Mean :5.809 Mean :5.594 Mean :5.387 Mean :5.34
3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.00
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.00
NA's :177 NA's :177 NA's :179 NA's :180
gender_c country_born_c country_grow_c year_lived_c
Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:4.000
Median :1.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :4.000
Mean :0.5186 Mean :0.7471 Mean :0.7854 Mean :4.175
3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:5.000
Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :7.000
NA's :1
culture_id_c hours_work_n_c gpa_calpoly_n_c help_l_mktg_3
Min. :0.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:2.667
Median :1.000 Median :2.000 Median :3.000 Median :3.333
Mean :0.594 Mean :2.315 Mean :2.872 Mean :3.351
3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:3.000 3rd Qu.:3.000 3rd Qu.:4.000
Max. :1.000 Max. :4.000 Max. :4.000 Max. :5.000
NA's :10 NA's :25
help_l_mr_2 help_l_mktg_5 perceived_q_studies att_parti_res
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:2.500 1st Qu.:4.200 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:3.500
Median :3.500 Median :5.000 Median :4.000 Median :4.000
Mean :3.346 Mean :4.827 Mean :3.748 Mean :4.027
3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:5.600 3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:4.500
Max. :5.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :5.000 Max. :5.000
NA's :1
att_parti_res_6 val_part_st_ind val_part_mr_all_majors effec_sona_5
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:3.500 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:5.000 1st Qu.:5.400
Median :4.000 Median :4.000 Median :5.500 Median :6.000
Mean :3.944 Mean :3.777 Mean :5.322 Mean :5.846
3rd Qu.:4.500 3rd Qu.:4.500 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.600
Max. :5.000 Max. :5.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :1 NA's :172 NA's :172
at_sona_3 sat_ots adequate_bl effective_blp
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.200 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.500
1st Qu.:5.667 1st Qu.:4.375 1st Qu.:5.250 1st Qu.:4.833
Median :6.667 Median :5.833 Median :6.000 Median :5.500
Mean :6.116 Mean :5.428 Mean :5.829 Mean :5.358
3rd Qu.:7.000 3rd Qu.:6.333 3rd Qu.:6.750 3rd Qu.:6.000
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :172 NA's :600 NA's :346 NA's :289
effective_icf professionalism_r at_o_rp int_part
Min. :1.000 Min. :1.167 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
1st Qu.:4.500 1st Qu.:5.429 1st Qu.:5.333 1st Qu.:4.500
Median :5.250 Median :6.000 Median :6.000 Median :5.500
Mean :5.099 Mean :5.929 Mean :5.721 Mean :5.359
3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.571 3rd Qu.:6.333 3rd Qu.:6.000
Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
NA's :291 NA's :338 NA's :177 NA's :178
motive_part_2 asian caucasian hispanic
Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
Mean :0.4057 Mean :0.3933 Mean :0.2517 Mean :0.2541
3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
NA's :24
mktg cba non_cba female
Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000
Mean :0.1377 Mean :0.6667 Mean :0.3333 Mean :0.5186
3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
NA's :172 NA's :172 NA's :172
us_born us_grow american_culture_id required
Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.000 Min. :0.0000
1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:0.0000
Median :1.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :1.000 Median :0.0000
Mean :0.7471 Mean :0.7854 Mean :0.594 Mean :0.4645
3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.000 Max. :1.0000
NA's :3
incentive_prime_2
Min. :0.0000
1st Qu.:0.0000
Median :1.0000
Mean :0.5355
3rd Qu.:1.0000
Max. :1.0000
NA's :3 Rows: 862
Columns: 167
$ subject <dbl> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, …
$ per_survey <dbl> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, …
$ survey <dbl+lbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1…
$ start_time <dttm> 2011-03-15 16:20:59, 2011-03-12 17:27:00, 2011…
$ end_time <dttm> 2011-03-15 16:25:00, 2011-03-12 17:34:59, 2011…
$ duration <dbl> 4, 8, 5, 6, 3, 2, 6, 3, 7, 6, 7, 4, 7, 5, 4, 8,…
$ major_class <dbl+lbl> 3, 5, 5, 5, 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 3, 3, 5, 3, 3, 3…
$ incentive_prime <dbl+lbl> 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2…
$ major <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ resch_covered <dbl+lbl> 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 3, 1, 1…
$ validy_covered <dbl+lbl> 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1…
$ grade <dbl+lbl> 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3…
$ like_ibm301 <dbl+lbl> 5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 2, 3, 5, 4, 3, 4, 6, 2, 2, 5…
$ like_research <dbl+lbl> 5, 4, 6, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 2…
$ help_under_r_c <dbl+lbl> 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, 6, 4, 1, 1…
$ help_know_g_r <dbl+lbl> 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 1…
$ help_under_m_c <dbl+lbl> 4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 2, 3…
$ credit_earned <dbl+lbl> 5, 3, 3, 5, 4, 1, 4, 1, 1, 4, 4, 1, 1, 6, 4…
$ n_studies <dbl+lbl> 4, 3, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, NA, 3, 4, 4,…
$ motive_part <dbl+lbl> 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1…
$ sincere <dbl+lbl> 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5…
$ interested <dbl+lbl> 5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 5…
$ qual_good1 <dbl+lbl> 5, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2…
$ qual_good2 <dbl+lbl> 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 1…
$ help_g_mr <dbl+lbl> 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 7, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 4…
$ help_g_mr_be <dbl+lbl> 7, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 7, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 1…
$ help_mktg_concept <dbl+lbl> 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, 7, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 5, 3, 2, 1…
$ learn_mktg_alot <dbl+lbl> 6, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 2, 1…
$ enhanced_mktg_know <dbl+lbl> 7, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 2, 1…
$ at_parti_good <dbl+lbl> 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 2…
$ at_parti_posi <dbl+lbl> 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5…
$ at_parti_fun <dbl+lbl> 5, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 2, 5…
$ at_parti_useful <dbl+lbl> 5, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 3, 3, 5…
$ valu_worth_time <dbl+lbl> 5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, NA,…
$ valu_worth_effo <dbl+lbl> 5, 5, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, NA,…
$ value_all_bus <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ value_non_bus <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ value_lim_mkt <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ intent_part <dbl+lbl> 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, NA,…
$ sona_enr_easy <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ sona_nav_easy <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ sona_like_feat <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ sona_attent_icf <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ sona_help_qamp_a <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ sona_conv_app <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_res_24 <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_res_rea_time <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_helpful <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_res_satis <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_res_reasnbl <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_over_satisf <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_quiet <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_spacious <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_comf_chair <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_priv_invad <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_overall_comf <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_on_time <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_read_icf <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_icf_respect <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_icf_serious <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_icf_waste <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_int_help <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_int_serious <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_effective <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_credible <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_knowledgeable <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_trustworthy <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_courteous <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_serious <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_helpful <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_professional <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_good <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_positive <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_value <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_recommand <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_likely_parti <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_suggestions_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ gender <dbl+lbl> 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1…
$ yourage <dbl> 23, 22, 29, 28, 22, 19, 20, 20, 23, 20, 23, 22,…
$ country_born <dbl+lbl> 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1…
$ country_grow <dbl+lbl> 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1…
$ year_lived <dbl> 23, 4, 12, 10, 22, 19, 20, 20, 21, 20, 8, 22, 1…
$ race <dbl+lbl> 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2…
$ culture_id <dbl+lbl> 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1…
$ hours_work_n <dbl> 20, 0, 20, 8, 4, 0, NA, 15, 40, 15, 8, 20, 0, 0…
$ days_oncampus_n <dbl+lbl> 4, 3, 4, 4, 2, 0, NA, 4, 3, 4, 4,…
$ gpa_calpoly_n <dbl> 3.500, 3.280, 3.450, 2.800, 2.330, 2.500, 2.900…
$ incentive_prime_c <dbl+lbl> 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2…
$ major_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ resch_covered_c <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1…
$ validy_covered_c <dbl+lbl> 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1…
$ grade_r <dbl+lbl> 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 4, 3…
$ like_ibm301_c <dbl+lbl> 5, 3, NA, 2, 4, 2, 3, 5, 4, 3, 4,…
$ like_research_c <dbl+lbl> 5, 4, NA, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4,…
$ help_under_r_c_c <dbl+lbl> 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4,…
$ help_know_g_r_c <dbl> 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 1, 3,…
$ value_lim_mkt_r <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ sona_help_qamp_a_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ sona_conv_app_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_res_24_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_res_rea_time_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_helpful_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_res_satis_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_res_reasnbl_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ ots_over_satisf_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_quiet_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_spacious_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_comf_chair_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_priv_invad_r <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ bl_overall_comf_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_on_time_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_read_icf_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_icf_respect_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_icf_serious_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_icf_waste_r <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_int_help_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_int_serious_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ blp_effective_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_credible_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_knowledgeable_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_trustworthy_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_courteous_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_serious_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_helpful_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ r_professional_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_good_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_positive_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_value_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_recommand_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ rpe_likely_parti_c <dbl+lbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ gender_c <dbl+lbl> 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0…
$ country_born_c <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1…
$ country_grow_c <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1…
$ year_lived_c <dbl+lbl> 5, 1, 3, 2, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 2, 5, 4, 3, 5…
$ culture_id_c <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1…
$ hours_work_n_c <dbl+lbl> 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, NA, 2, 4, 2, 1,…
$ gpa_calpoly_n_c <dbl+lbl> 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3…
$ help_l_mktg_3 <dbl> 4.666667, 3.666667, 4.000000, 3.000000, 4.00000…
$ help_l_mr_2 <dbl> 5.0, 3.5, 4.0, 3.5, 4.0, 2.5, 3.5, 3.0, 5.0, 3.…
$ help_l_mktg_5 <dbl> 6.2, 5.2, 4.4, 3.8, 5.0, 6.0, 5.0, 5.4, 6.0, 6.…
$ perceived_q_studies <dbl> 5.0, 3.5, 4.0, 2.5, 4.0, 3.5, 3.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.…
$ att_parti_res <dbl> 5.00, 3.75, 3.25, 2.75, 4.00, 3.75, 4.50, 4.50,…
$ att_parti_res_6 <dbl> 5.000000, 3.833333, 3.333333, 2.500000, 4.00000…
$ val_part_st_ind <dbl> 5.0, 4.0, 3.5, 2.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 3.0, 4.0, 3.…
$ val_part_mr_all_majors <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ effec_sona_5 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ at_sona_3 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ sat_ots <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ adequate_bl <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ effective_blp <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ effective_icf <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ professionalism_r <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ at_o_rp <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ int_part <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ motive_part_2 <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 0, NA, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
$ asian <dbl+lbl> 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1…
$ caucasian <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0…
$ hispanic <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,…
$ mktg <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ cba <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ non_cba <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ female <dbl+lbl> 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0…
$ us_born <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1…
$ us_grow <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1…
$ american_culture_id <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1…
$ required <dbl+lbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0…
$ incentive_prime_2 <dbl+lbl> 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1…Data Dictionary
| ID | Name | Label | Values | Value Labels |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | subject | range: 1-1017 | ||
| 2 | per_survey | range: 1-250 | ||
| 3 | survey | Survey (1_W2011, 2_SP2011) | 1 2 |
Winter 2011 Spring 2011 |
| 4 | start_time | |||
| 5 | end_time | |||
| 6 | duration | range: 2-66 | ||
| 7 | major_class | Major Class (W2011_1-5, SP2011_6-13) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 |
W2011-IBM301-01 (Dr. Hossain) W2011-IBM301-02 (Dr. Myers) W2011-IBM301-03 (Dr. Jung) W2011-IBM301-04 (Dr. Whitson) W2011-Others SP2011-IBM300-01 (Dr. Roxas) SP2011-IBM300-02 (Dr. Roxas) SP2011-IBM301 (Professor Mulyanto) SP2011-IBM301 (Professor Emilio) SP2011-IBM301 (Dr. Whitson) SP2011-IBM301 (Dr. Jung) SP2011-IBM301 (Professor Assumma) SP2011-Others |
| 8 | incentive_prime | Primary Incentive_1,2,3 (Req, Extra,No Credit) | 1 2 3 |
Required Course Credit Extra Credit No Credit Offered |
| 9 | major | Majors_1-10 (Ac_Ci_F_IB_Mg_Mk_T_E_HRT_Oth) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 |
Accounting Computer Information System Finance and Real Estate International Business Management and Human Resources Marketing Management Technology and Operations Management Engineering Hospitality and Restaurant Others |
| 10 | resch_covered | Marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter covered and tested_ 1,2,3,4 (Y,N, NS,NA) |
1 2 3 4 |
Yes No Not Sure Not Applicable |
| 11 | validy_covered | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh reliability and validity covered_1,2,3,4 (Y,N, NS,NA) |
1 2 3 4 |
Yes No Not Sure Not Applicable |
| 12 | grade | Expected major class' grade_1,2,3,4,5 (A,B,C,D,F) | 1 2 3 4 5 |
90% and above (A) 80% and above (B) 70% and above (C) 60% and above (D) Below 60% (F) |
| 13 | like_ibm301 | Likability of marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-6(1-5 LikertS, 6=NA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
Not at all liked it 2 3 4 Very much liked it Not Applicable |
| 14 | like_resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh | Likability of resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh vs. marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-6(1-5 LikertS, 6=NA) |
1 5 6 7 |
Not at all liked it Very much liked it Not Applicable Did not participate |
| 15 | help_under_r_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps understand marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-6 (1-5 LikertS, 6=NA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
Didn't help at all Slightly helped Somewhat helped Moderately helped Helped a lot Not applicable |
| 16 | help_know_g_r | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps gain knowledge about good marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_1-5 (Didn’t help at all - Helped a lot) |
1 2 3 4 5 |
Didn't help at all Slightly helped Somewhat helped Moderately helped Helped a lot |
| 17 | help_under_m_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps in understanding marketing concept in general_1-5 (Didn’t help at all - Helped a lot) |
1 2 3 4 5 |
“Didn’t help at all” “Slightly helped” “Somewhat helped” “Moderately helped” “Helped a lot” |
| 18 | credit_earned | Sona Credit Earned_1-7 ( 0.5 - 3.5 or more) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
“0.5 sona credits” “1 sona credits” “1.5 sona credits” “2.0 sona credits” “2.5 sona credits” “3.0 sona credits” “3.5 sona credits or more” |
| 19 | n_studies | Number of Studies_1-5 ( 1-5 or more) | 1 2 3 4 5 |
One study Two studies Three studies Four studies Five studies or more |
| 20 | motive_part | Motivation to Participate_1,2,3 (learn,credit,both) |
1 2 3 4 |
“Because I wanted to learn more about marketing” “Because I was given a credit” “For both reasons” “Did not participate” |
| 21 | sincere | Sincerity in Participation_1-5 (Not at all - VM Sincere) |
1 2 3 4 5 |
Not at all sincere Slightly sincere Somewhat sincere Moderately sincere Very Much Sincere |
| 22 | interested | Interest in Participation_1-5 (Not at all - VM Interested) |
1 2 3 4 5 |
Not at all interested Slightly interested Somewhat interested Moderately interested Very much interested |
| 23 | qual_good1 | Quality of the Studies_1-5 (Bad/Good) | 1 2 3 4 5 |
“ 1 - Bad” “2” “3” “4” “5 - Good” |
| 24 | qual_good2 | Quality of the studies_1-5 (Low-High) | 1 2 3 4 5 |
1 - Low Quality 2 3 4 5 - High Quality |
| 25 | help_g_mr | Participation helped me understand how to conduct good marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
“Strongly Disagree” “Disagree” “Somewhat Disagree” “Neither Disagree Nor Agree” “Somewhat Agree” “Agree” “Strongly Agree” |
| 26 | help_g_mr_be | Participation helped me understand marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh better_1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
“Strongly Disagree” “Disagree” “Somewhat Disagree” “Neither Disagree Nor Agree” “Somewhat Agree” “Agree” “Strongly Agree” |
| 27 | help_mktg_concept | Participation helped me understand marketing concept in general_1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
“Strongly Disagree” “Disagree” “Somewhat Disagree” “Neither Disagree Nor Agree” “Somewhat Agree” “Agree” “Strongly Agree” |
| 28 | learn_mktg_alot | I feel I learned a lot about marketing by participating_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 29 | enhanced_mktg_know | I feel participating in the studies enhanced my knowledge about marketing_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 30 | at_parti_good | Participation in Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh is bad/good_1-5 | 1 2 3 4 5 |
1- Bad 2 3 4 5 - Good |
| 31 | at_parti_posi | Participation in resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh is Negative/Positive_1-5 | 1 2 3 4 5 |
1 - Negative 2 3 4 5 - Positive |
| 32 | at_parti_fun | Participation in resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh is Boring/Fun_1-5 | 1 2 3 4 5 |
“1 - Boring” “2” “3” “4” “5 - Fun” |
| 33 | at_parti_useful | Participation in resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh is Useless/Useful_1-5 | 1 2 3 4 5 |
“1 - Useless” “2” “3” “4” “5 - Useful” |
| 34 | valu_worth_time | Participation was Not Worth/Worth Time_1-5 | 1 2 3 4 5 |
“1 - Not worth my time” “2” “3” “4” “5 - Worth my time” |
| 35 | valu_worth_effo | Participation was Not Worth/Worth Effort_1-5 | 1 2 3 4 5 |
1 - Not worth my effort 2 3 4 5 - Worth my effort |
| 36 | value_all_bus | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation is valuable to all Businesss majors _1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 37 | value_non_bus | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation is valuable even to non-business majors_1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 38 | value_lim_mkt | Participation should be limited to Marketing Students_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 39 | intent_part | Future Participation Intentions_1-5 (VU - VL) | 1 2 3 4 5 |
1- Very Unlikely 2 3 4 5- Very Likely |
| 40 | sona_enr_easy | Sona: Easy Enrollment_1-7 (VD - VE) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
1 - Very Difficult 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very Easy |
| 41 | sona_nav_easy | Sona: Easy Navigation_1-7 (VD - VE) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
1 - Very Difficult 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very Easy |
| 42 | sona_like_feat | Sona: Liked Features_1-7 (DL VM - L VM) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
1- Disliked them very much 2 3 4 5 6 7- Liked them very much |
| 43 | sona_attent_icf | Sona: Attention to "ICF_1-7 (Not at all - VM) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
1 - Not at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very much |
| 44 | sona_help_qamp_a | Sona: Q&A Helpful_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA) | 1 7 8 |
Not at all helpful Very much helpful Not Applicable' |
| 45 | sona_conv_app | Sona:Convenient appointment 1-8 (Not at all - VM convenient; 8-NA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
1 - Not convenient at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very much convenient Not Applicable |
| 46 | ots_res_24 | OTS: Response within 24 hours_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable |
| 47 | ots_res_rea_time | OTS: Response in reasonable time frame_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable |
| 48 | ots_helpful | OTS: Tech person was helpful_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable |
| 49 | ots_res_satis | OTS: Tech person's response was satisfactory_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable |
| 50 | ots_res_reasnbl | OTS: Tech person's response was reasonable_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable |
| 51 | ots_over_satisf | OTS: Overall, tech support is satisfactory_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable |
| 52 | bl_quiet | BL: Lab is quiet_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 53 | bl_spacious | BL: Lab is spacious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 54 | bl_comf_chair | BL: Chair is comfortable_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 55 | bl_priv_invad | BL: My privacy was invaded - REV_Cd_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 56 | bl_overall_comf | BL:Overall, Lab was comfortable_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 57 | blp_on_time | BLP: Studies started without much delay_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 58 | blp_read_icf | BLP: Reading ICF was good to get informed_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 59 | blp_icf_respect | BLP: Reading ICF made me respect the resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh more_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 60 | blp_icf_serious | BLP: Reading ICF made me more serious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 61 | blp_icf_waste | BLP: Reading ICF was a waste of time - REV_Cd_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 62 | blp_int_help | BLP: Admission/Initiation procedure was helpful_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 63 | blp_int_serious | BLP: Introduction Procedure made me more serious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree |
| 64 | blp_effective | BLP: Overall, I feel the behavioral lab procedure was effective_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 65 | r_credible | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) credible_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 66 | r_knowledgeable | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) knowledgeable_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 67 | r_trustworthy | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) trustworthy_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 68 | r_courteous | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) courteous_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 69 | r_serious | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) serious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 70 | r_helpful | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) helpful_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 71 | r_professional | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) professional_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 72 | rpe_good | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Good_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 73 | rpe_positive | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Positive_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 74 | rpe_value | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: has great value_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 75 | rpe_recommand | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: recommend_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 76 | rpe_likely_parti | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: likely to participate again_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 77 | rpe_suggestions_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Suggestions_1-6 (NoSug,BigLab,MoreStud,MoreTime,Decline,Others) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
No suggestions; everything is perfect Bigger Lab: more space Offer more studies Offer more timeslots Decline to answer Other |
| 78 | gender | Gender_1,2 (M,F) | 1 2 |
Male Female |
| 79 | yourage | Age | range: 13-55 | |
| 80 | country_born | Birth Country_1,2 (US,Oth) | 1 2 |
US Other Country |
| 81 | country_grow | Country Grow before the age of 14_1,9 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
US Asian Countries Mexico Canada African Countries European Countries Other Latin American Countries Middle East Other Countries |
| 82 | year_lived | Number of years in US | range: 0.0-55.0 | |
| 83 | race | Race/Ethnicity_1,2,3,4,5(AA/B,As,C/W,H/L,Others) | 1 2 3 4 5 |
African American or Black Asian Caucasian or White Hispanic or Latino Others |
| 84 | culture_id | Culture Identification_1,2,3,4(A,H,As,Others) | 1 2 3 4 |
American Culture Hispanic Culture Asian Culture Others |
| 85 | hours_work_n | Work Hours per week (Free Entry) | range: 0.0-60.0 | |
| 86 | days_oncampus_n | Days on campus_0 to 7 | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
none one day two days three days four days five days six days seven days |
| 87 | gpa_calpoly_n | Overall GPA at CPP (Free Entry) | range: 0.0-4.5 | |
| 88 | incentive_prime_c | Primary Incentive_1,2 (Req, Extra) | 1 2 |
Required Extra |
| 89 | major_c | Majors_1-3 (MKT_Other CBA_Non-CBA) | 1 2 3 |
Marketing All Other CBA majors Non-CBA majors |
| 90 | resch_covered_c | Marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter covered and tested_ 1,0 (Y - N,NS,NA) |
0 1 |
No-NS-NA Yes |
| 91 | validy_covered_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh reliability and validity covered_1,0 (Y, N.NS.NA) |
0 1 |
No-NS-NA Yes |
| 92 | grade_r | “Expected Major Class Grade_r 5,4,3,2,1 (A,B,C,D,F)” |
1 2 3 4 5 |
F D C B A |
| 93 | like_ibm301_c | Likability of marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-5 (Not at all-VM Liked) |
1 2 3 4 5 |
1 - Not at all Liked it 2 3 4 5 - Very much liked it |
| 94 | like_resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_c | Likability of resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh vs. marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-5 (Not at all- VM Liked) |
1 2 3 4 5 |
1 - Not at all liked it 2 3 4 5 - Very much liked it |
| 95 | help_under_r_c_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps understand marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-5 (Didn’t help at all-Helped a lot) |
1 2 3 4 5 |
Didn’t help at all Slightly helped Somewhat helped Moderately helped Helped a lot |
| 96 | help_know_g_r_c | “Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps gain knowledge about good marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh (1-5)” |
range: 1-5 | |
| 97 | value_lim_mkt_r | Participation should NOT be limited to Marketing Students_1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree |
| 98 | sona_help_qamp_a_c | Sona: Q&A Helpful_1-7 (Not at all helpful - NA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
1- Not at all helpful 2 3 4 5 6 7- Very much helpful |
| 99 | sona_conv_app_c | Sona:Convenient appointment 1-7 (Not at all - VM convenient) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
1 - Not convenient at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very much convenient |
| 100 | ots_res_24_c | OTS: Response within 24 hours_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 101 | ots_res_rea_time_c | OTS: Response in reasonable time frame 1-7(SD-S A) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 102 | ots_helpful_c | OTS: Tech person was helpful_1-7 (SD - SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 103 | ots_res_satis_c | OTS: Tech person's response was satisfactory 1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 104 | ots_res_reasnbl_c | OTS: Tech person's response was reasonable_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 105 | ots_over_satisf_c | OTS: Overall, tech support is satisfactory_1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 106 | bl_quiet_c | BL: Lab is quiet_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 107 | bl_spacious_c | BL: Lab is spacious_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 108 | bl_comf_chair_c | BL: Chair is comfortable_1-7 (SD - SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 109 | bl_priv_invad_r | BL: My privacy was NOT invaded_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree |
| 110 | bl_overall_comf_c | BL: Overall, Lab was comfortable_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
“Strongly Disagree” “Disagree” “Somewhat Disagree” “Neither Disagree Nor Agree” “Somewhat Agree” “Agree” “Strongly Agree” |
| 111 | blp_on_time_c | BLP: Studies started without much delay 1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 112 | blp_read_icf_c | BLP: Reading ICF was good to get informed_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 113 | blp_icf_respect_c | BLP: Reading ICF made me respect the resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh more_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 114 | blp_icf_serious_c | BLP: Reading ICF made me more serious_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 115 | blp_icf_waste_r | BLP: ICF, Reversing-BLP: Reading ICF was NOT a waste of time_1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree |
| 116 | blp_int_help_c | BLP: Admission/Initiation procedure was helpful_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 117 | blp_int_serious_c | BLP: Introduction Procedure made me more serious_1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree |
| 118 | blp_effective_c | BLP: Overall, I feel the behavioral lab procedure was effective_1-7 (SD - SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 119 | r_credible_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) credible_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 120 | r_knowledgeable_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) knowledgeable_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 121 | r_trustworthy_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) trustworthy_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 122 | r_courteous_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) courteous_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 123 | r_serious_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) serious_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 124 | r_helpful_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) helpful_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 125 | r_professional_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) professional_1-7 (SD-SA) | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 126 | rpe_good_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Good_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 127 | rpe_positive_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Positive_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 128 | rpe_value_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: has great value_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 129 | rpe_recommand_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: recommend_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 130 | rpe_likely_parti_c | Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Participate again_1-7 (SD-SA) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree |
| 131 | gender_c | Gender_0-1 (Male-Female) | 0 1 |
“Male” Female |
| 132 | country_born_c | Birth Country_0-1 (Others-US) | 0 1 |
Other Countries US |
| 133 | country_grow_c | Country Grow before the age of 14_0-1 (Others-US) | 0 1 |
Other Countries US |
| 134 | year_lived_c | Number of years in US_1-7 (1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31+) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
1-5yrs 6-10yrs 11-15yrs 16-20yrs 21-25yrs 26-30yrs 31yrs+ |
| 135 | culture_id_c | Culture Identification_0-1 (Others-American) | 0 1 |
Others American Culture |
| 136 | hours_work_n_c | “Hours worked per. wk_1-4 (<10, 10<20, 20<30, >30)” |
1 2 3 4 |
<10 hrs 10<20 hrs 20<30 hrs >30 hrs |
| 137 | gpa_calpoly_n_c | Overall GPP GPA_1-4 (D-A) | 1 2 3 4 |
D or Below (<1.7) C (>=1.7 but < 2.7) B (>= 2.7 < 3.7) A (>= 3.7 < 4.0) |
| 138 | help_l_mktg_3 | Helpfulness_Learning MKTG-Avg (help_under_R_C_c, help_know_G_R, help_under_M_C) |
range: 1.0-5.0 | |
| 139 | help_l_mr_2 | Helpfulness_Learning MKTG Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh-Avg (help_under_R_C_c, help_know_G_R) |
range: 1.0-5.0 | |
| 140 | help_l_mktg_5 | Helpfulness_Learning MKTG - Avg (Section 3 - all 5 items) |
range: 1.0-7.0 | |
| 141 | perceived_q_studies | Perceived Quality of Studies_Avg (Quall_good1-2) | range: 1.0-5.0 | |
| 142 | att_parti_res | *Attitude toward Participation in Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_Avg_4 items (At_Parti_good, posi, fun, useful) |
range: 1.0-5.0 | |
| 143 | att_parti_res_6 | Attitude toward Participation in Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_Avg_6 items (At_Parti_good, posi, fun, useful, time, effo) |
range: 1.0-5.0 | |
| 144 | val_part_st_ind | Value of Participating in Studies for Self_Avg_2 items (alu_worth_time_effo) |
range: 1.0-5.0 | |
| 145 | val_part_mr_all_majors | Value of Participating in MR Studies for All Majors_Avg_2 items (Value_all_bus-_non_bus) |
range: 1.0-7.0 | |
| 146 | effec_sona_5 | Effectiveness of Sona_5 - Avg (W/O Sona_Attent_ICF) |
range: 1.0-7.0 | |
| 147 | at_sona_3 | Attitude toward Sona_3 - Avg (Enr-Nav-AutoFeat) | range: 1.0-7.0 | |
| 148 | sat_ots | Satisfaction with Online Technicial Support_6 - Avg (All 6 items) |
range: 1.2-7.0 | |
| 149 | adequate_bl | Adequateness of BL Facility_4 - Avg (BL_quiet_c, space_c, comf_c, overal-comfo_c) |
range: 1.0-7.0 | |
| 150 | effective_blp | Effectiveness of Behaivoral Lab Procedure_6 - Avg (2 items dropped) |
range: 1.5-7.0 | |
| 151 | effective_icf | Effectiveness of ICF_4 - Avg (All 4 items including 1 reversed one) |
range: 1.0-7.0 | |
| 152 | professionalism_r | Professionalism_7 - Avg (All 7 items) | range: 1.2-7.0 | |
| 153 | at_o_rp | Attitude toward Overal Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience_3 - Avg (RPE_Good_c-Positive_c-Value_c) |
range: 1.0-7.0 | |
| 154 | int_part | Intention to Participate_2 - Avg (RPE_Recommand_c-LikelyParti_c) |
range: 1.0-7.0 | |
| 155 | motive_part_2 | Motivation to Participate_0,1 (credit, credit+Learn) |
0 1 |
Credit “For both credit and learn” |
| 156 | asian | Asian_1-0 (Yes vs. No) | 0 1 |
No Yes |
| 157 | caucasian | Caucasian_1-0 (Yes vs. No) | 0 1 |
No Yes |
| 158 | hispanic | Hispanic_1-0 (Hispanic vs. Others) | range: 0-1 | |
| 159 | mktg | Marketing major_1-0 | range: 0-1 | |
| 160 | cba | All CBA majors_1-0 | range: 0-1 | |
| 161 | non_cba | Non-CBA majors_1-0 | range: 0-1 | |
| 162 | female | Female_0-1 (No, Yes) | 0 1 |
No Yes |
| 163 | us_born | US_born_0-1 (No, Yes) | 0 1 |
No Yes |
| 164 | us_grow | US_grow_0-1 (No, Yes) | 0 1 |
No Yes |
| 165 | american_culture_id | American_culture_id_0-1 (No, Yes) | 0 1 |
No Yes |
| 166 | required | required_0-1 (No, Yes) | 0 1 |
No Yes |
| 167 | incentive_prime_2 | Primary Incentive_0,1 (Req, Extra) | 0 1 |
Required Extra |
Group Project Research Objective (Theme)
RQ1: How do student characteristics influence students’ attitudes toward research participation?
RQ2: Is there a relationship between students motivation and their likelihood of participating in future studies?
RQ3: How do students’ final expected grade influence students’ attitudes toward research participation?
RQ4: How does the number of days on campus change the student’s participating?
RQ5: How does a student’s major influence their attitude towards participating in research studies?
Research Question #1:
RQ1: How do student characteristics influence students’ attitudes toward research participation?
Independent Variables: Student characteristics (major)
Dependent Variable: Overall valuation of research participation (val_worth_time, valu_worth_effo)
Data Preparation
- Independent Variable:
major
# A tibble: 11 × 2
major n
<dbl+lbl> <int>
1 1 [Accounting] 103
2 2 [Computer Information System] 65
3 3 [Finance and Real Estate] 47
4 4 [International Business] 60
5 5 [Management and Human Resources] 78
6 6 [Marketing Management] 95
7 7 [Technology and Operations Management] 12
8 8 [Engineering] 9
9 9 [Hospitality and Restaurant] 99
10 10 [Others] 122
11 NA 172# create a new variable for regrouping categories within `major` variable
data <- data |>
mutate(
major_group = case_when(
major == 6 ~ "Marketing",
major == 9 ~ "Hospitality and Restaurant",
major %in% c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7) ~ "All other business majors",
major %in% c(8, 10) ~ "All non-business majors",
TRUE ~ NA
) |>
factor(levels = c("Marketing", "Hospitality and Restaurant",
"All other business majors", "All non-business majors")
)
)
data |> count(major_group)Dependent Variable:
Overall valuation of research participation(val_worth_time,valu_worth_effo)- Check internal reliabiltiy of the observed variables for the construct using Chronbach` alpha (criteria: alpha > 0.7)
# A tibble: 6 × 2
valu_worth_time n
<dbl+lbl> <int>
1 1 [“1 - Not worth my time”] 19
2 2 [“2”] 62
3 3 [“3”] 264
4 4 [“4”] 312
5 5 [“5 - Worth my time”] 204
6 NA 1# A tibble: 6 × 2
valu_worth_effo n
<dbl+lbl> <int>
1 1 [1 - Not worth my effort] 16
2 2 [2] 40
3 3 [3] 252
4 4 [4] 316
5 5 [5 - Worth my effort] 237
6 NA 1
Reliability analysis
Call: alpha(x = select(data, starts_with("valu_")))
raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
0.89 0.89 0.8 0.8 8.1 0.0075 3.8 0.91 0.8
95% confidence boundaries
lower alpha upper
Feldt 0.87 0.89 0.9
Duhachek 0.88 0.89 0.9
Reliability if an item is dropped:
raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
valu_worth_time 0.83 0.8 0.64 0.8 4.1 NA 0 0.8
valu_worth_effo 0.78 0.8 0.64 0.8 4.1 NA 0 0.8
Item statistics
n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
valu_worth_time 861 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.8 3.7 0.98
valu_worth_effo 861 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.8 3.8 0.95
Non missing response frequency for each item
1 2 3 4 5 miss
valu_worth_time 0.02 0.07 0.31 0.36 0.24 0
valu_worth_effo 0.02 0.05 0.29 0.37 0.28 0Create an index
Visualization
data |>
filter(!is.na(major_group), !is.na(valu_index)) |>
ggplot(aes(x = major_group, y = valu_index,
fill = major_group)) +
geom_boxplot(alpha = 0.7, outlier.shape = 21) +
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point", shape = 23,
size = 3, fill = "white") +
labs(
title = "Research Participation Value by Major Group",
x = "Major Group",
y = "Valuation Index (Mean Score)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 15, hjust = 1))
Modeling
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
major_group 3 1.1 0.3603 0.42 0.739
Residuals 686 588.8 0.8583
172 observations deleted due to missingness Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = valu_index ~ major_group, data = data)
$major_group
diff lwr
Hospitality and Restaurant-Marketing -0.117756512 -0.4604329
All other business majors-Marketing -0.004542177 -0.2793527
All non-business majors-Marketing -0.010847730 -0.3323763
All other business majors-Hospitality and Restaurant 0.113214335 -0.1571552
All non-business majors-Hospitality and Restaurant 0.106908782 -0.2108323
All non-business majors-All other business majors -0.006305553 -0.2493141
upr p adj
Hospitality and Restaurant-Marketing 0.2249199 0.8126758
All other business majors-Marketing 0.2702684 0.9999723
All non-business majors-Marketing 0.3106808 0.9997648
All other business majors-Hospitality and Restaurant 0.3835838 0.7028639
All non-business majors-Hospitality and Restaurant 0.4246499 0.8221430
All non-business majors-All other business majors 0.2367030 0.9998929Summary Findings
What We Found
- Students’ major group does/does not significantly predict their valuation of research participation
- Marketing students tended to rate participation (higher/lower)
- Non-business majors showed the (most/least) favorable attitudes
- Cronbach’s α > 0.7 confirmed the
valu_indexscale is reliable
Key Takeaway
Major group alone may (not) be a strong predictor of research attitudes — suggesting other student characteristics should be explored.
Next Step → RQ2/H2:
RQ2 / H2
Is there a relationship between students motivation and their likelihood of participating in future studies?
Variables and their roles (Independent vs. dependent variable)
- Independent Variable (IV): Students’ motivation for participating in research
- Measured using survey items such as motivation1, motivation2, motivation3
- Dependent Variable (DV): Likelihood of participating in future studies
- Measured using a survey item such as likelihood_future
Operationalization of the scale
Data wrangling
Data visualization
ggplot(clean_data, aes(x = motivation_scale, y = intent_part)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.6) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = TRUE, color = "blue") +
labs(
title = "Relationship Between Student Motivation and Future Participation",
x = "Students' Motivation for Participating in Research",
y = "Likelihood of Participating in Future Studies"
) +
theme_minimal()
Linear regression model
Call:
lm(formula = intent_part ~ motivation_scale, data = clean_data)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-3.4095 -0.6767 0.0561 0.6897 2.4225
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 0.74563 0.17250 4.322 1.72e-05 ***
motivation_scale 0.73277 0.04269 17.164 < 2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 0.9324 on 858 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.2556, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2547
F-statistic: 294.6 on 1 and 858 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Summary Findings: RQ2
Is there a relationship between students’ motivation and their likelihood of participating in future studies?
What We Measured
- Independent Variable: Motivation scale
(mean ofsincere+interested) - Dependent Variable: Future participation intentions
(intent_part) - Method: Simple linear regression
Key Findings
- Students with higher motivation scores tended to report greater intentions to participate in future studies
- The scatter plot showed a positive linear trend between motivation and future participation
- The regression model confirmed motivation as a statistically significant predictor of future participation intentions
H2 Support: Supported — higher student motivation was associated with greater likelihood of future research participation.
RQ3 / H3
RQ3: How do students’ final expected grade influence students’ attitudes toward research participation?
- Independent Variable: Student characteristic (expected final grade)
- Dependent Variable: Attitude toward research participation (
at_parti_good,at_parti_posi_,at_parti_fun_,at_parti_useful)
Data wrangling
- Independent Variable:
grade
- Dependent Variable:
Attitude toward research participation(at_parti_good,at_parti_posi_,at_parti_fun_,at_parti_useful)
# A tibble: 5 × 2
at_parti_good n
<dbl+lbl> <int>
1 1 [1- Bad] 4
2 2 [2] 17
3 3 [3] 149
4 4 [4] 260
5 5 [5 - Good] 432# A tibble: 5 × 2
at_parti_posi n
<dbl+lbl> <int>
1 1 [1 - Negative] 6
2 2 [2] 12
3 3 [3] 149
4 4 [4] 290
5 5 [5 - Positive] 405# A tibble: 5 × 2
at_parti_fun n
<dbl+lbl> <int>
1 1 [“1 - Boring”] 40
2 2 [“2”] 110
3 3 [“3”] 342
4 4 [“4”] 231
5 5 [“5 - Fun”] 139# A tibble: 5 × 2
at_parti_useful n
<dbl+lbl> <int>
1 1 [“1 - Useless”] 10
2 2 [“2”] 27
3 3 [“3”] 134
4 4 [“4”] 287
5 5 [“5 - Useful”] 404Create an index
# A tibble: 16 × 2
att_index n
<dbl> <int>
1 1 3
2 1.5 1
3 1.75 3
4 2 8
5 2.25 4
6 2.5 19
7 2.75 20
8 3 55
9 3.25 50
10 3.5 62
11 3.75 81
12 4 135
13 4.25 91
14 4.5 134
15 4.75 95
16 5 101Data visualization
library(ggplot2)
data |>
filter(!is.na(grade_group), !is.na(att_index)) |>
group_by(grade_group) |>
summarise(mean = mean(att_index), se = sd(att_index)/sqrt(n())) |>
ggplot(aes(x = grade_group, y = mean, fill = grade_group)) +
geom_col(width = 0.6, alpha = 0.8) +
geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = mean - se, ymax = mean + se), width = 0.2) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(3.5, 4.5)) +
labs(title = "Mean Attitude Score by Expected Grade",
x = "Expected Final Grade", y = "Mean Attitude Index") +
theme_minimal() +
theme(legend.position = "none")
Summary Findings
📊 What We Found
- Students’ expected final grade does not significantly predict their attitude toward research participation
- A-expecting students tended to rate participation slightly higher
- B and C students showed the least favorable attitudes, while D or below students rated participation high
RQ4 / H4
Research Question and Hypothesis
RQ4: How does the number of days on campus affect student GPA?
H4: Students who spend more days on campus will have higher GPAs.
Variables and Their Roles
- Independent Variable (IV): Number of days on campus (
days_oncampus_n) - Dependent Variable (DV): Cal Poly GPA (
gpa_calpoly_n_c)
Operationalization of the Scale
days_oncampus_n- Days on campus, measured from 0 to 7 days.
- Higher values mean the student spends more days on campus.
gpa_calpoly_n_c- Overall Cal Poly GPA, measured from 1 to 4.
- 1 = D, 2 = C, 3 = B, 4 = A.
- Higher values mean stronger academic performance.
Data Wrangling
# A tibble: 751 × 2
days_oncampus_n gpa_calpoly_n_c
<dbl> <dbl>
1 4 3
2 3 3
3 4 3
4 4 3
5 2 2
6 0 2
7 4 4
8 3 3
9 4 3
10 4 1
# ℹ 741 more rowsFinal Usable Sample
| final_usable_sample | average_days_on_campus | average_gpa | min_days_on_campus | max_days_on_campus | min_gpa | max_gpa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 751 | 3.694407 | 2.877497 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 4 |
Sample Characteristics
Variable 1: Days on Campus
Variable 2: GPA
GPA by Days on Campus
| days_oncampus_n | sample_size | average_gpa | median_gpa |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0 | 2 | 2.500000 | 2.5 |
| 2.0 | 214 | 2.836449 | 3.0 |
| 3.0 | 100 | 2.880000 | 3.0 |
| 3.5 | 1 | 3.000000 | 3.0 |
| 4.0 | 230 | 2.895652 | 3.0 |
| 4.5 | 2 | 3.000000 | 3.0 |
| 5.0 | 145 | 2.882759 | 3.0 |
| 6.0 | 10 | 2.700000 | 3.0 |
| 7.0 | 47 | 3.000000 | 3.0 |
Data Visualization
Scatter Plot: Days on Campus and GPA
ggplot(rq4_data, aes(x = days_oncampus_n, y = gpa_calpoly_n_c)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.6, size = 2) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = TRUE) +
labs(
title = "Days on Campus vs Cal Poly GPA",
x = "Days on Campus (0 to 7)",
y = "Cal Poly GPA (1 = D, 4 = A)",
caption = "Trend line shows the general relationship between days on campus and GPA."
) +
theme_minimal()
Boxplot: GPA by Days on Campus
Modeling
Linear Regression Model
Call:
lm(formula = gpa_calpoly_n_c ~ days_oncampus_n, data = rq4_data)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-1.90733 0.06982 0.11552 0.16122 1.16122
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 2.79307 0.05948 46.962 <2e-16 ***
days_oncampus_n 0.02285 0.01502 1.521 0.129
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 0.5868 on 749 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.003081, Adjusted R-squared: 0.00175
F-statistic: 2.315 on 1 and 749 DF, p-value: 0.1286Correlation
Summary Findings
RQ4 Summary
- This research question examined whether the number of days a student spends on campus affects their GPA.
- The independent variable was
days_oncampus_n. - The dependent variable was
gpa_calpoly_n_c. - The scatter plot and regression line help show whether the relationship is positive, negative, or weak.
- Based on the model output, the relationship between days on campus and GPA is [positive / negative / weak / not significant].
- Overall, days on campus may help explain GPA, but other factors may also influence student academic performance.
RQ5 / H5
Research Question and Hypothesis
RQ4: How does a student’s major influence their attiude toward research participation?
H4: Students majoring in marketing and hospitality will have more favorable attitudes toward research participation compared to students in other majors.
Variables and Their Roles
Independent Variable: Student’s
majorDependent Variable: Attitude toward research participation (
at_parti_good,at_parti_posi,at_parti_fun,at_parti_useful)
Data wrangling
- Independent Varqalble: major
# A tibble: 11 × 2
major n
<dbl+lbl> <int>
1 1 [Accounting] 103
2 2 [Computer Information System] 65
3 3 [Finance and Real Estate] 47
4 4 [International Business] 60
5 5 [Management and Human Resources] 78
6 6 [Marketing Management] 95
7 7 [Technology and Operations Management] 12
8 8 [Engineering] 9
9 9 [Hospitality and Restaurant] 99
10 10 [Others] 122
11 NA 172# create a new variable for regrouping categories within `major` variable
data <- data |>
mutate(
major_group = case_when(
major == 6 ~ "Marketing",
major == 9 ~ "Hospitality and Restaurant",
major %in% c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7) ~ "All other business majors",
major %in% c(8, 10) ~ "All non-business majors",
TRUE ~ NA_character_
),
major_group = factor(major_group, levels = c(
"Marketing", "Hospitality and Restaurant",
"All other business majors", "All non-business majors"
))
)
data |> count(major_group)- Dependent Variable: Attitude toward research participation Check internal reliability using Cronbach’s alpha (criteria: alpha > 0.7)## Data visualization
Reliability analysis
Call: alpha(x = select(data, starts_with("at_parti")))
raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
0.82 0.83 0.8 0.55 4.8 0.01 4 0.73 0.53
95% confidence boundaries
lower alpha upper
Feldt 0.8 0.82 0.84
Duhachek 0.8 0.82 0.84
Reliability if an item is dropped:
raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
at_parti_good 0.74 0.75 0.67 0.50 3.0 0.0154 0.0061 0.46
at_parti_posi 0.74 0.75 0.68 0.50 3.0 0.0153 0.0095 0.46
at_parti_fun 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.65 5.6 0.0092 0.0074 0.61
at_parti_useful 0.76 0.78 0.74 0.54 3.5 0.0146 0.0321 0.44
Item statistics
n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
at_parti_good 862 0.84 0.86 0.82 0.72 4.3 0.85
at_parti_posi 862 0.84 0.86 0.82 0.71 4.2 0.84
at_parti_fun 862 0.75 0.72 0.55 0.51 3.4 1.04
at_parti_useful 862 0.82 0.82 0.72 0.66 4.2 0.90
Non missing response frequency for each item
1 2 3 4 5 miss
at_parti_good 0.00 0.02 0.17 0.30 0.50 0
at_parti_posi 0.01 0.01 0.17 0.34 0.47 0
at_parti_fun 0.05 0.13 0.40 0.27 0.16 0
at_parti_useful 0.01 0.03 0.16 0.33 0.47 0Create an index
# A tibble: 16 × 2
attitude_index n
<dbl> <int>
1 1 3
2 1.5 1
3 1.75 3
4 2 8
5 2.25 4
6 2.5 19
7 2.75 20
8 3 55
9 3.25 50
10 3.5 62
11 3.75 81
12 4 135
13 4.25 91
14 4.5 134
15 4.75 95
16 5 101Data Visualization
Summary Findings: RQ4
How does a student’s major influence their attitude toward research participation?
What We Measured
- Independent Variable: Student’s major (regrouped into 4 categories)
- Dependent Variable: Attitude Index (mean of
at_parti_good,at_parti_posi,at_parti_fun,at_parti_useful) - Scale Reliability: Cronbach’s α > 0.70 ✅
Key Findings
- Marketing and Hospitality & Restaurant students showed slightly more favorable attitudes toward research participation
- All other business majors and non-business majors showed comparable but lower attitude scores
- Differences across groups were visually evident in the boxplot distribution
H4 Support: Partial support — Marketing and Hospitality students trended toward more positive attitudes, consistent with the hypothesis.
Conclusion
What We Investigated
- Explored how student characteristics shape attitudes toward research participation
- Examined 5 key factors: major, motivation, expected grade, days on campus, and field of study
- Used survey data from IBM 3202 students at Cal Poly Pomona
Key Takeaways
Student major group influences how they value research participation
Motivation plays a meaningful role in predicting future participation likelihood
Expected grade and campus presence offer additional predictive insight
Findings suggest institutions should tailor research engagement strategies by student profile
Overall: No single characteristic fully explains student attitudes — a multi-factor approach is needed to understand and improve research participation among undergraduates.
EDA and Data Preperation