Comprehensive Analysis of Indian States
Animesh Prajapati
2026-04-12
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Load necessary Libraries
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library(tidyverse)## Warning: package 'tidyverse' was built under R version 4.5.3## Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 4.5.3## Warning: package 'stringr' was built under R version 4.5.3## Warning: package 'lubridate' was built under R version 4.5.3## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
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Load Required DataSet
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All_Dataset <- read.csv("All_Dataset.csv")
View(All_Dataset)———————————————
Basic Understanding of the Data
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Question 1: What is the structure of dataset(number of rows, columns, data types) ?
# Basic Structure-
dim(All_Dataset)## [1] 36 78str(All_Dataset)## 'data.frame': 36 obs. of 78 variables:
## $ State_And_Union_Territory : chr "Uttar Pradesh" "Bihar" "Maharashtra" "West Bengal" ...
## $ Population_2024 : int 241066874 128592000 127528000 99563000 87610000 77089000 81897000 68115000 72367000 53340000 ...
## $ Population_Percentage : num 0.1722 0.091 0.0919 0.0711 0.0626 ...
## $ Population_Census_2011 : int 199812341 104099452 112374333 91276115 72626809 72147030 68548437 61095297 60439692 49577103 ...
## $ Population_Growth : chr "0.202" "0.254" "0.16" "0.138" ...
## $ Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 : num 67.7 61.8 82.3 76.4 69.3 ...
## $ Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 : num 77.3 71.2 88.4 81.7 78.7 ...
## $ Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 : num 57.2 51.5 75.9 70.5 59.2 ...
## $ Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 : num 73 70.9 84.8 80.5 73.7 82.9 69.7 77.2 82.4 66.4 ...
## $ Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 : num 81.8 79.7 90.7 84.8 81.2 87.9 80.8 83.4 89.5 73.4 ...
## $ Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 : num 63.4 60.5 78.4 76.1 65.5 77.9 57.6 70.5 74.8 59.5 ...
## $ Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 : num 78.2 74.3 87.3 82.6 75.2 85.5 75.8 82.7 84.6 72.6 ...
## $ Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 : num 86 82.3 92.7 85.8 83.1 90 85.9 88.1 91.2 78.8 ...
## $ Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024: num 70.4 66.1 81.6 79.3 67 81.3 65.8 77.3 77.5 66.8 ...
## $ Enrollment_Rate : num 109.5 102.9 100 90.1 122.6 ...
## $ Dropout_Rate_Percent : num 7.6 3.8 1.9 3 2.9 5.6 5 2.8 4 3.8 ...
## $ GSDP_billions_2022_23 : int 19756 6474 31441 13292 10930 20725 11950 19781 19209 11485 ...
## $ GSDP_billions_2023_24 : int 22580 7464 36459 15318 12465 23934 13579 22700 22034 13035 ...
## $ Percapita_Income_2022_23 : int 96193 60637 252389 139442 132010 277802 150653 304474 272451 219881 ...
## $ Percapita_Income_2023_24 : int 104126 68828 277603 154119 142565 315220 167964 332926 297722 242479 ...
## $ Unemployment_Rate_Percent : num 24 11.4 4.3 3.3 0.9 ...
## $ Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent : num 15.3 29.7 11.5 32.1 25.3 ...
## $ Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent : num 17.4 26.59 5.48 8.6 15.01 ...
## $ Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 : num 69.6 69.8 74.5 74.1 70.6 ...
## $ Male_Life_Expectency_2024 : num 68.2 68.4 72.9 72.5 69.2 ...
## $ Female_Life_Expectency_2024 : num 70.6 70.9 76.7 76.1 72 ...
## $ Total_Crime : int 793020 353502 596103 180272 495708 539651 317480 214234 578879 184293 ...
## $ Crime_Rate : num 335 278 470 182 570 ...
## $ ChargeSheet_Rate : num 73.7 83.5 82.2 88.9 91.2 85.7 61.5 76.9 96.5 92.8 ...
## $ Conviction_Rate : num 74.9 43 49.3 8.5 50.1 58.5 48.4 36 46.4 62.7 ...
## $ Murder : num 1.4 2.2 1.7 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.3 1.7 ...
## $ Rape : num 3.1 1.5 4.8 2.3 7.1 0.9 12.8 2 1.9 1.6 ...
## $ Kidnapping : num 7 11.3 10.3 8.3 13.5 0.6 12.2 5.5 2.5 1.4 ...
## $ Extortion : num 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 2.3 1.4 0.3 1 0.9 ...
## $ Hit_._Run : num 7.8 2.5 3 0.1 8.7 2 4 1.7 1.4 1 ...
## $ Illegal_Arms : num 9.2 3.1 0.6 1.4 4.4 0.2 4 0.2 0.8 0 ...
## $ Corruption : int 169 40 812 8 262 302 316 362 205 160 ...
## $ Highways_Number : chr "2, 2A, 3, 3A New, 7, 11, 12A, 19, 24, 24A, 24B, 25, 25A, 26, 27, 28, 28B, 28C, 29, 56, 56A, 56B, 58, 72A, 73, 7"| __truncated__ "2, 2C, 19, 28, 28A, 28B, 30, 30A, 31, 57, 57A, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106"| __truncated__ "3, 4, 4C, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 26B, 50, 69, 150 Ext. New, 161 New, 204, 211, 222, 348 New, 848 New, 160 New,"| __truncated__ "2, 2B, 6, 10, 31, 31A, 31C, 31D, 32, 34, 35, 41, 55, 60, 60A, 80, 81, 114A New, 116B New, 117, 131A, 133A New, "| __truncated__ ...
## $ Highways_Length_km : num 7863 4679 6335 2910 5185 ...
## $ Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 : num 28.1 38.7 13.6 29.1 15.2 ...
## $ Road_Accidents_2022 : int 34243 8639 24971 10863 45266 49844 19114 34178 13398 19509 ...
## $ Road_Accidents_2023 : int 37729 9553 29477 11937 48877 55682 20951 34647 15186 21556 ...
## $ Road_Accidents_2024 : int 41746 10801 33383 13686 54432 64105 23614 39762 15751 21249 ...
## $ Average_Daily_Ridership_millions : num 8.2 6.1 12.5 6.9 3.7 5.8 3.2 5.2 4.5 3.9 ...
## $ Geographical_Area : int 240928 94163 307713 88752 308252 130060 342239 191791 196244 162968 ...
## $ Total_Forest_Area : num 14818 7381 50798 16832 77493 ...
## $ Waste_Generation_2022_23 : num 161148 41365 443724 300236 121079 ...
## $ Waste_Generation_2023_24 : num 375950 74264 311254 417925 138484 ...
## $ Average_Rainfall_mm : int 1367 1326 1034 1439 1017 998 499 973 842 803 ...
## $ Fossil_Coal : chr "30015" "10170" "23316.01" "13235" ...
## $ Fossil_Lignite : chr "-" "-" "-" "-" ...
## $ Fossil_Gas : chr "1493.14" "-" "2819.08" "-" ...
## $ Fossil_Diesel : chr "-" "-" "-" "-" ...
## $ Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal : chr "31508.14" "10170" "26135.09" "13235" ...
## $ NonFossil_Nuclear : chr "440" "-" "1400" "-" ...
## $ NonFossil_LargeHydro : chr "501.6" "-" "3047" "1341.2" ...
## $ NonFossil_SmallHydro : chr "50.6" "70.7" "384.28" "98.5" ...
## $ NonFossil_Wind : chr "-" "-" "5822.01" "-" ...
## $ NonFossil_Biopower : chr "2310.39" "140.22" "2998.3" "351.86" ...
## $ NonFossil_Solar : num 3823 435 18061 321 5818 ...
## $ NonFossil_SubTotal : num 7125 646 31713 2112 11880 ...
## $ Total_Energy : num 38633 10816 57848 15347 33050 ...
## $ Percent_of_National_Total : num 0.0752 0.0211 0.1126 0.0299 0.0643 ...
## $ Internet_Users_Rural : num 52.1 30.5 31 22 17.2 ...
## $ Internet_Users_Urban : num 54.7 15 69.6 35.8 26.1 ...
## $ Total_Internet_Users : num 106.8 45.5 100.5 57.8 43.3 ...
## $ Crop_Production : num 402899 75934 195232 76057 143662 ...
## $ Total_Crop_Area : num 17.6 6.4 19.8 5.5 15.8 6.5 21.1 12.2 9.9 16.6 ...
## $ Ground_Water_Irrigation : num 10.64 2.2 3.12 2.09 2.74 ...
## $ Canal_Water_Irrigation : num 4.21 1.3 1.03 1.22 1.7 1.43 1.52 1.33 0.5 2.7 ...
## $ Actual_Crop_Irrigated : num 14.49 3.5 3.36 2.98 4.19 ...
## $ Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month : int 8061 7542 11492 6762 8339 11924 12520 13441 12631 10480 ...
## $ Smart_Cities_Count : int 13 4 8 4 7 12 4 7 6 4 ...
## $ Smart_Cities : chr "Agra, Aligarh, Bareilly, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Moradabad, Prayagraj, Rampur, Raebareli, S"| __truncated__ "Bhagalpur, Biharsharif, Muzaffarpur, Patna" "Amravati, Aurangabad, Kalyan-Dombivali, Nagpur, Nashik, Pune, Solapur, Thane," "New Kolkata, Bidhannagar, Durgapur, Haldia" ...
## $ Slum_Population_million : num 6.2 1.2 11.8 6.4 5.6 ...
## $ Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 : int 648986 86829 1511623 1037017 204454 407126 396684 128520 1777215 165845 ...
## $ Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 : int 1601503 546576 3387739 2706942 182685 1174899 1699869 409333 2806871 60426 ...
## $ Happiness_Index : int 35 33 9 21 34 5 27 18 17 22 ...head(All_Dataset)## State_And_Union_Territory Population_2024 Population_Percentage
## 1 Uttar Pradesh 241066874 0.1722
## 2 Bihar 128592000 0.0910
## 3 Maharashtra 127528000 0.0919
## 4 West Bengal 99563000 0.0711
## 5 Madhya Pradesh 87610000 0.0626
## 6 Tamil Nadu 77089000 0.0551
## Population_Census_2011 Population_Growth Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## 1 199812341 0.202 67.68
## 2 104099452 0.254 61.80
## 3 112374333 0.16 82.34
## 4 91276115 0.138 76.36
## 5 72626809 0.203 69.32
## 6 72147030 0.156 80.09
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## 1 77.28 57.18
## 2 71.20 51.50
## 3 88.38 75.87
## 4 81.69 70.54
## 5 78.73 59.24
## 6 86.77 73.44
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017
## 1 73.0 81.8
## 2 70.9 79.7
## 3 84.8 90.7
## 4 80.5 84.8
## 5 73.7 81.2
## 6 82.9 87.9
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## 1 63.4 78.2
## 2 60.5 74.3
## 3 78.4 87.3
## 4 76.1 82.6
## 5 65.5 75.2
## 6 77.9 85.5
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## 1 86.0 70.4
## 2 82.3 66.1
## 3 92.7 81.6
## 4 85.8 79.3
## 5 83.1 67.0
## 6 90.0 81.3
## Enrollment_Rate Dropout_Rate_Percent GSDP_billions_2022_23
## 1 109.5 7.6 19756
## 2 102.9 3.8 6474
## 3 100.0 1.9 31441
## 4 90.1 3.0 13292
## 5 122.6 2.9 10930
## 6 112.0 5.6 20725
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 Percapita_Income_2022_23 Percapita_Income_2023_24
## 1 22580 96193 104126
## 2 7464 60637 68828
## 3 36459 252389 277603
## 4 15318 139442 154119
## 5 12465 132010 142565
## 6 23934 277802 315220
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent
## 1 24.0 15.35
## 2 11.4 29.67
## 3 4.3 11.49
## 4 3.3 32.15
## 5 0.9 25.32
## 6 4.1 2.90
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent Overall_Life_Expectency_2024
## 1 17.40 69.57
## 2 26.59 69.78
## 3 5.48 74.53
## 4 8.60 74.09
## 5 15.01 70.64
## 6 1.43 74.98
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 Female_Life_Expectency_2024 Total_Crime Crime_Rate
## 1 68.18 70.64 793020 335.3
## 2 68.38 70.89 353502 277.5
## 3 72.92 76.65 596103 470.4
## 4 72.50 76.11 180272 181.6
## 5 69.21 71.95 495708 570.3
## 6 73.34 77.18 539651 701.4
## ChargeSheet_Rate Conviction_Rate Murder Rape Kidnapping Extortion Hit_._Run
## 1 73.7 74.9 1.4 3.1 7.0 0.4 7.8
## 2 83.5 43.0 2.2 1.5 11.3 0.5 2.5
## 3 82.2 49.3 1.7 4.8 10.3 0.9 3.0
## 4 88.9 8.5 1.7 2.3 8.3 0.4 0.1
## 5 91.2 50.1 2.1 7.1 13.5 0.4 8.7
## 6 85.7 58.5 2.2 0.9 0.6 2.3 2.0
## Illegal_Arms Corruption
## 1 9.2 169
## 2 3.1 40
## 3 0.6 812
## 4 1.4 8
## 5 4.4 262
## 6 0.2 302
## Highways_Number
## 1 2, 2A, 3, 3A New, 7, 11, 12A, 19, 24, 24A, 24B, 25, 25A, 26, 27, 28, 28B, 28C, 29, 56, 56A, 56B, 58, 72A, 73, 74, 75, 76, 86, 87, 91, 91A, 92, 93, 96, 97, 119, 219 New, 231, 232, 232A, 233, 235, 330, 330A New, 334B New, 730 New, 730A New, 931 New, 931A New & NE-II
## 2 2, 2C, 19, 28, 28A, 28B, 30, 30A, 31, 57, 57A, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 122A New, 131A New, 133 New, 219 New, 327A New, 327 Ext. New, 333 New, 333A New, 527A New & 527C New
## 3 3, 4, 4C, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 26B, 50, 69, 150 Ext. New, 161 New, 204, 211, 222, 348 New, 848 New, 160 New, 166 New, 166A New, 348 New, 361 New, 363 New, 753 New, 753A New, 753B New, 848A & 930 New
## 4 2, 2B, 6, 10, 31, 31A, 31C, 31D, 32, 34, 35, 41, 55, 60, 60A, 80, 81, 114A New, 116B New, 117, 131A, 133A New, 317A, 327B, 512 New & 717
## 5 3, 7, 12, 12A, 25, 26, 26A, 26B, 27, 43 New, 56 New, 59, 59A, 69, 69A, 75, 76, 78, 86, 92 & 927A New
## 6 4, 5, 7, 7A, 45, 45A, 45B, 45C, 46, 47, 47B, 49, 66, 67, 68, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 219, 220, 226, 226Ext., 227, 230, 234, 381 New, & 532 New
## Highways_Length_km Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 Road_Accidents_2022
## 1 7863.00 28.11 34243
## 2 4678.79 38.67 8639
## 3 6335.44 13.57 24971
## 4 2909.80 29.05 10863
## 5 5184.57 15.15 45266
## 6 5006.14 37.15 49844
## Road_Accidents_2023 Road_Accidents_2024 Average_Daily_Ridership_millions
## 1 37729 41746 8.2
## 2 9553 10801 6.1
## 3 29477 33383 12.5
## 4 11937 13686 6.9
## 5 48877 54432 3.7
## 6 55682 64105 5.8
## Geographical_Area Total_Forest_Area Waste_Generation_2022_23
## 1 240928 14818 161148
## 2 94163 7381 41365
## 3 307713 50798 443724
## 4 88752 16832 300236
## 5 308252 77493 121079
## 6 130060 26419 431472
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 Average_Rainfall_mm Fossil_Coal Fossil_Lignite
## 1 375950.00 1367 30015 -
## 2 74263.69 1326 10170 -
## 3 311254.00 1034 23316.01 -
## 4 417925.00 1439 13235 -
## 5 138483.58 1017 21170 -
## 6 430107.00 998 10522.5 3640
## Fossil_Gas Fossil_Diesel Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal NonFossil_Nuclear
## 1 1493.14 - 31508.14 440
## 2 - - 10170 -
## 3 2819.08 - 26135.09 1400
## 4 - - 13235 -
## 5 - - 21170 -
## 6 844.58 211.7 15218.78 2440
## NonFossil_LargeHydro NonFossil_SmallHydro NonFossil_Wind NonFossil_Biopower
## 1 501.6 50.6 - 2310.39
## 2 - 70.7 - 140.22
## 3 3047 384.28 5822.01 2998.3
## 4 1341.2 98.5 - 351.86
## 5 2235 123.71 3548.15 155.46
## 6 2203.2 123.05 12075.34 1046.62
## NonFossil_Solar NonFossil_SubTotal Total_Energy Percent_of_National_Total
## 1 3822.68 7125.27 38633.41 0.0752
## 2 435.34 646.26 10816.26 0.0211
## 3 18060.95 31712.54 57847.63 0.1126
## 4 320.62 2112.18 15347.18 0.0299
## 5 5817.54 11879.86 33049.86 0.0643
## 6 11664.81 29602.33 44821.11 0.0872
## Internet_Users_Rural Internet_Users_Urban Total_Internet_Users
## 1 52.09 54.72 106.80
## 2 30.49 15.02 45.51
## 3 30.98 69.57 100.55
## 4 21.96 35.82 57.78
## 5 17.18 26.12 43.30
## 6 15.55 40.39 55.94
## Crop_Production Total_Crop_Area Ground_Water_Irrigation
## 1 402898.79 17.6 10.64
## 2 75934.18 6.4 2.20
## 3 195232.31 19.8 3.12
## 4 76057.37 5.5 2.09
## 5 143661.91 15.8 2.74
## 6 57459.00 6.5 1.61
## Canal_Water_Irrigation Actual_Crop_Irrigated Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month
## 1 4.21 14.49 8061
## 2 1.30 3.50 7542
## 3 1.03 3.36 11492
## 4 1.22 2.98 6762
## 5 1.70 4.19 8339
## 6 1.43 2.66 11924
## Smart_Cities_Count
## 1 13
## 2 4
## 3 8
## 4 4
## 5 7
## 6 12
## Smart_Cities
## 1 Agra, Aligarh, Bareilly, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Moradabad, Prayagraj, Rampur, Raebareli, Saharanpur, Varanasi
## 2 Bhagalpur, Biharsharif, Muzaffarpur, Patna
## 3 Amravati, Aurangabad, Kalyan-Dombivali, Nagpur, Nashik, Pune, Solapur, Thane,
## 4 New Kolkata, Bidhannagar, Durgapur, Haldia
## 5 Indore, Jabalpur, Bhopal, Gwalior, Sagar, Satna, Ujjain,
## 6 Chennai, Coimbatore, Dindigul, Erode, Madurai, Salem, Thanjavur, Thoothukudi, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Tiruppur, Vellore
## Slum_Population_million Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023
## 1 6.2 648986
## 2 1.2 86829
## 3 11.8 1511623
## 4 6.4 1037017
## 5 5.6 204454
## 6 5.7 407126
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 Happiness_Index
## 1 1601503 35
## 2 546576 33
## 3 3387739 9
## 4 2706942 21
## 5 182685 34
## 6 1174899 5glimpse(All_Dataset)## Rows: 36
## Columns: 78
## $ State_And_Union_Territory <chr> "Uttar Pradesh", "Bihar", "Mahar…
## $ Population_2024 <int> 241066874, 128592000, 127528000,…
## $ Population_Percentage <dbl> 0.1722, 0.0910, 0.0919, 0.0711, …
## $ Population_Census_2011 <int> 199812341, 104099452, 112374333,…
## $ Population_Growth <chr> "0.202", "0.254", "0.16", "0.138…
## $ Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 <dbl> 67.68, 61.80, 82.34, 76.36, 69.3…
## $ Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 <dbl> 77.28, 71.20, 88.38, 81.69, 78.7…
## $ Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 <dbl> 57.18, 51.50, 75.87, 70.54, 59.2…
## $ Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 <dbl> 73.00, 70.90, 84.80, 80.50, 73.7…
## $ Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 <dbl> 81.80, 79.70, 90.70, 84.80, 81.2…
## $ Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 <dbl> 63.40, 60.50, 78.40, 76.10, 65.5…
## $ Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 <dbl> 78.2, 74.3, 87.3, 82.6, 75.2, 85…
## $ Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 <dbl> 86.0, 82.3, 92.7, 85.8, 83.1, 90…
## $ Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 <dbl> 70.4, 66.1, 81.6, 79.3, 67.0, 81…
## $ Enrollment_Rate <dbl> 109.5, 102.9, 100.0, 90.1, 122.6…
## $ Dropout_Rate_Percent <dbl> 7.6, 3.8, 1.9, 3.0, 2.9, 5.6, 5.…
## $ GSDP_billions_2022_23 <int> 19756, 6474, 31441, 13292, 10930…
## $ GSDP_billions_2023_24 <int> 22580, 7464, 36459, 15318, 12465…
## $ Percapita_Income_2022_23 <int> 96193, 60637, 252389, 139442, 13…
## $ Percapita_Income_2023_24 <int> 104126, 68828, 277603, 154119, 1…
## $ Unemployment_Rate_Percent <dbl> 24.00, 11.40, 4.30, 3.30, 0.90, …
## $ Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent <dbl> 15.35, 29.67, 11.49, 32.15, 25.3…
## $ Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent <dbl> 17.40, 26.59, 5.48, 8.60, 15.01,…
## $ Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 <dbl> 69.57, 69.78, 74.53, 74.09, 70.6…
## $ Male_Life_Expectency_2024 <dbl> 68.18, 68.38, 72.92, 72.50, 69.2…
## $ Female_Life_Expectency_2024 <dbl> 70.64, 70.89, 76.65, 76.11, 71.9…
## $ Total_Crime <int> 793020, 353502, 596103, 180272, …
## $ Crime_Rate <dbl> 335.3, 277.5, 470.4, 181.6, 570.…
## $ ChargeSheet_Rate <dbl> 73.7, 83.5, 82.2, 88.9, 91.2, 85…
## $ Conviction_Rate <dbl> 74.9, 43.0, 49.3, 8.5, 50.1, 58.…
## $ Murder <dbl> 1.4, 2.2, 1.7, 1.7, 2.1, 2.2, 2.…
## $ Rape <dbl> 3.1, 1.5, 4.8, 2.3, 7.1, 0.9, 12…
## $ Kidnapping <dbl> 7.0, 11.3, 10.3, 8.3, 13.5, 0.6,…
## $ Extortion <dbl> 0.4, 0.5, 0.9, 0.4, 0.4, 2.3, 1.…
## $ Hit_._Run <dbl> 7.8, 2.5, 3.0, 0.1, 8.7, 2.0, 4.…
## $ Illegal_Arms <dbl> 9.2, 3.1, 0.6, 1.4, 4.4, 0.2, 4.…
## $ Corruption <int> 169, 40, 812, 8, 262, 302, 316, …
## $ Highways_Number <chr> "2, 2A, 3, 3A New, 7, 11, 12A, 1…
## $ Highways_Length_km <dbl> 7863.00, 4678.79, 6335.44, 2909.…
## $ Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 <dbl> 28.11, 38.67, 13.57, 29.05, 15.1…
## $ Road_Accidents_2022 <int> 34243, 8639, 24971, 10863, 45266…
## $ Road_Accidents_2023 <int> 37729, 9553, 29477, 11937, 48877…
## $ Road_Accidents_2024 <int> 41746, 10801, 33383, 13686, 5443…
## $ Average_Daily_Ridership_millions <dbl> 8.20, 6.10, 12.50, 6.90, 3.70, 5…
## $ Geographical_Area <int> 240928, 94163, 307713, 88752, 30…
## $ Total_Forest_Area <dbl> 14818, 7381, 50798, 16832, 77493…
## $ Waste_Generation_2022_23 <dbl> 161148.00, 41365.00, 443724.00, …
## $ Waste_Generation_2023_24 <dbl> 375950.00, 74263.69, 311254.00, …
## $ Average_Rainfall_mm <int> 1367, 1326, 1034, 1439, 1017, 99…
## $ Fossil_Coal <chr> "30015", "10170", "23316.01", "1…
## $ Fossil_Lignite <chr> "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "3640",…
## $ Fossil_Gas <chr> "1493.14", "-", "2819.08", "-", …
## $ Fossil_Diesel <chr> "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "211.7"…
## $ Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal <chr> "31508.14", "10170", "26135.09",…
## $ NonFossil_Nuclear <chr> "440", "-", "1400", "-", "-", "2…
## $ NonFossil_LargeHydro <chr> "501.6", "-", "3047", "1341.2", …
## $ NonFossil_SmallHydro <chr> "50.6", "70.7", "384.28", "98.5"…
## $ NonFossil_Wind <chr> "-", "-", "5822.01", "-", "3548.…
## $ NonFossil_Biopower <chr> "2310.39", "140.22", "2998.3", "…
## $ NonFossil_Solar <dbl> 3822.68, 435.34, 18060.95, 320.6…
## $ NonFossil_SubTotal <dbl> 7125.27, 646.26, 31712.54, 2112.…
## $ Total_Energy <dbl> 38633.41, 10816.26, 57847.63, 15…
## $ Percent_of_National_Total <dbl> 0.0752, 0.0211, 0.1126, 0.0299, …
## $ Internet_Users_Rural <dbl> 52.09, 30.49, 30.98, 21.96, 17.1…
## $ Internet_Users_Urban <dbl> 54.72, 15.02, 69.57, 35.82, 26.1…
## $ Total_Internet_Users <dbl> 106.80, 45.51, 100.55, 57.78, 43…
## $ Crop_Production <dbl> 402898.79, 75934.18, 195232.31, …
## $ Total_Crop_Area <dbl> 17.6, 6.4, 19.8, 5.5, 15.8, 6.5,…
## $ Ground_Water_Irrigation <dbl> 10.64, 2.20, 3.12, 2.09, 2.74, 1…
## $ Canal_Water_Irrigation <dbl> 4.21, 1.30, 1.03, 1.22, 1.70, 1.…
## $ Actual_Crop_Irrigated <dbl> 14.49, 3.50, 3.36, 2.98, 4.19, 2…
## $ Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month <int> 8061, 7542, 11492, 6762, 8339, 1…
## $ Smart_Cities_Count <int> 13, 4, 8, 4, 7, 12, 4, 7, 6, 4, …
## $ Smart_Cities <chr> "Agra, Aligarh, Bareilly, Gorakh…
## $ Slum_Population_million <dbl> 6.200, 1.200, 11.800, 6.400, 5.6…
## $ Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 <int> 648986, 86829, 1511623, 1037017,…
## $ Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 <int> 1601503, 546576, 3387739, 270694…
## $ Happiness_Index <int> 35, 33, 9, 21, 34, 5, 27, 18, 17…# Column names
colnames(All_Dataset)## [1] "State_And_Union_Territory"
## [2] "Population_2024"
## [3] "Population_Percentage"
## [4] "Population_Census_2011"
## [5] "Population_Growth"
## [6] "Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011"
## [7] "Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011"
## [8] "Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011"
## [9] "Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017"
## [10] "Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017"
## [11] "Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017"
## [12] "Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024"
## [13] "Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024"
## [14] "Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024"
## [15] "Enrollment_Rate"
## [16] "Dropout_Rate_Percent"
## [17] "GSDP_billions_2022_23"
## [18] "GSDP_billions_2023_24"
## [19] "Percapita_Income_2022_23"
## [20] "Percapita_Income_2023_24"
## [21] "Unemployment_Rate_Percent"
## [22] "Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent"
## [23] "Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent"
## [24] "Overall_Life_Expectency_2024"
## [25] "Male_Life_Expectency_2024"
## [26] "Female_Life_Expectency_2024"
## [27] "Total_Crime"
## [28] "Crime_Rate"
## [29] "ChargeSheet_Rate"
## [30] "Conviction_Rate"
## [31] "Murder"
## [32] "Rape"
## [33] "Kidnapping"
## [34] "Extortion"
## [35] "Hit_._Run"
## [36] "Illegal_Arms"
## [37] "Corruption"
## [38] "Highways_Number"
## [39] "Highways_Length_km"
## [40] "Highways_Road_Density_m.km2"
## [41] "Road_Accidents_2022"
## [42] "Road_Accidents_2023"
## [43] "Road_Accidents_2024"
## [44] "Average_Daily_Ridership_millions"
## [45] "Geographical_Area"
## [46] "Total_Forest_Area"
## [47] "Waste_Generation_2022_23"
## [48] "Waste_Generation_2023_24"
## [49] "Average_Rainfall_mm"
## [50] "Fossil_Coal"
## [51] "Fossil_Lignite"
## [52] "Fossil_Gas"
## [53] "Fossil_Diesel"
## [54] "Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal"
## [55] "NonFossil_Nuclear"
## [56] "NonFossil_LargeHydro"
## [57] "NonFossil_SmallHydro"
## [58] "NonFossil_Wind"
## [59] "NonFossil_Biopower"
## [60] "NonFossil_Solar"
## [61] "NonFossil_SubTotal"
## [62] "Total_Energy"
## [63] "Percent_of_National_Total"
## [64] "Internet_Users_Rural"
## [65] "Internet_Users_Urban"
## [66] "Total_Internet_Users"
## [67] "Crop_Production"
## [68] "Total_Crop_Area"
## [69] "Ground_Water_Irrigation"
## [70] "Canal_Water_Irrigation"
## [71] "Actual_Crop_Irrigated"
## [72] "Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month"
## [73] "Smart_Cities_Count"
## [74] "Smart_Cities"
## [75] "Slum_Population_million"
## [76] "Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023"
## [77] "Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024"
## [78] "Happiness_Index"# Data types
sapply(All_Dataset, class)## State_And_Union_Territory Population_2024
## "character" "integer"
## Population_Percentage Population_Census_2011
## "numeric" "integer"
## Population_Growth Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## "character" "numeric"
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Enrollment_Rate Dropout_Rate_Percent
## "numeric" "numeric"
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 GSDP_billions_2023_24
## "integer" "integer"
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 Percapita_Income_2023_24
## "integer" "integer"
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent Overall_Life_Expectency_2024
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 Female_Life_Expectency_2024
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Total_Crime Crime_Rate
## "integer" "numeric"
## ChargeSheet_Rate Conviction_Rate
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Murder Rape
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Kidnapping Extortion
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Hit_._Run Illegal_Arms
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Corruption Highways_Number
## "integer" "character"
## Highways_Length_km Highways_Road_Density_m.km2
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Road_Accidents_2022 Road_Accidents_2023
## "integer" "integer"
## Road_Accidents_2024 Average_Daily_Ridership_millions
## "integer" "numeric"
## Geographical_Area Total_Forest_Area
## "integer" "numeric"
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 Waste_Generation_2023_24
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Average_Rainfall_mm Fossil_Coal
## "integer" "character"
## Fossil_Lignite Fossil_Gas
## "character" "character"
## Fossil_Diesel Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal
## "character" "character"
## NonFossil_Nuclear NonFossil_LargeHydro
## "character" "character"
## NonFossil_SmallHydro NonFossil_Wind
## "character" "character"
## NonFossil_Biopower NonFossil_Solar
## "character" "numeric"
## NonFossil_SubTotal Total_Energy
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Percent_of_National_Total Internet_Users_Rural
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Internet_Users_Urban Total_Internet_Users
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Crop_Production Total_Crop_Area
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Ground_Water_Irrigation Canal_Water_Irrigation
## "numeric" "numeric"
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month
## "numeric" "integer"
## Smart_Cities_Count Smart_Cities
## "integer" "character"
## Slum_Population_million Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023
## "numeric" "integer"
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 Happiness_Index
## "integer" "integer"# Unique states
unique(All_Dataset$state)## NULLlength(unique(All_Dataset$state))## [1] 0Interpretation :- The dataset ‘All_Dataset’ contains Indian data with 36 observations and 78 columns. It includes all 28 states and 8 union territory’s information such as populations, literacy rate, crime, accident, economy, happiness index and many more.
——————————
DATA CLEANING
——————————
Question 2: Which columns have missing values and remove duplicate data ?
# Check missing values
colSums(is.na(All_Dataset))## State_And_Union_Territory Population_2024
## 0 0
## Population_Percentage Population_Census_2011
## 0 0
## Population_Growth Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## 0 2
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## 2 2
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017
## 1 1
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## 1 0
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## 0 0
## Enrollment_Rate Dropout_Rate_Percent
## 3 1
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 GSDP_billions_2023_24
## 3 3
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 Percapita_Income_2023_24
## 3 9
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent
## 9 1
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent Overall_Life_Expectency_2024
## 0 0
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 Female_Life_Expectency_2024
## 0 0
## Total_Crime Crime_Rate
## 0 0
## ChargeSheet_Rate Conviction_Rate
## 0 0
## Murder Rape
## 0 0
## Kidnapping Extortion
## 0 0
## Hit_._Run Illegal_Arms
## 0 0
## Corruption Highways_Number
## 0 3
## Highways_Length_km Highways_Road_Density_m.km2
## 3 8
## Road_Accidents_2022 Road_Accidents_2023
## 1 0
## Road_Accidents_2024 Average_Daily_Ridership_millions
## 0 0
## Geographical_Area Total_Forest_Area
## 0 0
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 Waste_Generation_2023_24
## 1 1
## Average_Rainfall_mm Fossil_Coal
## 0 0
## Fossil_Lignite Fossil_Gas
## 0 0
## Fossil_Diesel Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal
## 0 0
## NonFossil_Nuclear NonFossil_LargeHydro
## 0 0
## NonFossil_SmallHydro NonFossil_Wind
## 0 0
## NonFossil_Biopower NonFossil_Solar
## 0 0
## NonFossil_SubTotal Total_Energy
## 0 0
## Percent_of_National_Total Internet_Users_Rural
## 0 0
## Internet_Users_Urban Total_Internet_Users
## 0 0
## Crop_Production Total_Crop_Area
## 0 7
## Ground_Water_Irrigation Canal_Water_Irrigation
## 14 7
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month
## 7 1
## Smart_Cities_Count Smart_Cities
## 1 1
## Slum_Population_million Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023
## 1 0
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 Happiness_Index
## 0 1# Percentage missing
colMeans(is.na(All_Dataset))*100## State_And_Union_Territory Population_2024
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Population_Percentage Population_Census_2011
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Population_Growth Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## 0.000000 5.555556
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## 5.555556 5.555556
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017
## 2.777778 2.777778
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## 2.777778 0.000000
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Enrollment_Rate Dropout_Rate_Percent
## 8.333333 2.777778
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 GSDP_billions_2023_24
## 8.333333 8.333333
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 Percapita_Income_2023_24
## 8.333333 25.000000
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent
## 25.000000 2.777778
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent Overall_Life_Expectency_2024
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 Female_Life_Expectency_2024
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Total_Crime Crime_Rate
## 0.000000 0.000000
## ChargeSheet_Rate Conviction_Rate
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Murder Rape
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Kidnapping Extortion
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Hit_._Run Illegal_Arms
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Corruption Highways_Number
## 0.000000 8.333333
## Highways_Length_km Highways_Road_Density_m.km2
## 8.333333 22.222222
## Road_Accidents_2022 Road_Accidents_2023
## 2.777778 0.000000
## Road_Accidents_2024 Average_Daily_Ridership_millions
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Geographical_Area Total_Forest_Area
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 Waste_Generation_2023_24
## 2.777778 2.777778
## Average_Rainfall_mm Fossil_Coal
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Fossil_Lignite Fossil_Gas
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Fossil_Diesel Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal
## 0.000000 0.000000
## NonFossil_Nuclear NonFossil_LargeHydro
## 0.000000 0.000000
## NonFossil_SmallHydro NonFossil_Wind
## 0.000000 0.000000
## NonFossil_Biopower NonFossil_Solar
## 0.000000 0.000000
## NonFossil_SubTotal Total_Energy
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Percent_of_National_Total Internet_Users_Rural
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Internet_Users_Urban Total_Internet_Users
## 0.000000 0.000000
## Crop_Production Total_Crop_Area
## 0.000000 19.444444
## Ground_Water_Irrigation Canal_Water_Irrigation
## 38.888889 19.444444
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month
## 19.444444 2.777778
## Smart_Cities_Count Smart_Cities
## 2.777778 2.777778
## Slum_Population_million Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023
## 2.777778 0.000000
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 Happiness_Index
## 0.000000 2.777778# Remove duplicates
All_Dataset <- distinct(All_Dataset)
# Standardize state names
All_Dataset$State_And_Union_Territory <-
str_to_title(All_Dataset$State_And_Union_Territory)Interpretation :- The dataset contained missing values and duplicate records, which were checked and removed duplicates to ensure accurate and reliable analysis.
—————————
Basic Statistics
—————————
Question 3: What is the current average population and last census population of India?
# Summary statistics
summary(All_Dataset)## State_And_Union_Territory Population_2024 Population_Percentage
## Length:36 Min. : 69000 Min. :0.00010
## Class :character 1st Qu.: 1581250 1st Qu.:0.00110
## Mode :character Median : 26138000 Median :0.01865
## Mean : 38969767 Mean :0.02784
## 3rd Qu.: 57033750 3rd Qu.:0.04075
## Max. :241066874 Max. :0.17220
##
## Population_Census_2011 Population_Growth Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## Min. : 64473 Length:36 Min. :61.80
## 1st Qu.: 1439840 Class :character 1st Qu.:70.76
## Median : 21069702 Mode :character Median :76.65
## Mean : 33626892 Mean :77.59
## 3rd Qu.: 52292750 3rd Qu.:85.09
## Max. :199812341 Max. :94.00
## NA's :2
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## Min. :71.20 Min. :51.50
## 1st Qu.:78.84 1st Qu.:61.18
## Median :83.82 Median :70.40
## Mean :84.13 Mean :70.57
## 3rd Qu.:89.88 3rd Qu.:79.53
## Max. :96.11 Max. :91.07
## NA's :2 NA's :2
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017
## Min. :66.40 Min. :73.40
## 1st Qu.:76.34 1st Qu.:83.14
## Median :80.50 Median :87.29
## Mean :81.07 Mean :86.81
## 3rd Qu.:86.49 3rd Qu.:91.41
## Max. :99.01 Max. :97.40
## NA's :1 NA's :1
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## Min. :57.60 Min. :70.30
## 1st Qu.:68.35 1st Qu.:78.88
## Median :76.43 Median :84.65
## Mean :74.97 Mean :85.12
## 3rd Qu.:81.29 3rd Qu.:92.17
## Max. :95.20 Max. :98.20
## NA's :1
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## Min. :70.00 Min. :64.70
## 1st Qu.:85.97 1st Qu.:72.47
## Median :90.15 Median :79.55
## Mean :89.88 Mean :80.06
## 3rd Qu.:95.03 3rd Qu.:89.03
## Max. :99.40 Max. :97.00
##
## Enrollment_Rate Dropout_Rate_Percent GSDP_billions_2022_23
## Min. : 79.3 Min. : 0.000 Min. : 104
## 1st Qu.: 99.3 1st Qu.: 1.300 1st Qu.: 461
## Median :104.8 Median : 2.800 Median : 4107
## Mean :109.6 Mean : 3.389 Mean : 7242
## 3rd Qu.:115.4 3rd Qu.: 4.900 3rd Qu.:11241
## Max. :155.0 Max. :12.600 Max. :31441
## NA's :3 NA's :1 NA's :3
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 Percapita_Income_2022_23 Percapita_Income_2023_24
## Min. : 117 Min. : 60637 Min. : 68828
## 1st Qu.: 550 1st Qu.:139442 1st Qu.:144963
## Median : 4788 Median :218788 Median :235199
## Mean : 8277 Mean :227349 Mean :236938
## 3rd Qu.:13035 3rd Qu.:272451 3rd Qu.:297722
## Max. :36459 Max. :520466 Max. :587743
## NA's :3 NA's :3 NA's :9
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent
## Min. : 0.50 Min. : 0.360
## 1st Qu.: 5.30 1st Qu.: 4.245
## Median :10.10 Median :10.840
## Mean :10.82 Mean :12.756
## 3rd Qu.:14.10 3rd Qu.:18.715
## Max. :24.00 Max. :34.930
## NA's :9 NA's :1
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent Overall_Life_Expectency_2024
## Min. : 0.370 Min. :69.57
## 1st Qu.: 2.763 1st Qu.:72.36
## Median : 5.425 Median :73.93
## Mean : 7.752 Mean :73.66
## 3rd Qu.:11.175 3rd Qu.:74.76
## Max. :26.590 Max. :78.04
##
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 Female_Life_Expectency_2024 Total_Crime
## Min. :68.18 Min. :70.64 Min. : 127
## 1st Qu.:70.87 1st Qu.:74.04 1st Qu.: 3920
## Median :72.35 Median :75.92 Median : 64399
## Mean :72.08 Mean :75.60 Mean :173377
## 3rd Qu.:73.14 3rd Qu.:76.92 3rd Qu.:247532
## Max. :76.18 Max. :80.83 Max. :793020
##
## Crime_Rate ChargeSheet_Rate Conviction_Rate Murder
## Min. : 66.9 Min. :32.80 Min. : 7.80 Min. :0.000
## 1st Qu.: 183.5 1st Qu.:64.53 1st Qu.:28.93 1st Qu.:1.475
## Median : 310.6 Median :78.60 Median :41.00 Median :1.850
## Mean : 397.0 Mean :74.38 Mean :45.08 Mean :1.994
## 3rd Qu.: 466.2 3rd Qu.:86.85 3rd Qu.:58.27 3rd Qu.:2.400
## Max. :1631.2 Max. :97.90 Max. :95.10 Max. :4.700
##
## Rape Kidnapping Extortion Hit_._Run
## Min. : 0.900 Min. : 0.000 Min. :0.000 Min. :0.000
## 1st Qu.: 1.975 1st Qu.: 2.725 1st Qu.:0.300 1st Qu.:0.850
## Median : 4.100 Median : 5.350 Median :0.500 Median :1.850
## Mean : 5.283 Mean : 6.639 Mean :1.011 Mean :2.344
## 3rd Qu.: 7.325 3rd Qu.:10.000 3rd Qu.:1.250 3rd Qu.:3.050
## Max. :17.900 Max. :26.600 Max. :5.800 Max. :8.700
##
## Illegal_Arms Corruption Highways_Number Highways_Length_km
## Min. : 0.000 Min. : 0.00 Length:36 Min. : 15.28
## 1st Qu.: 0.100 1st Qu.: 1.75 Class :character 1st Qu.:1046.09
## Median : 0.600 Median : 30.50 Mode :character Median :2319.00
## Mean : 1.806 Mean :113.03 Mean :2817.91
## 3rd Qu.: 2.125 3rd Qu.:205.00 3rd Qu.:4644.52
## Max. :10.100 Max. :812.00 Max. :7863.00
## NA's :3
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 Road_Accidents_2022 Road_Accidents_2023
## Min. : 5.60 Min. : 1 Min. : 4.0
## 1st Qu.:21.12 1st Qu.: 449 1st Qu.: 345.2
## Median :29.42 Median : 4860 Median : 5090.0
## Mean :29.09 Mean :10634 Mean :11456.4
## 3rd Qu.:37.23 3rd Qu.:16256 3rd Qu.:16627.2
## Max. :72.66 Max. :49844 Max. :55682.0
## NA's :8 NA's :1
## Road_Accidents_2024 Average_Daily_Ridership_millions Geographical_Area
## Min. : 3.0 Min. : 0.020 Min. : 30
## 1st Qu.: 460.2 1st Qu.: 0.195 1st Qu.: 15056
## Median : 5872.0 Median : 1.150 Median : 55149
## Mean :12814.2 Mean : 2.429 Mean : 91331
## 3rd Qu.:17125.5 3rd Qu.: 3.750 3rd Qu.:140321
## Max. :64105.0 Max. :12.500 Max. :342239
##
## Total_Forest_Area Waste_Generation_2022_23 Waste_Generation_2023_24
## Min. : 22.88 Min. : 32 Min. : 61.65
## 1st Qu.: 3073.75 1st Qu.: 7328 1st Qu.: 5466.39
## Median :16020.50 Median : 41365 Median : 47450.00
## Mean :19525.06 Mean : 99137 Mean :117887.76
## 3rd Qu.:24833.50 3rd Qu.:139567 3rd Qu.:161825.79
## Max. :77493.00 Max. :443724 Max. :472675.00
## NA's :1 NA's :1
## Average_Rainfall_mm Fossil_Coal Fossil_Lignite Fossil_Gas
## Min. : 100.0 Length:36 Length:36 Length:36
## 1st Qu.: 991.8 Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Median :1313.0 Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
## Mean :1513.1
## 3rd Qu.:1935.8
## Max. :3055.0
##
## Fossil_Diesel Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal NonFossil_Nuclear
## Length:36 Length:36 Length:36
## Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
##
## NonFossil_LargeHydro NonFossil_SmallHydro NonFossil_Wind
## Length:36 Length:36 Length:36
## Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
##
## NonFossil_Biopower NonFossil_Solar NonFossil_SubTotal Total_Energy
## Length:36 Min. : 3.34 Min. : 6.57 Min. : 33.4
## Class :character 1st Qu.: 34.20 1st Qu.: 136.16 1st Qu.: 159.5
## Mode :character Median : 361.10 Median : 2154.00 Median : 5790.3
## Mean : 3771.24 Mean : 7393.95 Mean :14253.4
## 3rd Qu.: 2840.39 3rd Qu.: 7318.14 3rd Qu.:20776.6
## Max. :36658.35 Max. :44311.37 Max. :66489.9
##
## Percent_of_National_Total Internet_Users_Rural Internet_Users_Urban
## Min. :0.00010 Min. : 0.0400 Min. : 0.0400
## 1st Qu.:0.00030 1st Qu.: 0.7025 1st Qu.: 0.7825
## Median :0.01130 Median : 7.6300 Median : 7.6300
## Mean :0.02776 Mean : 19.1008 Mean : 28.1739
## 3rd Qu.:0.04047 3rd Qu.: 16.3025 3rd Qu.: 24.2975
## Max. :0.12940 Max. :343.8200 Max. :507.1300
##
## Total_Internet_Users Crop_Production Total_Crop_Area
## Min. : 0.200 Min. : 4.44 Min. : 0.100
## 1st Qu.: 1.772 1st Qu.: 828.01 1st Qu.: 0.800
## Median : 16.835 Median : 11670.34 Median : 3.600
## Mean : 47.273 Mean : 44209.20 Mean : 6.166
## 3rd Qu.: 43.733 3rd Qu.: 59148.98 3rd Qu.: 9.900
## Max. :850.950 Max. :402898.79 Max. :21.100
## NA's :7
## Ground_Water_Irrigation Canal_Water_Irrigation Actual_Crop_Irrigated
## Min. : 0.020 Min. :0.0100 Min. : 0.010
## 1st Qu.: 0.170 1st Qu.:0.1000 1st Qu.: 0.100
## Median : 1.800 Median :0.5000 Median : 0.850
## Mean : 1.909 Mean :0.8693 Mean : 2.176
## 3rd Qu.: 2.680 3rd Qu.:1.3200 3rd Qu.: 3.360
## Max. :10.640 Max. :4.2100 Max. :14.490
## NA's :14 NA's :7 NA's :7
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month Smart_Cities_Count Smart_Cities
## Min. : 4895 Min. : 1.000 Length:36
## 1st Qu.:10578 1st Qu.: 1.000 Class :character
## Median :13552 Median : 1.000 Mode :character
## Mean :14067 Mean : 2.943
## 3rd Qu.:16863 3rd Qu.: 4.000
## Max. :26701 Max. :13.000
## NA's :1 NA's :1
## Slum_Population_million Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023
## Min. : 0.100 Min. : 125
## 1st Qu.: 0.484 1st Qu.: 4323
## Median : 1.400 Median : 64981
## Mean : 5.043 Mean : 243408
## 3rd Qu.: 5.650 3rd Qu.: 235705
## Max. :68.000 Max. :1777215
## NA's :1
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 Happiness_Index
## Min. : 755 Min. : 1.00
## 1st Qu.: 17236 1st Qu.: 9.50
## Median : 80308 Median :19.00
## Mean : 537936 Mean :18.43
## 3rd Qu.: 572196 3rd Qu.:27.00
## Max. :3387739 Max. :35.00
## NA's :1# Current average population of India
mean(All_Dataset$Population_2024, na.rm = TRUE)## [1] 38969767# Last_Census average population of India
mean(All_Dataset$Population_Census_2011, na.rm = TRUE)## [1] 33626892Interpretation :- The current average population of India is higher than the last census population, indicating population growth over time. This increase reflects requirement of healthcare and better living conditions. It also highlights the need for better resource planning and infrastructure development.
Question 4: What is the Mean and Median of Crime_Rate?
# Mean and Median of Crime_Rate
mean(All_Dataset$Crime_Rate)## [1] 397.0028median(All_Dataset$Crime_Rate)## [1] 310.65Interpretation :- The mean crime rate represents the average level of crime across all states, giving an overall picture of crime intensity in the country. The median crime rate shows the middle value, helping identify the typical state while reducing the impact of extremely high or low crime rates (outliers). Here, mean > median that means right skew (few high-crime states dominate).
Question 5: What is the median of current and previous year percapita income and also Standard Deviation ?
# Current year percapita income
median(All_Dataset$Percapita_Income_2023_24, na.rm = TRUE)## [1] 235199# Previous year percapita income
median(All_Dataset$Percapita_Income_2022_23, na.rm = TRUE)## [1] 218788# Standard Deviation of Per_Capita_Income
sd(All_Dataset$Percapita_Income_2023_24, na.rm = TRUE)## [1] 116022.4Interpretation :- The median of percapita income has changed from the previous year to the current year, indicating a shift in the typical income level. An increase suggests improved economic conditions, while a decrease may reflect economic challenges. The median provides a reliable measure by minimizing the effect of extreme values. And SD Measures inequality between states in income.
Question 6: What is the current min and max literacy rate of both male and female ?
# Current Min and Max of literacy rate of male
min(All_Dataset$Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024)## [1] 70max(All_Dataset$Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024)## [1] 99.4# Current Min and Max of literacy rate of female
min(All_Dataset$Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024)## [1] 64.7max(All_Dataset$Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024)## [1] 97Interpretation :- The minimum and maximum literacy rates for both males and females show the range of education across regions. Typically, male literacy rates are higher than female rates, indicating a gender gap in education. This highlights the need for improved access to education, especially for females in lower-performing areas.
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Data Exploration & Filtering
——————————————–
Question 7: Which states have population > 100 million ?
# Filter high population
All_Dataset %>%
filter(Population_2024 > 100000000)## State_And_Union_Territory Population_2024 Population_Percentage
## 1 Uttar Pradesh 241066874 0.1722
## 2 Bihar 128592000 0.0910
## 3 Maharashtra 127528000 0.0919
## Population_Census_2011 Population_Growth Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## 1 199812341 0.202 67.68
## 2 104099452 0.254 61.80
## 3 112374333 0.16 82.34
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## 1 77.28 57.18
## 2 71.20 51.50
## 3 88.38 75.87
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017
## 1 73.0 81.8
## 2 70.9 79.7
## 3 84.8 90.7
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## 1 63.4 78.2
## 2 60.5 74.3
## 3 78.4 87.3
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## 1 86.0 70.4
## 2 82.3 66.1
## 3 92.7 81.6
## Enrollment_Rate Dropout_Rate_Percent GSDP_billions_2022_23
## 1 109.5 7.6 19756
## 2 102.9 3.8 6474
## 3 100.0 1.9 31441
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 Percapita_Income_2022_23 Percapita_Income_2023_24
## 1 22580 96193 104126
## 2 7464 60637 68828
## 3 36459 252389 277603
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent
## 1 24.0 15.35
## 2 11.4 29.67
## 3 4.3 11.49
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent Overall_Life_Expectency_2024
## 1 17.40 69.57
## 2 26.59 69.78
## 3 5.48 74.53
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 Female_Life_Expectency_2024 Total_Crime Crime_Rate
## 1 68.18 70.64 793020 335.3
## 2 68.38 70.89 353502 277.5
## 3 72.92 76.65 596103 470.4
## ChargeSheet_Rate Conviction_Rate Murder Rape Kidnapping Extortion Hit_._Run
## 1 73.7 74.9 1.4 3.1 7.0 0.4 7.8
## 2 83.5 43.0 2.2 1.5 11.3 0.5 2.5
## 3 82.2 49.3 1.7 4.8 10.3 0.9 3.0
## Illegal_Arms Corruption
## 1 9.2 169
## 2 3.1 40
## 3 0.6 812
## Highways_Number
## 1 2, 2A, 3, 3A New, 7, 11, 12A, 19, 24, 24A, 24B, 25, 25A, 26, 27, 28, 28B, 28C, 29, 56, 56A, 56B, 58, 72A, 73, 74, 75, 76, 86, 87, 91, 91A, 92, 93, 96, 97, 119, 219 New, 231, 232, 232A, 233, 235, 330, 330A New, 334B New, 730 New, 730A New, 931 New, 931A New & NE-II
## 2 2, 2C, 19, 28, 28A, 28B, 30, 30A, 31, 57, 57A, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 122A New, 131A New, 133 New, 219 New, 327A New, 327 Ext. New, 333 New, 333A New, 527A New & 527C New
## 3 3, 4, 4C, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 26B, 50, 69, 150 Ext. New, 161 New, 204, 211, 222, 348 New, 848 New, 160 New, 166 New, 166A New, 348 New, 361 New, 363 New, 753 New, 753A New, 753B New, 848A & 930 New
## Highways_Length_km Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 Road_Accidents_2022
## 1 7863.00 28.11 34243
## 2 4678.79 38.67 8639
## 3 6335.44 13.57 24971
## Road_Accidents_2023 Road_Accidents_2024 Average_Daily_Ridership_millions
## 1 37729 41746 8.2
## 2 9553 10801 6.1
## 3 29477 33383 12.5
## Geographical_Area Total_Forest_Area Waste_Generation_2022_23
## 1 240928 14818 161148
## 2 94163 7381 41365
## 3 307713 50798 443724
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 Average_Rainfall_mm Fossil_Coal Fossil_Lignite
## 1 375950.00 1367 30015 -
## 2 74263.69 1326 10170 -
## 3 311254.00 1034 23316.01 -
## Fossil_Gas Fossil_Diesel Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal NonFossil_Nuclear
## 1 1493.14 - 31508.14 440
## 2 - - 10170 -
## 3 2819.08 - 26135.09 1400
## NonFossil_LargeHydro NonFossil_SmallHydro NonFossil_Wind NonFossil_Biopower
## 1 501.6 50.6 - 2310.39
## 2 - 70.7 - 140.22
## 3 3047 384.28 5822.01 2998.3
## NonFossil_Solar NonFossil_SubTotal Total_Energy Percent_of_National_Total
## 1 3822.68 7125.27 38633.41 0.0752
## 2 435.34 646.26 10816.26 0.0211
## 3 18060.95 31712.54 57847.63 0.1126
## Internet_Users_Rural Internet_Users_Urban Total_Internet_Users
## 1 52.09 54.72 106.80
## 2 30.49 15.02 45.51
## 3 30.98 69.57 100.55
## Crop_Production Total_Crop_Area Ground_Water_Irrigation
## 1 402898.79 17.6 10.64
## 2 75934.18 6.4 2.20
## 3 195232.31 19.8 3.12
## Canal_Water_Irrigation Actual_Crop_Irrigated Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month
## 1 4.21 14.49 8061
## 2 1.30 3.50 7542
## 3 1.03 3.36 11492
## Smart_Cities_Count
## 1 13
## 2 4
## 3 8
## Smart_Cities
## 1 Agra, Aligarh, Bareilly, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Moradabad, Prayagraj, Rampur, Raebareli, Saharanpur, Varanasi
## 2 Bhagalpur, Biharsharif, Muzaffarpur, Patna
## 3 Amravati, Aurangabad, Kalyan-Dombivali, Nagpur, Nashik, Pune, Solapur, Thane,
## Slum_Population_million Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023
## 1 6.2 648986
## 2 1.2 86829
## 3 11.8 1511623
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 Happiness_Index
## 1 1601503 35
## 2 546576 33
## 3 3387739 9Interpretation :- States with a population greater than 100 million represent highly populous regions with significant demographic pressure. These states require greater focus on infrastructure, healthcare, and resource management. They also play a major role in the country’s overall population and economic dynamics.
Question 8: States with high crime rate ?
# High crime rate
All_Dataset %>%
arrange(desc(Crime_Rate)) %>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, Crime_Rate) %>%
head(5)## State_And_Union_Territory Crime_Rate
## 1 Kerala 1631.2
## 2 Delhi 1602.0
## 3 Gujarat 806.3
## 4 Haryana 739.2
## 5 Tamil Nadu 701.4Interpretation :- States with high crime rates indicate greater challenges in maintaining law and order and public safety. These regions may require stronger policing, stricter policies, and social interventions. Addressing underlying factors like unemployment and inequality can help reduce crime levels.
Question 9: Filter top literacy states ?
# High literacy
All_Dataset %>%
arrange(desc(Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024)) %>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024) %>%
head(5)## State_And_Union_Territory Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## 1 Mizoram 98.2
## 2 Lakshadweep 97.3
## 3 Nagaland 95.7
## 4 Kerala 95.3
## 5 Meghalaya 94.2Interpretation :- Top literacy states reflect regions with strong educational systems and higher awareness levels. These states often benefit from better socio-economic development and quality of life. They can serve as benchmarks for improving literacy in lower-performing regions.So these states likely have better economic and social indicators.
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Grouping & Summarization
——————————————
Question 10: Average crime rate by region?
# Example grouping (if region column added)
All_Dataset %>%
group_by(State_And_Union_Territory) %>%
summarise(Avg_Crime = mean(Crime_Rate, na.rm = TRUE)) ## # A tibble: 36 × 2
## State_And_Union_Territory Avg_Crime
## <chr> <dbl>
## 1 Andaman And Nicobar Islands 465.
## 2 Andhra Pradesh 346.
## 3 Arunachal Pradesh 188.
## 4 Assam 181.
## 5 Bihar 278.
## 6 Chandigarh 339.
## 7 Chhattisgarh 381.
## 8 Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu 66.9
## 9 Delhi 1602
## 10 Goa 195.
## # ℹ 26 more rowsInterpretation :- The average crime rate by region highlights differences in safety and law enforcement across regions. Some regions show higher crime levels, indicating the need for targeted interventions and policy measures. This comparison helps identify areas requiring more focus on security and development.
Question 11: Total population summary ?
# Summary of populations
summary(All_Dataset[, c("Population_2024", "Population_Census_2011")])## Population_2024 Population_Census_2011
## Min. : 69000 Min. : 64473
## 1st Qu.: 1581250 1st Qu.: 1439840
## Median : 26138000 Median : 21069702
## Mean : 38969767 Mean : 33626892
## 3rd Qu.: 57033750 3rd Qu.: 52292750
## Max. :241066874 Max. :199812341Interpretation :- The total population summary provides an overview of population distribution, including key statistics like minimum, maximum, and average values. It helps identify the variation in population across states. This insight is useful for understanding demographic patterns and planning resources accordingly.
Question 12: Average per capita income?
# Mean income
All_Dataset %>%
summarise(Avg_Income = mean(Percapita_Income_2023_24, na.rm = TRUE))## Avg_Income
## 1 236937.7Interpretation :- The average income per category highlights differences in earnings across various groups or segments. It helps identify which categories have higher or lower income levels. This insight is useful for understanding economic disparities and targeting improvements.
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Sorting & Ranking
———————————
Question 13: Top 10 richest states ?
# Top 10 income
All_Dataset %>%
arrange(desc(Percapita_Income_2023_24)) %>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, Percapita_Income_2023_24) %>%
head(10)## State_And_Union_Territory Percapita_Income_2023_24
## 1 Sikkim 587743
## 2 Delhi 461910
## 3 Telangana 356564
## 4 Karnataka 332926
## 5 Haryana 325759
## 6 Tamil Nadu 315220
## 7 Gujarat 297722
## 8 Kerala 297722
## 9 Jharkhand 281001
## 10 Maharashtra 277603Interpretation :- The top 10 richest states represent regions with the highest income or economic output. These states typically have better infrastructure, industries, and employment opportunities. They play a major role in driving the country’s overall economic growth.
Question 14: Top 10 highest crime states ?
# Top 10 highest crime states
All_Dataset %>%
arrange(desc(Total_Crime)) %>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, Total_Crime) %>%
head(10)## State_And_Union_Territory Total_Crime
## 1 Uttar Pradesh 793020
## 2 Maharashtra 596103
## 3 Kerala 584373
## 4 Gujarat 578879
## 5 Tamil Nadu 539651
## 6 Madhya Pradesh 495708
## 7 Bihar 353502
## 8 Delhi 344263
## 9 Rajasthan 317480
## 10 Haryana 224216Interpretation :- The top 10 highest crime states indicate regions with relatively higher levels of reported criminal activity. These areas may require stronger law enforcement and targeted social interventions. Addressing root causes like unemployment and inequality can help reduce crime rates.So these are economic powerhouses driving GDP.
Question 15: Top 10 highest rank happiness states ?
# Rank happiness
All_Dataset %>%
arrange(desc(-Happiness_Index)) %>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, Happiness_Index) %>%
head(10)## State_And_Union_Territory Happiness_Index
## 1 Himachal Pradesh 1
## 2 Uttarakhand 2
## 3 Punjab 3
## 4 Chandigarh 4
## 5 Tamil Nadu 5
## 6 Delhi 6
## 7 Puducherry 7
## 8 Kerala 8
## 9 Maharashtra 9
## 10 Goa 10Interpretation :- The top 10 highest-ranked happiness states represent regions with better overall well-being and quality of life. These states typically perform well in factors like income, health, and social support. They can serve as models for improving happiness and living standards in other regions.
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Feature Engineering
———————————
Question 16: Create new column: Crime per capita ?
# Crime per capita
New1 <- All_Dataset %>%
mutate(Crime_Per_Capita = Total_Crime / Population_2024)%>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, Crime_Per_Capita)
New1## State_And_Union_Territory Crime_Per_Capita
## 1 Uttar Pradesh 0.0032896266
## 2 Bihar 0.0027490202
## 3 Maharashtra 0.0046742911
## 4 West Bengal 0.0018106325
## 5 Madhya Pradesh 0.0056581212
## 6 Tamil Nadu 0.0070003632
## 7 Rajasthan 0.0038765767
## 8 Karnataka 0.0031451809
## 9 Gujarat 0.0079992123
## 10 Andhra Pradesh 0.0034550619
## 11 Odisha 0.0042939913
## 12 Telangana 0.0047983905
## 13 Kerala 0.0162687361
## 14 Jharkhand 0.0015974276
## 15 Assam 0.0018020640
## 16 Punjab 0.0022616569
## 17 Chhattisgarh 0.0037836784
## 18 Haryana 0.0073337913
## 19 Delhi 0.0158267286
## 20 Jammu And Kashmir 0.0021600613
## 21 Uttarakhand 0.0028938324
## 22 Himachal Pradesh 0.0026631579
## 23 Tripura 0.0011955067
## 24 Meghalaya 0.0010452797
## 25 Manipur 0.0062351675
## 26 Nagaland 0.0008428762
## 27 Goa 0.0019469362
## 28 Arunachal Pradesh 0.0018661168
## 29 Puducherry 0.0036408386
## 30 Mizoram 0.0032400000
## 31 Chandigarh 0.0033668544
## 32 Sikkim 0.0010330935
## 33 Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu 0.0013154153
## 34 Andaman And Nicobar Islands 0.0046361386
## 35 Ladakh 0.0017284768
## 36 Lakshadweep 0.0018405797Interpretation :- The crime per capita column standardizes crime data by adjusting it relative to population size, allowing fair comparison across states. It helps identify regions with higher crime intensity regardless of population. This provides a more accurate measure of crime levels than total crime counts.
Question 17: Literacy gap bw Male and Female?
# Literacy gap
New2 <- All_Dataset %>%
mutate(Literacy_Gap = Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -
Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
)%>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, Literacy_Gap)
New2## State_And_Union_Territory Literacy_Gap
## 1 Uttar Pradesh 15.6
## 2 Bihar 16.2
## 3 Maharashtra 11.1
## 4 West Bengal 6.5
## 5 Madhya Pradesh 16.1
## 6 Tamil Nadu 8.7
## 7 Rajasthan 20.1
## 8 Karnataka 10.8
## 9 Gujarat 13.7
## 10 Andhra Pradesh 12.0
## 11 Odisha 11.6
## 12 Telangana 15.3
## 13 Kerala 2.7
## 14 Jharkhand 12.2
## 15 Assam 6.7
## 16 Punjab 7.2
## 17 Chhattisgarh 15.6
## 18 Haryana 14.0
## 19 Delhi 10.1
## 20 Jammu And Kashmir 15.8
## 21 Uttarakhand 13.2
## 22 Himachal Pradesh 11.5
## 23 Tripura 4.1
## 24 Meghalaya 1.6
## 25 Manipur 4.7
## 26 Nagaland 3.1
## 27 Goa 7.0
## 28 Arunachal Pradesh 7.7
## 29 Puducherry 8.1
## 30 Mizoram 2.2
## 31 Chandigarh 5.7
## 32 Sikkim 10.0
## 33 Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu 5.3
## 34 Andaman And Nicobar Islands 8.0
## 35 Ladakh 14.8
## 36 Lakshadweep 4.6Interpretation :- The literacy gap (Male − Female) shows the difference in education levels between genders across states. A larger gap indicates greater inequality and highlights areas where female education needs improvement. Reducing this gap is important for achieving balanced and inclusive development.
Question 18: Population Growth ratio ?
# Growth ratio
New3 <- All_Dataset %>%
mutate(growth_ratio = Population_2024 / Population_Census_2011)%>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, growth_ratio)
New3## State_And_Union_Territory growth_ratio
## 1 Uttar Pradesh 1.206466
## 2 Bihar 1.235280
## 3 Maharashtra 1.134850
## 4 West Bengal 1.090789
## 5 Madhya Pradesh 1.206304
## 6 Tamil Nadu 1.068499
## 7 Rajasthan 1.194732
## 8 Karnataka 1.114898
## 9 Gujarat 1.197342
## 10 Andhra Pradesh 1.075900
## 11 Odisha 1.109395
## 12 Telangana 1.093371
## 13 Kerala 1.075254
## 14 Jharkhand 1.211436
## 15 Assam 1.155146
## 16 Punjab 1.114718
## 17 Chhattisgarh 1.194902
## 18 Haryana 1.205966
## 19 Delhi 1.295692
## 20 Jammu And Kashmir 1.116896
## 21 Uttarakhand 1.165443
## 22 Himachal Pradesh 1.093290
## 23 Tripura 1.138839
## 24 Meghalaya 1.138903
## 25 Manipur 1.265567
## 26 Nagaland 1.138740
## 27 Goa 1.085328
## 28 Arunachal Pradesh 1.138953
## 29 Puducherry 1.114756
## 30 Mizoram 1.139257
## 31 Chandigarh 1.177697
## 32 Sikkim 1.138268
## 33 Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu 1.122614
## 34 Andaman And Nicobar Islands 1.061535
## 35 Ladakh 1.102190
## 36 Lakshadweep 1.070215Interpretation :- The population growth ratio indicates how much the population has increased over time. A higher ratio reflects rapid population growth, while a lower ratio suggests slower growth or stability. This helps in planning resources, infrastructure, and development policies.
Question 19: Create new column of Internet Penetration ?
# Internet Penetration
New4 <- All_Dataset %>%
mutate(Internet_Penetration = Total_Internet_Users / Population_2024)%>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, Internet_Penetration)
New4## State_And_Union_Territory Internet_Penetration
## 1 Uttar Pradesh 4.430306e-07
## 2 Bihar 3.539100e-07
## 3 Maharashtra 7.884543e-07
## 4 West Bengal 5.803361e-07
## 5 Madhya Pradesh 4.942358e-07
## 6 Tamil Nadu 7.256548e-07
## 7 Rajasthan 5.498370e-07
## 8 Karnataka 7.430081e-07
## 9 Gujarat 7.083339e-07
## 10 Andhra Pradesh 6.081740e-07
## 11 Odisha 4.645020e-07
## 12 Telangana 8.212270e-07
## 13 Kerala 8.683185e-07
## 14 Jharkhand 4.296474e-07
## 15 Assam 4.577357e-07
## 16 Punjab 8.248723e-07
## 17 Chhattisgarh 5.025554e-07
## 18 Haryana 6.989828e-07
## 19 Delhi 1.969934e-06
## 20 Jammu And Kashmir 6.568864e-07
## 21 Uttarakhand 7.443641e-07
## 22 Himachal Pradesh 8.194537e-07
## 23 Tripura 4.612811e-07
## 24 Meghalaya 5.504587e-07
## 25 Manipur 6.424839e-07
## 26 Nagaland 6.702175e-07
## 27 Goa 1.263424e-06
## 28 Arunachal Pradesh 5.012690e-07
## 29 Puducherry 4.816114e-07
## 30 Mizoram 8.880000e-07
## 31 Chandigarh 6.757844e-07
## 32 Sikkim 1.064748e-06
## 33 Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu 9.124268e-07
## 34 Andaman And Nicobar Islands 1.089109e-06
## 35 Ladakh 6.622517e-07
## 36 Lakshadweep 1.233261e-02Interpretation :- Internet penetration shows the share of the population using the internet, reflecting the level of digital access in each state. Higher penetration indicates better connectivity and greater opportunities for education, business, and digital services.
Question 20: Create new column of Economic Growth?
# Economic Growth
New5 <- All_Dataset %>%
mutate(Economic_Growth = GSDP_billions_2023_24-GSDP_billions_2022_23)%>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory, Economic_Growth)
New5## State_And_Union_Territory Economic_Growth
## 1 Uttar Pradesh 2824
## 2 Bihar 990
## 3 Maharashtra 5018
## 4 West Bengal 2026
## 5 Madhya Pradesh 1535
## 6 Tamil Nadu 3209
## 7 Rajasthan 1629
## 8 Karnataka 2919
## 9 Gujarat 2825
## 10 Andhra Pradesh 1550
## 11 Odisha 626
## 12 Telangana 1877
## 13 Kerala 991
## 14 Jharkhand 413
## 15 Assam 681
## 16 Punjab 536
## 17 Chhattisgarh 539
## 18 Haryana 1152
## 19 Delhi 1334
## 20 Jammu And Kashmir 316
## 21 Uttarakhand 367
## 22 Himachal Pradesh 195
## 23 Tripura 100
## 24 Meghalaya 64
## 25 Manipur 52
## 26 Nagaland 49
## 27 Goa 79
## 28 Arunachal Pradesh 24
## 29 Puducherry 38
## 30 Mizoram 40
## 31 Chandigarh 89
## 32 Sikkim 51
## 33 Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu NA
## 34 Andaman And Nicobar Islands 13
## 35 Ladakh NA
## 36 Lakshadweep NAInterpretation :- Economic growth represents the increase in a state’s economic output from 2022–23 to 2023–24, indicating overall economic progress. Higher growth values reflect expanding economic activity, improved productivity, and better development opportunities. Positive growth indicates economic expansion.
——————————
Data Visualization
——————————
Question 21: Show the barchart representing State_And_Union_Territory vs Percapita_Income_2023_24?
# Bar Chart
Plot_Data1 <- All_Dataset %>%
mutate(Category = case_when(
Percapita_Income_2023_24 >= quantile(Percapita_Income_2023_24, 0.75, na.rm = TRUE) ~ "High",
Percapita_Income_2023_24 <= quantile(Percapita_Income_2023_24, 0.25, na.rm = TRUE) ~ "Low",
TRUE ~ "Medium"
))
ggplot(Plot_Data1,
aes(x = reorder(State_And_Union_Territory, Percapita_Income_2023_24),
y = Percapita_Income_2023_24,
fill = Category)) +
geom_col() +
coord_flip() +
theme_minimal()## Warning: Removed 9 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_col()`).
Interpretation :- The bar chart compares per capita income across states, showing clear differences in economic prosperity. States at the top have higher income levels, indicating better economic conditions, while those at the bottom reflect lower income levels. This helps identify regional income disparities and areas needing economic improvement. Clearly shows income inequality across states.
Question 22: Show the histogram representing crime rate count?
# Histogram
Hplot_data <- All_Dataset %>%
filter(!is.na(Crime_Rate))
ggplot(Hplot_data, aes(x = Crime_Rate)) +
geom_histogram(aes(y = ..density..), binwidth = 50,
fill = "darkgreen", alpha = 0.6) +
geom_density(color = "red", size = 1.5) +
theme_minimal()## Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.
## This warning is displayed once per session.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.## Warning: The dot-dot notation (`..density..`) was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `after_stat(density)` instead.
## This warning is displayed once per session.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.
Interpretation :- The histogram shows the distribution of crime rates across states, highlighting how frequently different crime levels occur. It helps identify whether most states have low, moderate, or high crime rates. Any skewness or peaks indicate common crime rate ranges and possible outliers.
Question 23: Show the boxplot representing crime rate count?
# Boxplot
Bplot_data <- All_Dataset %>%
filter(!is.na(Crime_Rate))
ggplot(Bplot_data, aes(x = "All States", y = Crime_Rate)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = "lightblue", outlier.color = "red", outlier.size = 2) +
geom_jitter(width = 0.2, alpha = 0.5, color = "darkblue") +
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point", color = "red", size = 3) +
labs(title = "Distribution of Crime Rate Across States",
x = "",
y = "Crime Rate") +
theme_minimal()
Interpretation :- The boxplot shows the distribution of crime rates across states, highlighting the median and overall spread of the data. The red outliers indicate states with unusually high or low crime rates, while the jitter points display individual state values for better understanding of data variation.
Question 24: Show the Pair Plot representing crime_rate vs percapita_income_2023_24?
# Pair Plot
Plot_Data2 <- All_Dataset %>%
select(Crime_Rate, Percapita_Income_2023_24, Happiness_Index) %>%
drop_na() %>%
mutate(
Income_Group = ifelse(
Percapita_Income_2023_24 > median(Percapita_Income_2023_24),
"High", "Low"
)
)
ggpairs(
Plot_Data2,
columns = c("Crime_Rate", "Percapita_Income_2023_24", "Happiness_Index"),
aes(color = Income_Group, alpha = 0.6),
upper = list(continuous = wrap("cor", size = 4)),
lower = list(continuous = wrap("smooth", alpha = 0.3)),
diag = list(continuous = wrap("densityDiag"))
) +
theme_minimal()
Interpretation :- The pair plot shows a moderate positive relationship between crime rate and income, while income and happiness have a negative correlation, especially strong for low-income states. High-income and low-income states form distinct clusters, indicating that income level influences both crime patterns and happiness levels differently.
Question 25: Show the Line chart representing State_And_Union_Territory vs GSDP_billions_2023_24?
# Line chart
Plot_Data3 <- All_Dataset %>%
filter(!is.na(GSDP_billions_2023_24)) %>%
arrange(GSDP_billions_2023_24)
ggplot(Plot_Data3,
aes(x = reorder(State_And_Union_Territory, GSDP_billions_2023_24),
y = GSDP_billions_2023_24,
group = 1)) +
geom_line(color = "blue", size = 1) +
geom_point(color = "red", size = 2) +
coord_flip() +
labs(title = "State-wise GSDP (2023–24)",
x = "State / UT",
y = "GSDP (Billions)") +
theme_minimal()
Interpretation :- The line chart shows how GSDP changes from 2022–23 to 2023–24 across states, highlighting economic growth trends. Upward trends indicate improving economic performance, while flat or declining lines suggest slower growth.
————————–
Correlation
————————–
Question 26: Operate the Correlation Matrix on the dataset?
# Correlation- Numeric and NA value
num_data <- All_Dataset %>%
select(where(is.numeric)) %>%
drop_na()
# Correlation matrix
cor_matrix <- cor(num_data)
cor_matrix## Population_2024 Population_Percentage
## Population_2024 1.000000000 0.999976216
## Population_Percentage 0.999976216 1.000000000
## Population_Census_2011 0.997752295 0.997954114
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.390031432 -0.387092221
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.396696339 -0.393574491
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.388115576 -0.385368508
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.437704830 -0.435520505
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.429498114 -0.427328820
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.436484586 -0.434272715
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.378839984 -0.376445884
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.325293920 -0.322841722
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.396656080 -0.394396933
## Enrollment_Rate -0.039695006 -0.039760991
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.382684029 0.382006481
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.649521134 0.652980526
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.648902189 0.652366002
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.361881263 -0.358894637
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.366105038 -0.363144968
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.217851395 0.216735530
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.239409834 0.237338840
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.363699334 0.360338629
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.282165906 -0.279373148
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.285538601 -0.282723227
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.284136474 -0.281326826
## Total_Crime 0.755723571 0.756914070
## Crime_Rate -0.030576398 -0.029899683
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.009134578 -0.009318336
## Conviction_Rate 0.365791675 0.366224219
## Murder -0.289370445 -0.290146573
## Rape -0.299509575 -0.298609364
## Kidnapping 0.125962697 0.125462910
## Extortion -0.104748488 -0.104012343
## Hit_._Run 0.365752948 0.366062449
## Illegal_Arms 0.288686550 0.287608896
## Corruption 0.303453018 0.308054012
## Highways_Length_km 0.699675657 0.700635877
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.239641746 -0.242858748
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.513453963 0.514897004
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.516145505 0.517718534
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.492367092 0.493914943
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.802561501 0.804752202
## Geographical_Area 0.590135725 0.592565940
## Total_Forest_Area 0.067732712 0.070278944
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.398072807 0.401062302
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.602157509 0.603896715
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.196962897 -0.197186934
## NonFossil_Solar 0.239118589 0.241059429
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.213319846 0.215705577
## Total_Energy 0.498524397 0.501077251
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.498585923 0.501138169
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.984239905 0.984291532
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.778085876 0.781371685
## Total_Internet_Users 0.910225024 0.912368690
## Crop_Production 0.909185354 0.910652234
## Total_Crop_Area 0.664046928 0.666195091
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.869224760 0.869588220
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.784363744 0.784008858
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.860143552 0.860038209
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.390006648 -0.389418432
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.789460760 0.790800693
## Slum_Population_million 0.543997154 0.547320236
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.439962399 0.443007045
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.551063068 0.553909663
## Happiness_Index 0.453321608 0.450957044
## Population_Census_2011
## Population_2024 0.997752295
## Population_Percentage 0.997954114
## Population_Census_2011 1.000000000
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.364112732
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.376740291
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.358860356
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.423757259
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.425268409
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.415244301
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.362748932
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.319400558
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.374284847
## Enrollment_Rate -0.059584985
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.375893143
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.681906273
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.681274308
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.335450539
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.338956879
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.188702684
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.218615113
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.320566136
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.236116783
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.239318999
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.238004041
## Total_Crime 0.760945760
## Crime_Rate -0.020904337
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.008562856
## Conviction_Rate 0.365520706
## Murder -0.304884295
## Rape -0.324914656
## Kidnapping 0.102445741
## Extortion -0.088136921
## Hit_._Run 0.332371339
## Illegal_Arms 0.257768583
## Corruption 0.329895051
## Highways_Length_km 0.707169943
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.247509542
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.536685949
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.540306238
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.517098871
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.827674296
## Geographical_Area 0.592844932
## Total_Forest_Area 0.078328304
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.437270383
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.636353573
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.197632547
## NonFossil_Solar 0.245148719
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.229240695
## Total_Energy 0.511851433
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.511908786
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.984129794
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.804954709
## Total_Internet_Users 0.927534339
## Crop_Production 0.903885356
## Total_Crop_Area 0.670640213
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.858923347
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.786340559
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.850822299
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.390792329
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.806368538
## Slum_Population_million 0.581599200
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.460368988
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.576083607
## Happiness_Index 0.425873480
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## Population_2024 -0.39003143
## Population_Percentage -0.38709222
## Population_Census_2011 -0.36411273
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 1.00000000
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.96857489
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.98726064
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.90608667
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.85538021
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.91899985
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.93614423
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.88680169
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.92682867
## Enrollment_Rate 0.19355213
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.48327262
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.05618924
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.05623335
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.50987149
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.50830644
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.28592596
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.61132750
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.68841699
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.73391953
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.73249867
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.73337460
## Total_Crime 0.04278168
## Crime_Rate 0.50445430
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.35201104
## Conviction_Rate 0.17473328
## Murder -0.42118778
## Rape -0.09165738
## Kidnapping -0.42433983
## Extortion -0.14450462
## Hit_._Run -0.49686781
## Illegal_Arms -0.22636365
## Corruption 0.16270046
## Highways_Length_km -0.54574621
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.29079029
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.00463923
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.02657359
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.08528772
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.11770125
## Geographical_Area -0.38491020
## Total_Forest_Area -0.19722189
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.27347301
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.11678111
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.46625910
## NonFossil_Solar -0.09183443
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.03418512
## Total_Energy -0.14682074
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.14678595
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.36131001
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.01387217
## Total_Internet_Users -0.14066631
## Crop_Production -0.27014265
## Total_Crop_Area -0.41854654
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.35228283
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.48889836
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.41717982
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.47511474
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.13848212
## Slum_Population_million -0.11129699
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.19960424
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.13507651
## Happiness_Index -0.69135876
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## Population_2024 -0.39669634
## Population_Percentage -0.39357449
## Population_Census_2011 -0.37674029
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.96857489
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 1.00000000
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.91803827
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.85306973
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.84969464
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.83679985
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.88905936
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.90080963
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.84421062
## Enrollment_Rate 0.28623602
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.49985806
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.05353317
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.05385943
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.54055272
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.54014536
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.19364168
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.58088798
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.66416964
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.66569807
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.66458687
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.66536362
## Total_Crime 0.05959457
## Crime_Rate 0.50802837
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.33415812
## Conviction_Rate 0.19913987
## Murder -0.38412599
## Rape 0.06515750
## Kidnapping -0.34372996
## Extortion -0.13292905
## Hit_._Run -0.44357240
## Illegal_Arms -0.13415524
## Corruption 0.16882828
## Highways_Length_km -0.49953814
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.22176997
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.00156236
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.03054171
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.08739967
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.15420027
## Geographical_Area -0.28863954
## Total_Forest_Area -0.15203098
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.25084701
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.07766535
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.37591667
## NonFossil_Solar 0.02602576
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.13391782
## Total_Energy -0.05516554
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.05515415
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.37676483
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.00318667
## Total_Internet_Users -0.15396744
## Crop_Production -0.27069243
## Total_Crop_Area -0.36315597
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.33821758
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.49059644
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.40883250
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.42999884
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.12985005
## Slum_Population_million -0.15069019
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.19292367
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.13521857
## Happiness_Index -0.66278624
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011
## Population_2024 -0.388115576
## Population_Percentage -0.385368508
## Population_Census_2011 -0.358860356
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.987260639
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.918038267
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 1.000000000
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.906588666
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.826412292
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.939339443
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.934768838
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.845763913
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.950406788
## Enrollment_Rate 0.133464972
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.449337087
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.044903638
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.045039197
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.468942036
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.467434930
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.338625802
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.609521945
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.681127157
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.743321447
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.741881344
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.742730839
## Total_Crime 0.009282569
## Crime_Rate 0.462646473
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.354184411
## Conviction_Rate 0.139285813
## Murder -0.421701528
## Rape -0.197742908
## Kidnapping -0.470043684
## Extortion -0.146022018
## Hit_._Run -0.516915711
## Illegal_Arms -0.295231394
## Corruption 0.143411559
## Highways_Length_km -0.560293395
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.326371029
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.015629522
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.015148738
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.071872045
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.102345495
## Geographical_Area -0.438780550
## Total_Forest_Area -0.207421694
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.269161345
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.125829604
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.510964340
## NonFossil_Solar -0.170346621
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.033298223
## Total_Energy -0.204029417
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.203986317
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.356728355
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.006705863
## Total_Internet_Users -0.143401102
## Crop_Production -0.273724494
## Total_Crop_Area -0.446435143
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.365256376
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.478829477
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.422438229
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.478546722
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.144841560
## Slum_Population_million -0.082669266
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.183938105
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.116297712
## Happiness_Index -0.684529855
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017
## Population_2024 -0.437704830
## Population_Percentage -0.435520505
## Population_Census_2011 -0.423757259
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.906086666
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.853069731
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.906588666
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 1.000000000
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.973491637
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.985887504
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.942586668
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.893067096
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.929663430
## Enrollment_Rate 0.130467203
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.345675237
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.121385980
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.119584552
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.364570870
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.365908113
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.305235594
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.483379936
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.506722028
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.628749608
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.627499934
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.628419486
## Total_Crime -0.076756536
## Crime_Rate 0.405452220
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.148606682
## Conviction_Rate 0.029709252
## Murder -0.272157317
## Rape -0.020073407
## Kidnapping -0.272569558
## Extortion -0.108941785
## Hit_._Run -0.377643537
## Illegal_Arms -0.123006383
## Corruption 0.027825627
## Highways_Length_km -0.686744708
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.484510780
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.184838606
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.152421917
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.091035955
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.233855451
## Geographical_Area -0.527996866
## Total_Forest_Area -0.242339946
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.142458214
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.005913511
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.600168949
## NonFossil_Solar -0.238436358
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.146416374
## Total_Energy -0.331597008
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.331590721
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.422546161
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.120994077
## Total_Internet_Users -0.253141553
## Crop_Production -0.329774141
## Total_Crop_Area -0.609790038
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.424050356
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.647356080
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.506970517
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.468143481
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.277636725
## Slum_Population_million -0.335558607
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.114225505
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.048416420
## Happiness_Index -0.684320431
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017
## Population_2024 -0.429498114
## Population_Percentage -0.427328820
## Population_Census_2011 -0.425268409
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.855380207
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.849694639
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.826412292
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.973491637
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 1.000000000
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.922549027
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.908585617
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.919974937
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.857923062
## Enrollment_Rate 0.183973465
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.350472668
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.143923447
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.141395613
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.362544599
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.363318476
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.213502922
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.443171576
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.440513534
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.534429185
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.533604403
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.534372679
## Total_Crime -0.077661319
## Crime_Rate 0.371548718
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.080656336
## Conviction_Rate 0.020152106
## Murder -0.230754217
## Rape 0.128752604
## Kidnapping -0.172204853
## Extortion -0.111631320
## Hit_._Run -0.302741897
## Illegal_Arms -0.006672111
## Corruption 0.024699872
## Highways_Length_km -0.674568794
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.455783228
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.244034188
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.212996931
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.153628317
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.259796671
## Geographical_Area -0.475025693
## Total_Forest_Area -0.256278734
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.106623414
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.043042827
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.517876598
## NonFossil_Solar -0.155691060
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.085473424
## Total_Energy -0.276673080
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.276665540
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.423685008
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.135125590
## Total_Internet_Users -0.262735165
## Crop_Production -0.311244236
## Total_Crop_Area -0.589749506
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.390297303
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.672580257
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.489101470
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.461973635
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.291850236
## Slum_Population_million -0.412258958
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.124550490
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.061259026
## Happiness_Index -0.678259520
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017
## Population_2024 -0.43648459
## Population_Percentage -0.43427271
## Population_Census_2011 -0.41524430
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.91899985
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.83679985
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.93933944
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.98588750
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.92254903
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 1.00000000
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.93478811
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.84420655
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.94966143
## Enrollment_Rate 0.09772451
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.33369666
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.10193775
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.10074894
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.35894346
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.36060752
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.37169207
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.50648923
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.55285639
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.68222582
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.68080551
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.68176361
## Total_Crime -0.07875040
## Crime_Rate 0.41193651
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.20799367
## Conviction_Rate 0.04166710
## Murder -0.30819593
## Rape -0.12642979
## Kidnapping -0.34930296
## Extortion -0.10743609
## Hit_._Run -0.42394467
## Illegal_Arms -0.21260899
## Corruption 0.02642128
## Highways_Length_km -0.66643705
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.47562850
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.13457586
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.10211482
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.04181952
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.21363087
## Geographical_Area -0.54236416
## Total_Forest_Area -0.21453396
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.16131744
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.03616946
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.63494786
## NonFossil_Solar -0.28327973
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.17351709
## Total_Energy -0.34987228
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.34986806
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.41509933
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.10895275
## Total_Internet_Users -0.24228566
## Crop_Production -0.33620482
## Total_Crop_Area -0.59964969
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.43710808
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.60717144
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.50536240
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.44738007
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.25657648
## Slum_Population_million -0.26231375
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.10621157
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.03846987
## Happiness_Index -0.67713552
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## Population_2024 -0.37883998
## Population_Percentage -0.37644588
## Population_Census_2011 -0.36274893
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.93614423
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.88905936
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.93476884
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.94258667
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.90858562
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.93478811
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 1.00000000
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.95530663
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.98147815
## Enrollment_Rate 0.06861344
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.28651600
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.03128934
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.02884376
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.40263280
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.40348295
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.11805395
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.51600164
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.53267713
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.63710862
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.63609510
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.63674271
## Total_Crime -0.03640214
## Crime_Rate 0.38030195
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.08313431
## Conviction_Rate 0.01335580
## Murder -0.27779225
## Rape -0.04812217
## Kidnapping -0.35998148
## Extortion -0.10906281
## Hit_._Run -0.45140545
## Illegal_Arms -0.20052085
## Corruption 0.08312872
## Highways_Length_km -0.60502748
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.43732149
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.13496047
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.10700988
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.04985159
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.16720794
## Geographical_Area -0.48129121
## Total_Forest_Area -0.33230662
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.19730711
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.08127800
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.57735740
## NonFossil_Solar -0.14163501
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.05173231
## Total_Energy -0.25040197
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.25036964
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.35933779
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.05143891
## Total_Internet_Users -0.18204673
## Crop_Production -0.27168756
## Total_Crop_Area -0.51039242
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.34540635
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.55562009
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.42611557
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.50464897
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.20231111
## Slum_Population_million -0.26868698
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.13671147
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.09117560
## Happiness_Index -0.61614371
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## Population_2024 -0.32529392
## Population_Percentage -0.32284172
## Population_Census_2011 -0.31940056
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.88680169
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.90080963
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.84576391
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.89306710
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.91997494
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.84420655
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.95530663
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 1.00000000
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.88172099
## Enrollment_Rate 0.11414749
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.30411485
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.01143301
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.01457588
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.41374491
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.41181484
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.01371101
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.52125771
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.50557624
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.56138579
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.56072679
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.56127196
## Total_Crime 0.04124885
## Crime_Rate 0.40400646
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.04753898
## Conviction_Rate 0.06740049
## Murder -0.29753002
## Rape 0.13667747
## Kidnapping -0.22844856
## Extortion -0.13458202
## Hit_._Run -0.37879945
## Illegal_Arms -0.06014521
## Corruption 0.13440181
## Highways_Length_km -0.51876301
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.36081783
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.11659965
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.09063726
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.03734827
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.14941547
## Geographical_Area -0.34365250
## Total_Forest_Area -0.30865078
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.20161054
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.07093263
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.45625466
## NonFossil_Solar 0.01575729
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.09197114
## Total_Energy -0.10842767
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.10838201
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.31145523
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.01185043
## Total_Internet_Users -0.13664067
## Crop_Production -0.20677179
## Total_Crop_Area -0.41028144
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.26408138
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.52622020
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.35981436
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.49873605
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.15201868
## Slum_Population_million -0.30071429
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.17331205
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.13205538
## Happiness_Index -0.60592204
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024
## Population_2024 -0.39665608
## Population_Percentage -0.39439693
## Population_Census_2011 -0.37428485
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.92682867
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.84421062
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.95040679
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.92966343
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.85792306
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.94966143
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.98147815
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.88172099
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 1.00000000
## Enrollment_Rate 0.04283451
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.25781665
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.05849222
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.05669608
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.37663304
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.37960956
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.17957616
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.49876500
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.53299497
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.66326549
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.66204244
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.66273840
## Total_Crime -0.08531129
## Crime_Rate 0.34664199
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.10502457
## Conviction_Rate -0.01041407
## Murder -0.26273402
## Rape -0.16650456
## Kidnapping -0.43826500
## Extortion -0.08512991
## Hit_._Run -0.48165482
## Illegal_Arms -0.28836004
## Corruption 0.04677007
## Highways_Length_km -0.62243384
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.46533720
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.13486939
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.10665515
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.04927601
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.17450880
## Geographical_Area -0.54397605
## Total_Forest_Area -0.33094623
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.17948455
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.07862491
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.63088592
## NonFossil_Solar -0.23156016
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.13467032
## Total_Energy -0.32689147
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.32687093
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.37275063
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.07683192
## Total_Internet_Users -0.20400703
## Crop_Production -0.30287218
## Total_Crop_Area -0.54764131
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.38200664
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.54535728
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.44819339
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.47875697
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.22165092
## Slum_Population_million -0.23467288
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.10005110
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.05653512
## Happiness_Index -0.60061387
## Enrollment_Rate Dropout_Rate_Percent
## Population_2024 -0.039695006 0.3826840288
## Population_Percentage -0.039760991 0.3820064809
## Population_Census_2011 -0.059584985 0.3758931432
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.193552134 -0.4832726204
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.286236019 -0.4998580623
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.133464972 -0.4493370867
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.130467203 -0.3456752369
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.183973465 -0.3504726684
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.097724515 -0.3336966638
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.068613442 -0.2865159952
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.114147493 -0.3041148524
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.042834513 -0.2578166453
## Enrollment_Rate 1.000000000 -0.2698933275
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.269893327 1.0000000000
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.144392229 0.0777591301
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.146675466 0.0798323686
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.055043948 -0.4400434623
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.051788751 -0.4179754525
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.136489811 0.3625693835
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.014501788 0.3414485672
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.178049788 0.4437682193
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.115270704 -0.4002315818
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.120352980 -0.3992157995
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.117548197 -0.3997803690
## Total_Crime 0.198527777 0.1261920015
## Crime_Rate 0.220666866 -0.3417201765
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.413479385 -0.5448518433
## Conviction_Rate 0.333920441 -0.1450366056
## Murder -0.074139245 0.2783741932
## Rape -0.028933804 -0.1553073275
## Kidnapping -0.249592251 0.0943228920
## Extortion -0.217643036 0.4340283591
## Hit_._Run 0.397500400 0.2494578806
## Illegal_Arms -0.003299636 -0.0140337565
## Corruption -0.110139300 -0.0846995718
## Highways_Length_km -0.191203664 0.4344572178
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.021388764 0.0108325196
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.226837532 0.1198986517
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.233865246 0.1113762048
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.259569966 0.0690848107
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.196163026 0.0939929528
## Geographical_Area 0.024380039 0.2276180508
## Total_Forest_Area 0.211642372 0.0627128355
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 -0.091780997 -0.0474905427
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.161501461 0.1213009378
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.084560462 0.1428793647
## NonFossil_Solar -0.094380154 0.0935190007
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.040976431 0.0317612951
## Total_Energy 0.005426282 0.1226370716
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.005312357 0.1223769304
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.099620083 0.3481463648
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.085004955 0.1027132135
## Total_Internet_Users -0.096122931 0.2104613313
## Crop_Production 0.026912061 0.2894997369
## Total_Crop_Area -0.134515980 0.2139918594
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.056231620 0.3270105722
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.143437161 0.3343260630
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.075123075 0.3463202028
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.133561406 -0.4445775138
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.115813242 0.2865064710
## Slum_Population_million -0.219539607 0.0159987656
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 -0.067627154 -0.0519776806
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 -0.163031728 0.0005735557
## Happiness_Index 0.010985703 0.5393402900
## GSDP_billions_2022_23
## Population_2024 0.64952113
## Population_Percentage 0.65298053
## Population_Census_2011 0.68190627
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.05618924
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.05353317
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.04490364
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.12138598
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.14392345
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.10193775
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.03128934
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.01143301
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.05849222
## Enrollment_Rate -0.14439223
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.07775913
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 1.00000000
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.99985154
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.31160542
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.30900475
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.12831148
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.17379286
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.24934431
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.28694264
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.28771607
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.28732408
## Total_Crime 0.75493172
## Crime_Rate 0.24783576
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.16152698
## Conviction_Rate 0.36950162
## Murder -0.37500500
## Rape -0.32760110
## Kidnapping -0.11775256
## Extortion 0.11188065
## Hit_._Run -0.01165181
## Illegal_Arms -0.05406710
## Corruption 0.77896300
## Highways_Length_km 0.64276596
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.47460722
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.67567392
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.68495637
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.66850785
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.88752384
## Geographical_Area 0.65992111
## Total_Forest_Area 0.22115804
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.88137491
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.82551111
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.34554128
## NonFossil_Solar 0.57112028
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.67216946
## Total_Energy 0.80482688
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.80482633
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.66236767
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.95612905
## Total_Internet_Users 0.89192807
## Crop_Production 0.62562439
## Total_Crop_Area 0.70515799
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.53899114
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.47691397
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.49114100
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.09963660
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.80889523
## Slum_Population_million 0.74430243
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.71854137
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.76097941
## Happiness_Index -0.05853851
## GSDP_billions_2023_24
## Population_2024 0.64890219
## Population_Percentage 0.65236600
## Population_Census_2011 0.68127431
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.05623335
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.05385943
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.04503920
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.11958455
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.14139561
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.10074894
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.02884376
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.01457588
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.05669608
## Enrollment_Rate -0.14667547
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.07983237
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.99985154
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 1.00000000
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.30958155
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.30722211
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.13179807
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.16879813
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.24547311
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.28427774
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.28509825
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.28468073
## Total_Crime 0.75111217
## Crime_Rate 0.24014015
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.15953461
## Conviction_Rate 0.36249651
## Murder -0.37335469
## Rape -0.32780132
## Kidnapping -0.11555956
## Extortion 0.10744827
## Hit_._Run -0.01243282
## Illegal_Arms -0.05498829
## Corruption 0.77673161
## Highways_Length_km 0.64072475
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.47153095
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.67276688
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.68197724
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.66525498
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.89023238
## Geographical_Area 0.65860532
## Total_Forest_Area 0.22254319
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.88304543
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.82577859
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.34348655
## NonFossil_Solar 0.57022446
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.67230742
## Total_Energy 0.80475534
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.80475656
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.66047527
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.95672438
## Total_Internet_Users 0.89152812
## Crop_Production 0.62344582
## Total_Crop_Area 0.70346595
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.53494153
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.47190197
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.48636045
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.10398849
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.80846636
## Slum_Population_million 0.74595358
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.71965759
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.76283096
## Happiness_Index -0.05926224
## Percapita_Income_2022_23
## Population_2024 -0.36188126
## Population_Percentage -0.35889464
## Population_Census_2011 -0.33545054
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.50987149
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.54055272
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.46894204
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.36457087
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.36254460
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.35894346
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.40263280
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.41374491
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.37663304
## Enrollment_Rate 0.05504395
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.44004346
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.31160542
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.30958155
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 1.00000000
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.99884081
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.23682451
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.55435989
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.63827235
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.62009948
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.62265854
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.62124470
## Total_Crime 0.04988333
## Crime_Rate 0.44987273
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.17008699
## Conviction_Rate 0.19707217
## Murder -0.10937333
## Rape 0.03959695
## Kidnapping -0.43824833
## Extortion 0.14862649
## Hit_._Run -0.40436030
## Illegal_Arms -0.08290131
## Corruption 0.35614073
## Highways_Length_km -0.15057963
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.12785435
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.16784881
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.17266216
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.19463775
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.01319316
## Geographical_Area -0.12518782
## Total_Forest_Area -0.10726050
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.47461536
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.26108133
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.18427644
## NonFossil_Solar 0.22315039
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.39320777
## Total_Energy 0.19956236
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.19952880
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.32853520
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.12599322
## Total_Internet_Users -0.05467982
## Crop_Production -0.25924991
## Total_Crop_Area -0.09756072
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.27293573
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.27044477
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.30538852
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.39752556
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.01935475
## Slum_Population_million 0.06634694
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.20796028
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.08669548
## Happiness_Index -0.64551672
## Percapita_Income_2023_24
## Population_2024 -0.36610504
## Population_Percentage -0.36314497
## Population_Census_2011 -0.33895688
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.50830644
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.54014536
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.46743493
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.36590811
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.36331848
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.36060752
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.40348295
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.41181484
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.37960956
## Enrollment_Rate 0.05178875
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.41797545
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.30900475
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.30722211
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.99884081
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 1.00000000
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.23618197
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.54802671
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.63258024
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.61651796
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.61911667
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.61766813
## Total_Crime 0.04440022
## Crime_Rate 0.44221877
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.15754666
## Conviction_Rate 0.19423994
## Murder -0.09514623
## Rape 0.03140017
## Kidnapping -0.43888713
## Extortion 0.17510772
## Hit_._Run -0.41367188
## Illegal_Arms -0.08215056
## Corruption 0.35243596
## Highways_Length_km -0.15030064
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.11004856
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.16768983
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.17304434
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.19499182
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.01541390
## Geographical_Area -0.13223700
## Total_Forest_Area -0.10951408
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.47545577
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.25990000
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.17490140
## NonFossil_Solar 0.22306295
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.39221988
## Total_Energy 0.19348974
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.19344286
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.33394173
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.12117725
## Total_Internet_Users -0.06003132
## Crop_Production -0.27155210
## Total_Crop_Area -0.10606797
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.28416779
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.27670675
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.31558841
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.38643763
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.01986317
## Slum_Population_million 0.06375717
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.19864467
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.08249792
## Happiness_Index -0.64400185
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent
## Population_2024 0.2178513952
## Population_Percentage 0.2167355304
## Population_Census_2011 0.1887026841
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.2859259645
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.1936416832
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.3386258017
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.3052355940
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.2135029219
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.3716920683
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.1180539471
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.0137110101
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.1795761550
## Enrollment_Rate -0.1364898107
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.3625693835
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.1283114833
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.1317980747
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.2368245096
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.2361819714
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 1.0000000000
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.1260072743
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.3022055470
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.3880970870
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.3888433735
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.3886446863
## Total_Crime 0.0001115833
## Crime_Rate -0.1547360386
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.6271985851
## Conviction_Rate -0.0861569380
## Murder 0.3833526734
## Rape 0.4124093863
## Kidnapping 0.2788120330
## Extortion 0.2087768641
## Hit_._Run 0.1795427864
## Illegal_Arms 0.3123731153
## Corruption -0.0749430092
## Highways_Length_km 0.1844127689
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.0780769696
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.1526705954
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.1669749227
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.1738401876
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.1132373884
## Geographical_Area 0.0731307702
## Total_Forest_Area -0.3336402343
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 -0.3283904903
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.1271558779
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.0767344825
## NonFossil_Solar 0.1122988239
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.0772877314
## Total_Energy -0.0579288181
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.0579581940
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.2316580127
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.0960183928
## Total_Internet_Users 0.0339145368
## Crop_Production 0.2423915474
## Total_Crop_Area 0.1255206871
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.3574226183
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.3147735208
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.3779877321
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.0716955779
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.0129159386
## Slum_Population_million -0.2605873773
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 -0.2866463714
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 -0.1603725216
## Happiness_Index 0.4429092670
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent
## Population_2024 0.239409834
## Population_Percentage 0.237338840
## Population_Census_2011 0.218615113
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.611327501
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.580887982
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.609521945
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.483379936
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.443171576
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.506489233
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.516001639
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.521257709
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.498765000
## Enrollment_Rate 0.014501788
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.341448567
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.173792861
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.168798131
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.554359890
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.548026706
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.126007274
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 1.000000000
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.826989229
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.574121690
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.574334653
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.574225129
## Total_Crime -0.132051307
## Crime_Rate -0.463269158
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.217386945
## Conviction_Rate -0.492154146
## Murder 0.415454023
## Rape 0.056735327
## Kidnapping 0.409524116
## Extortion -0.095902556
## Hit_._Run 0.331476365
## Illegal_Arms 0.018711865
## Corruption -0.324492252
## Highways_Length_km 0.095357578
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.177666242
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.219559325
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.237149256
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.258070726
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.064536701
## Geographical_Area 0.196832103
## Total_Forest_Area 0.189334540
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 -0.183647170
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.096087349
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.015191226
## NonFossil_Solar -0.006069883
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.177925723
## Total_Energy -0.044334934
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.044376329
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.183032323
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.065720183
## Total_Internet_Users 0.033356269
## Crop_Production 0.031399339
## Total_Crop_Area 0.103007708
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.023076429
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.021172769
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.014447175
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.647757006
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.136629367
## Slum_Population_million -0.095928929
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.042236979
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.104851272
## Happiness_Index 0.722985138
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent
## Population_2024 0.36369933
## Population_Percentage 0.36033863
## Population_Census_2011 0.32056614
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.68841699
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.66416964
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.68112716
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.50672203
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.44051353
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.55285639
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.53267713
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.50557624
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.53299497
## Enrollment_Rate 0.17804979
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.44376822
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.24934431
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.24547311
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.63827235
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.63258024
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.30220555
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.82698923
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 1.00000000
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.77888501
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.78177706
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.78047752
## Total_Crime -0.01789297
## Crime_Rate -0.44037966
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.29374805
## Conviction_Rate -0.24427793
## Murder 0.41785948
## Rape -0.02388068
## Kidnapping 0.35468906
## Extortion -0.11122265
## Hit_._Run 0.50647759
## Illegal_Arms 0.16962835
## Corruption -0.34994830
## Highways_Length_km 0.13861040
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.01447491
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.19856671
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.21419349
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.23574667
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.02915651
## Geographical_Area 0.10882802
## Total_Forest_Area 0.07256856
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 -0.35882766
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.23398104
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.05751096
## NonFossil_Solar -0.16722179
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.31776147
## Total_Energy -0.14821752
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.14824486
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.31446227
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.12617614
## Total_Internet_Users 0.04873494
## Crop_Production 0.20400959
## Total_Crop_Area 0.05810541
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.17807959
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.11440921
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.18570445
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.56580580
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.04118713
## Slum_Population_million -0.21825331
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 -0.15691042
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 -0.12777323
## Happiness_Index 0.77057784
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024
## Population_2024 -0.28216591
## Population_Percentage -0.27937315
## Population_Census_2011 -0.23611678
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.73391953
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.66569807
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.74332145
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.62874961
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.53442918
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.68222582
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.63710862
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.56138579
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.66326549
## Enrollment_Rate -0.11527070
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.40023158
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.28694264
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.28427774
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.62009948
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.61651796
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.38809709
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.57412169
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.77888501
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 1.00000000
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.99994920
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.99998415
## Total_Crime 0.13181896
## Crime_Rate 0.60676073
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.28343911
## Conviction_Rate 0.22718353
## Murder -0.42321433
## Rape -0.09400106
## Kidnapping -0.44527972
## Extortion 0.03570041
## Hit_._Run -0.60792203
## Illegal_Arms -0.40650092
## Corruption 0.35898997
## Highways_Length_km -0.18090286
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.06180172
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.23217349
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.26043180
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.31583032
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.07073145
## Geographical_Area -0.15878564
## Total_Forest_Area -0.11399108
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.43997089
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.28487861
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.26785469
## NonFossil_Solar 0.14473721
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.27356571
## Total_Energy 0.06336963
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.06343656
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.19784556
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.17464180
## Total_Internet_Users 0.03087668
## Crop_Production -0.30113646
## Total_Crop_Area -0.14972792
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.33085865
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.33708232
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.36834523
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.33790236
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.02313928
## Slum_Population_million 0.10328326
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.25157584
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.25390227
## Happiness_Index -0.68669782
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024
## Population_2024 -0.28553860
## Population_Percentage -0.28272323
## Population_Census_2011 -0.23931900
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.73249867
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.66458687
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.74188134
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.62749993
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.53360440
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.68080551
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.63609510
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.56072679
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.66204244
## Enrollment_Rate -0.12035298
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.39921580
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.28771607
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.28509825
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.62265854
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.61911667
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.38884337
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.57433465
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.78177706
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.99994920
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 1.00000000
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.99998796
## Total_Crime 0.12729060
## Crime_Rate 0.60204385
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.28009893
## Conviction_Rate 0.22163654
## Murder -0.42075021
## Rape -0.09166126
## Kidnapping -0.44400196
## Extortion 0.03932994
## Hit_._Run -0.60935309
## Illegal_Arms -0.40784251
## Corruption 0.36074278
## Highways_Length_km -0.18032855
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.05838322
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.22940757
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.25745962
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.31236244
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.07029069
## Geographical_Area -0.15767623
## Total_Forest_Area -0.11349474
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.44167353
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.28525237
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.26251568
## NonFossil_Solar 0.14829290
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.27745711
## Total_Energy 0.06608260
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.06614867
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.20154330
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.17445803
## Total_Internet_Users 0.02922640
## Crop_Production -0.30363301
## Total_Crop_Area -0.14864434
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.33247839
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.33880342
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.37028127
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.33956985
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.02451663
## Slum_Population_million 0.10448320
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.25322395
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.25538649
## Happiness_Index -0.68949243
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 Total_Crime
## Population_2024 -0.28413647 0.7557235713
## Population_Percentage -0.28132683 0.7569140697
## Population_Census_2011 -0.23800404 0.7609457604
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.73337460 0.0427816787
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.66536362 0.0595945701
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.74273084 0.0092825688
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.62841949 -0.0767565359
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.53437268 -0.0776613194
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.68176361 -0.0787504016
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.63674271 -0.0364021360
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.56127196 0.0412488466
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.66273840 -0.0853112921
## Enrollment_Rate -0.11754820 0.1985277768
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.39978037 0.1261920015
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.28732408 0.7549317178
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.28468073 0.7511121742
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.62124470 0.0498833333
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.61766813 0.0444002206
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.38864469 0.0001115833
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.57422513 -0.1320513073
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.78047752 -0.0178929701
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.99998415 0.1318189622
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.99998796 0.1272905975
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 1.00000000 0.1293786528
## Total_Crime 0.12937865 1.0000000000
## Crime_Rate 0.60421609 0.5713646469
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.28147352 0.2916270695
## Conviction_Rate 0.22400790 0.6956534379
## Murder -0.42175698 -0.4472874600
## Rape -0.09224468 -0.2480927428
## Kidnapping -0.44389836 -0.1001550446
## Extortion 0.03772204 0.0098097379
## Hit_._Run -0.60805030 0.1940851712
## Illegal_Arms -0.40732944 0.1694231393
## Corruption 0.36053251 0.4987392783
## Highways_Length_km -0.18064325 0.5329192179
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.05952215 -0.2503819434
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.23086493 0.7367602226
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.25900969 0.7609059597
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.31414722 0.7639093338
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.07037635 0.6776073981
## Geographical_Area -0.15770169 0.5785286778
## Total_Forest_Area -0.11278805 0.1205126072
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.44074867 0.6092830517
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.28481266 0.6322823689
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.26512914 -0.0745473836
## NonFossil_Solar 0.14662311 0.4245647626
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.27561488 0.4509746799
## Total_Energy 0.06482272 0.6387812954
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.06488877 0.6387926828
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.20001034 0.7609710005
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.17457079 0.7823772889
## Total_Internet_Users 0.02993424 0.8205337295
## Crop_Production -0.30233307 0.6965041895
## Total_Crop_Area -0.14902869 0.5788318338
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.33189614 0.6622070757
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.33832903 0.5471159697
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.36961225 0.6282119570
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.33878883 -0.1382451914
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.02397461 0.7915609813
## Slum_Population_million 0.10382321 0.4745495428
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.25238114 0.5694966238
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.25459285 0.5749346830
## Happiness_Index -0.68817887 0.1570378889
## Crime_Rate ChargeSheet_Rate
## Population_2024 -0.030576398 -0.009134578
## Population_Percentage -0.029899683 -0.009318336
## Population_Census_2011 -0.020904337 0.008562856
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.504454301 0.352011042
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.508028373 0.334158118
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.462646473 0.354184411
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.405452220 0.148606682
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.371548718 0.080656336
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.411936511 0.207993666
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.380301949 0.083134305
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.404006460 0.047538983
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.346641993 0.105024570
## Enrollment_Rate 0.220666866 0.413479385
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.341720177 -0.544851843
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.247835757 0.161526978
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.240140150 0.159534607
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.449872734 0.170086989
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.442218769 0.157546657
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.154736039 -0.627198585
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.463269158 -0.217386945
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.440379663 -0.293748048
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.606760729 0.283439108
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.602043848 0.280098934
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.604216086 0.281473520
## Total_Crime 0.571364647 0.291627070
## Crime_Rate 1.000000000 0.428734209
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.428734209 1.000000000
## Conviction_Rate 0.643840363 0.384794617
## Murder -0.327660099 -0.563189294
## Rape 0.033914896 -0.424153863
## Kidnapping -0.251359136 -0.391190074
## Extortion 0.042870356 -0.387135087
## Hit_._Run -0.238898292 -0.268846191
## Illegal_Arms 0.011026453 -0.258766015
## Corruption 0.244463413 -0.051268270
## Highways_Length_km -0.093986982 -0.110075789
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.068904047 -0.126473987
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.420321072 0.242785996
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.454759712 0.259982929
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.505596359 0.276807684
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.007817514 0.133786010
## Geographical_Area 0.012872738 -0.006970751
## Total_Forest_Area -0.047586172 0.210689842
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.308200543 0.278714048
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.196811168 0.163387869
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.247911261 0.016335042
## NonFossil_Solar 0.182409467 -0.061032498
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.205235643 0.100168062
## Total_Energy 0.153622809 0.186883480
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.153662393 0.187036723
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.033606937 -0.004676599
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.156160786 0.131697576
## Total_Internet_Users 0.114799198 0.083150985
## Crop_Production -0.057139908 -0.051157274
## Total_Crop_Area -0.024716599 -0.027758682
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.039822549 -0.109841975
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.061593130 -0.006435262
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.053062362 -0.094000541
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.279644415 -0.129156663
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.124121894 0.155446531
## Slum_Population_million -0.018586024 0.266987974
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.201513126 0.319744802
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.120433859 0.181033224
## Happiness_Index -0.254519737 -0.207312544
## Conviction_Rate Murder Rape
## Population_2024 0.36579167 -0.28937045 -0.299509575
## Population_Percentage 0.36622422 -0.29014657 -0.298609364
## Population_Census_2011 0.36552071 -0.30488430 -0.324914656
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.17473328 -0.42118778 -0.091657382
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.19913987 -0.38412599 0.065157498
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.13928581 -0.42170153 -0.197742908
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.02970925 -0.27215732 -0.020073407
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.02015211 -0.23075422 0.128752604
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.04166710 -0.30819593 -0.126429790
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.01335580 -0.27779225 -0.048122174
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.06740049 -0.29753002 0.136677470
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.01041407 -0.26273402 -0.166504565
## Enrollment_Rate 0.33392044 -0.07413925 -0.028933804
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.14503661 0.27837419 -0.155307328
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.36950162 -0.37500500 -0.327601101
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.36249651 -0.37335469 -0.327801315
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.19707217 -0.10937333 0.039596945
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.19423994 -0.09514623 0.031400166
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.08615694 0.38335267 0.412409386
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.49215415 0.41545402 0.056735327
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.24427793 0.41785948 -0.023880676
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.22718353 -0.42321433 -0.094001061
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.22163654 -0.42075021 -0.091661260
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.22400790 -0.42175698 -0.092244676
## Total_Crime 0.69565344 -0.44728746 -0.248092743
## Crime_Rate 0.64384036 -0.32766010 0.033914896
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.38479462 -0.56318929 -0.424153863
## Conviction_Rate 1.00000000 -0.55626535 -0.163369124
## Murder -0.55626535 1.00000000 0.337692622
## Rape -0.16336912 0.33769262 1.000000000
## Kidnapping -0.32826618 0.37052757 0.593316317
## Extortion -0.12341604 0.47052974 0.067731716
## Hit_._Run 0.10148575 0.30547364 0.205223325
## Illegal_Arms 0.26489793 0.01714189 0.422733193
## Corruption 0.28428591 -0.17929055 -0.014192829
## Highways_Length_km 0.36892567 -0.19502765 -0.097938950
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.04076223 0.13036096 -0.125917510
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.56501734 -0.27923910 -0.246016654
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.59388880 -0.29886502 -0.250811597
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.61534891 -0.31896690 -0.246973128
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.24730649 -0.34446878 -0.392868437
## Geographical_Area 0.28264332 -0.17430751 0.113096929
## Total_Forest_Area -0.03244908 0.15194821 0.055718397
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.16527802 -0.32806158 -0.401583331
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.15527322 -0.33123929 -0.433812936
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.04753376 -0.08535543 -0.174619495
## NonFossil_Solar 0.24405499 -0.23123441 0.171362389
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.27584572 -0.37128733 0.015013193
## Total_Energy 0.32549983 -0.32519033 -0.087742818
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.32561145 -0.32540570 -0.087761347
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.42201249 -0.33667581 -0.297364395
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.35539196 -0.39712010 -0.320163661
## Total_Internet_Users 0.40433419 -0.39595397 -0.329959221
## Crop_Production 0.39048374 -0.29314636 -0.199436930
## Total_Crop_Area 0.37038262 -0.24547533 -0.002574879
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.43275477 -0.32110657 -0.130322826
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.42988631 -0.19042980 -0.190961893
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.44322407 -0.27587494 -0.143144129
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.12893824 -0.08332357 0.156600647
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.46746743 -0.32806127 -0.400157603
## Slum_Population_million 0.28299617 -0.29627117 -0.305243325
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.13914076 -0.48058348 -0.288256010
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.11992370 -0.45037335 -0.237521957
## Happiness_Index -0.12786764 0.37775987 -0.013875391
## Kidnapping Extortion Hit_._Run
## Population_2024 0.125962697 -0.104748488 0.36575295
## Population_Percentage 0.125462910 -0.104012343 0.36606245
## Population_Census_2011 0.102445741 -0.088136921 0.33237134
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.424339830 -0.144504623 -0.49686781
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.343729958 -0.132929053 -0.44357240
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.470043684 -0.146022018 -0.51691571
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.272569558 -0.108941785 -0.37764354
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.172204853 -0.111631320 -0.30274190
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.349302965 -0.107436092 -0.42394467
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.359981479 -0.109062812 -0.45140545
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.228448560 -0.134582020 -0.37879945
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.438265000 -0.085129906 -0.48165482
## Enrollment_Rate -0.249592251 -0.217643036 0.39750040
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.094322892 0.434028359 0.24945788
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.117752564 0.111880648 -0.01165181
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.115559559 0.107448272 -0.01243282
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.438248334 0.148626491 -0.40436030
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.438887130 0.175107719 -0.41367188
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.278812033 0.208776864 0.17954279
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.409524116 -0.095902556 0.33147636
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.354689058 -0.111222654 0.50647759
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.445279720 0.035700413 -0.60792203
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.444001960 0.039329936 -0.60935309
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.443898358 0.037722037 -0.60805030
## Total_Crime -0.100155045 0.009809738 0.19408517
## Crime_Rate -0.251359136 0.042870356 -0.23889829
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.391190074 -0.387135087 -0.26884619
## Conviction_Rate -0.328266180 -0.123416043 0.10148575
## Murder 0.370527567 0.470529737 0.30547364
## Rape 0.593316317 0.067731716 0.20522332
## Kidnapping 1.000000000 0.084823539 0.31142503
## Extortion 0.084823539 1.000000000 -0.09961023
## Hit_._Run 0.311425027 -0.099610232 1.00000000
## Illegal_Arms 0.461425249 -0.114100984 0.38139113
## Corruption 0.093215431 0.294585409 0.02645887
## Highways_Length_km 0.135958714 0.126482622 0.25715834
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.103210580 -0.024454393 -0.19916089
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.152646549 0.066226613 0.25680586
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.168345737 0.076272415 0.24139259
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.189774573 0.056907204 0.20962743
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.040186497 -0.030905228 0.05554706
## Geographical_Area 0.305913920 0.051512493 0.40938393
## Total_Forest_Area 0.356059365 -0.005681153 0.37234778
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 -0.251603137 0.155055550 -0.19832211
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.192862617 0.060895601 -0.07683949
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.192456469 -0.234145945 -0.19791103
## NonFossil_Solar 0.002697900 0.207957071 -0.01035802
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.153311044 0.176400995 -0.12167228
## Total_Energy -0.067222196 0.105137964 0.12792935
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.067329704 0.104763586 0.12782995
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.110980530 -0.104762530 0.27718351
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.058645695 0.005520719 0.14508493
## Total_Internet_Users 0.008101266 -0.039817378 0.20852601
## Crop_Production 0.124728595 -0.154747664 0.51729304
## Total_Crop_Area 0.165484968 -0.003072899 0.33771902
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.053180373 -0.070814882 0.45699538
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.065363069 0.014046392 0.35525273
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.064584081 -0.050462064 0.45286855
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.181194546 0.055128149 -0.13639123
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.155781625 0.070034329 0.30805908
## Slum_Population_million -0.052773515 -0.007679468 0.05340167
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 -0.196100589 -0.042481767 -0.12839709
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 -0.082168586 -0.009792169 -0.11573862
## Happiness_Index 0.378658973 -0.028385282 0.45862241
## Illegal_Arms Corruption
## Population_2024 0.288686550 0.30345302
## Population_Percentage 0.287608896 0.30805401
## Population_Census_2011 0.257768583 0.32989505
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.226363645 0.16270046
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.134155238 0.16882828
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.295231394 0.14341156
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.123006383 0.02782563
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.006672111 0.02469987
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.212608989 0.02642128
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.200520850 0.08312872
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.060145209 0.13440181
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.288360038 0.04677007
## Enrollment_Rate -0.003299636 -0.11013930
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.014033757 -0.08469957
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.054067103 0.77896300
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.054988287 0.77673161
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.082901315 0.35614073
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.082150560 0.35243596
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.312373115 -0.07494301
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.018711865 -0.32449225
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.169628346 -0.34994830
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.406500924 0.35898997
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.407842508 0.36074278
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.407329441 0.36053251
## Total_Crime 0.169423139 0.49873928
## Crime_Rate 0.011026453 0.24446341
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.258766015 -0.05126827
## Conviction_Rate 0.264897927 0.28428591
## Murder 0.017141890 -0.17929055
## Rape 0.422733193 -0.01419283
## Kidnapping 0.461425249 0.09321543
## Extortion -0.114100984 0.29458541
## Hit_._Run 0.381391132 0.02645887
## Illegal_Arms 1.000000000 -0.13897685
## Corruption -0.138976848 1.00000000
## Highways_Length_km 0.059042592 0.49218732
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.200417147 -0.52095352
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.005903521 0.48734845
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.012009770 0.50232760
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.019885052 0.49628665
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.013069887 0.64417858
## Geographical_Area 0.049108500 0.61712148
## Total_Forest_Area -0.197903264 0.32402851
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 -0.160131856 0.60528793
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.027103682 0.40843831
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.208816566 -0.31168137
## NonFossil_Solar -0.059799014 0.53616930
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.160268308 0.58871916
## Total_Energy -0.078262259 0.60015053
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.078240039 0.60006828
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.247389567 0.35592224
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.057853212 0.69902947
## Total_Internet_Users 0.139831885 0.59896539
## Crop_Production 0.391834294 0.38039307
## Total_Crop_Area 0.083993050 0.60871879
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.459585197 0.25804136
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.355231045 0.19060701
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.463118957 0.20371525
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.164857143 0.15086737
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.118497034 0.46605222
## Slum_Population_million -0.070634232 0.57528826
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 -0.128453571 0.46587019
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 -0.072687846 0.51092742
## Happiness_Index 0.079294239 -0.21469478
## Highways_Length_km
## Population_2024 0.69967566
## Population_Percentage 0.70063588
## Population_Census_2011 0.70716994
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.54574621
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.49953814
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.56029339
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.68674471
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.67456879
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.66643705
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.60502748
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.51876301
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.62243384
## Enrollment_Rate -0.19120366
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.43445722
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.64276596
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.64072475
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.15057963
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.15030064
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.18441277
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.09535758
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.13861040
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.18090286
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.18032855
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.18064325
## Total_Crime 0.53291922
## Crime_Rate -0.09398698
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.11007579
## Conviction_Rate 0.36892567
## Murder -0.19502765
## Rape -0.09793895
## Kidnapping 0.13595871
## Extortion 0.12648262
## Hit_._Run 0.25715834
## Illegal_Arms 0.05904259
## Corruption 0.49218732
## Highways_Length_km 1.00000000
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.59768203
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.58573015
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.57411372
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.52870898
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.61562087
## Geographical_Area 0.84595249
## Total_Forest_Area 0.34750713
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.28072863
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.36115114
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.43170012
## NonFossil_Solar 0.56891012
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.56297279
## Total_Energy 0.70886877
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.70883489
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.73197554
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.60969628
## Total_Internet_Users 0.69694780
## Crop_Production 0.62670108
## Total_Crop_Area 0.90818592
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.64058998
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.74697957
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.66958495
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.42240294
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.66941678
## Slum_Population_million 0.61862050
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.23720286
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.33784490
## Happiness_Index 0.40449720
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2
## Population_2024 -0.23964175
## Population_Percentage -0.24285875
## Population_Census_2011 -0.24750954
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.29079029
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.22176997
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.32637103
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.48451078
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.45578323
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.47562850
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.43732149
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.36081783
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.46533720
## Enrollment_Rate -0.02138876
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.01083252
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.47460722
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.47153095
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.12785435
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.11004856
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.07807697
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.17766624
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.01447491
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.06180172
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.05838322
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.05952215
## Total_Crime -0.25038194
## Crime_Rate 0.06890405
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.12647399
## Conviction_Rate -0.04076223
## Murder 0.13036096
## Rape -0.12591751
## Kidnapping -0.10321058
## Extortion -0.02445439
## Hit_._Run -0.19916089
## Illegal_Arms 0.20041715
## Corruption -0.52095352
## Highways_Length_km -0.59768203
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 1.00000000
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.26157566
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.25124399
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.20722900
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.36381953
## Geographical_Area -0.77768419
## Total_Forest_Area -0.49736274
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 -0.27210288
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.13933703
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.54478748
## NonFossil_Solar -0.58754116
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.59533846
## Total_Energy -0.68072732
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.68068511
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.25656933
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.41294416
## Total_Internet_Users -0.37299201
## Crop_Production -0.29434786
## Total_Crop_Area -0.74218645
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.28010069
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.28339440
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.25725438
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.30528595
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.24752772
## Slum_Population_million -0.51784583
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 -0.46851282
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 -0.39587934
## Happiness_Index -0.21757197
## Road_Accidents_2022 Road_Accidents_2023
## Population_2024 0.513453963 0.51614550
## Population_Percentage 0.514897004 0.51771853
## Population_Census_2011 0.536685949 0.54030624
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.004639230 0.02657359
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.001562360 0.03054171
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.015629522 0.01514874
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.184838606 -0.15242192
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.244034188 -0.21299693
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.134575858 -0.10211482
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.134960467 -0.10700988
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.116599649 -0.09063726
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.134869388 -0.10665515
## Enrollment_Rate 0.226837532 0.23386525
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.119898652 0.11137620
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.675673922 0.68495637
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.672766885 0.68197724
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.167848809 0.17266216
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.167689832 0.17304434
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.152670595 -0.16697492
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.219559325 -0.23714926
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.198566709 -0.21419349
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.232173488 0.26043180
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.229407572 0.25745962
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.230864931 0.25900969
## Total_Crime 0.736760223 0.76090596
## Crime_Rate 0.420321072 0.45475971
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.242785996 0.25998293
## Conviction_Rate 0.565017337 0.59388880
## Murder -0.279239102 -0.29886502
## Rape -0.246016654 -0.25081160
## Kidnapping -0.152646549 -0.16834574
## Extortion 0.066226613 0.07627241
## Hit_._Run 0.256805857 0.24139259
## Illegal_Arms -0.005903521 -0.01200977
## Corruption 0.487348452 0.50232760
## Highways_Length_km 0.585730153 0.57411372
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.261575659 -0.25124399
## Road_Accidents_2022 1.000000000 0.99778794
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.997787941 1.00000000
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.991020090 0.99595301
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.506877143 0.51832061
## Geographical_Area 0.587597274 0.58011081
## Total_Forest_Area 0.425603911 0.41203570
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.557130620 0.56735294
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.614504719 0.61184038
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.159015374 -0.13336817
## NonFossil_Solar 0.325104158 0.32841170
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.434799962 0.43548628
## Total_Energy 0.564021186 0.56402250
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.563877725 0.56388770
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.495197193 0.50132952
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.640523162 0.65299655
## Total_Internet_Users 0.618819739 0.62941664
## Crop_Production 0.503148301 0.50107948
## Total_Crop_Area 0.571815985 0.56529020
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.415075995 0.41379950
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.543012222 0.53102193
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.442873851 0.43782217
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.144326303 -0.13768751
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.823988753 0.82221546
## Slum_Population_million 0.540944571 0.55050891
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.184523062 0.20943572
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.231496024 0.25577821
## Happiness_Index 0.106474453 0.08366513
## Road_Accidents_2024
## Population_2024 0.49236709
## Population_Percentage 0.49391494
## Population_Census_2011 0.51709887
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.08528772
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.08739967
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.07187205
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.09103596
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.15362832
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.04181952
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.04985159
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.03734827
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.04927601
## Enrollment_Rate 0.25956997
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.06908481
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.66850785
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.66525498
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.19463775
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.19499182
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.17384019
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.25807073
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.23574667
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.31583032
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.31236244
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.31414722
## Total_Crime 0.76390933
## Crime_Rate 0.50559636
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.27680768
## Conviction_Rate 0.61534891
## Murder -0.31896690
## Rape -0.24697313
## Kidnapping -0.18977457
## Extortion 0.05690720
## Hit_._Run 0.20962743
## Illegal_Arms -0.01988505
## Corruption 0.49628665
## Highways_Length_km 0.52870898
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.20722900
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.99102009
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.99595301
## Road_Accidents_2024 1.00000000
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.49917356
## Geographical_Area 0.54079439
## Total_Forest_Area 0.38227459
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.56432670
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.60425260
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.08141854
## NonFossil_Solar 0.31260228
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.41777547
## Total_Energy 0.52977019
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.52964586
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.48385512
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.63750618
## Total_Internet_Users 0.61217810
## Crop_Production 0.47048019
## Total_Crop_Area 0.52112348
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.38034564
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.48590148
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.40047206
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.11263167
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.79506175
## Slum_Population_million 0.51205462
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.20256175
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.25384717
## Happiness_Index 0.04814328
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions
## Population_2024 0.802561501
## Population_Percentage 0.804752202
## Population_Census_2011 0.827674296
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.117701254
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.154200272
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.102345495
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.233855451
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.259796671
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.213630873
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.167207944
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.149415471
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.174508795
## Enrollment_Rate -0.196163026
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.093992953
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.887523836
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.890232380
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.013193157
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.015413898
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.113237388
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.064536701
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.029156505
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.070731446
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.070290685
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.070376346
## Total_Crime 0.677607398
## Crime_Rate 0.007817514
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.133786010
## Conviction_Rate 0.247306494
## Murder -0.344468779
## Rape -0.392868437
## Kidnapping 0.040186497
## Extortion -0.030905228
## Hit_._Run 0.055547057
## Illegal_Arms 0.013069887
## Corruption 0.644178577
## Highways_Length_km 0.615620868
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.363819526
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.506877143
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.518320606
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.499173558
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 1.000000000
## Geographical_Area 0.581575116
## Total_Forest_Area 0.159568675
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.729522819
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.733322887
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.304220220
## NonFossil_Solar 0.354357795
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.413630393
## Total_Energy 0.620721196
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.620823153
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.807197034
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.937556014
## Total_Internet_Users 0.939923246
## Crop_Production 0.711810016
## Total_Crop_Area 0.668140320
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.599677709
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.536692287
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.561468116
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.247978463
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.748583548
## Slum_Population_million 0.791297568
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.669928058
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.771580138
## Happiness_Index 0.086847748
## Geographical_Area Total_Forest_Area
## Population_2024 0.590135725 0.067732712
## Population_Percentage 0.592565940 0.070278944
## Population_Census_2011 0.592844932 0.078328304
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.384910201 -0.197221887
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.288639541 -0.152030985
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.438780550 -0.207421694
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.527996866 -0.242339946
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.475025693 -0.256278734
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.542364164 -0.214533964
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.481291205 -0.332306615
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.343652496 -0.308650775
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.543976053 -0.330946227
## Enrollment_Rate 0.024380039 0.211642372
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.227618051 0.062712836
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.659921115 0.221158044
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.658605324 0.222543190
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.125187817 -0.107260504
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.132237001 -0.109514078
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.073130770 -0.333640234
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.196832103 0.189334540
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.108828024 0.072568562
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.158785644 -0.113991080
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.157676230 -0.113494744
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.157701691 -0.112788049
## Total_Crime 0.578528678 0.120512607
## Crime_Rate 0.012872738 -0.047586172
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.006970751 0.210689842
## Conviction_Rate 0.282643315 -0.032449084
## Murder -0.174307512 0.151948214
## Rape 0.113096929 0.055718397
## Kidnapping 0.305913920 0.356059365
## Extortion 0.051512493 -0.005681153
## Hit_._Run 0.409383926 0.372347784
## Illegal_Arms 0.049108500 -0.197903264
## Corruption 0.617121484 0.324028514
## Highways_Length_km 0.845952491 0.347507134
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.777684186 -0.497362735
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.587597274 0.425603911
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.580110808 0.412035704
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.540794385 0.382274594
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.581575116 0.159568675
## Geographical_Area 1.000000000 0.557416013
## Total_Forest_Area 0.557416013 1.000000000
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.364319815 0.101858741
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.335951798 0.010445761
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.460656859 -0.083646034
## NonFossil_Solar 0.720669593 0.053271720
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.675857293 0.114786754
## Total_Energy 0.828800298 0.292086907
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.828724718 0.291857441
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.590924278 0.042889314
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.648639894 0.176680019
## Total_Internet_Users 0.663714552 0.131866117
## Crop_Production 0.579025411 0.127493206
## Total_Crop_Area 0.932155126 0.366245065
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.548823126 -0.119759433
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.524736383 0.087451909
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.525661962 -0.082355260
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.362334062 -0.505390949
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.600715380 0.212068071
## Slum_Population_million 0.569402057 0.376441451
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.418750040 -0.026617211
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.482323383 -0.067000318
## Happiness_Index 0.383129309 0.301434483
## Waste_Generation_2022_23
## Population_2024 0.39807281
## Population_Percentage 0.40106230
## Population_Census_2011 0.43727038
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.27347301
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.25084701
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.26916134
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.14245821
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.10662341
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.16131744
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.19730711
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.20161054
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.17948455
## Enrollment_Rate -0.09178100
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.04749054
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.88137491
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.88304543
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.47461536
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.47545577
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.32839049
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.18364717
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.35882766
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.43997089
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.44167353
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.44074867
## Total_Crime 0.60928305
## Crime_Rate 0.30820054
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.27871405
## Conviction_Rate 0.16527802
## Murder -0.32806158
## Rape -0.40158333
## Kidnapping -0.25160314
## Extortion 0.15505555
## Hit_._Run -0.19832211
## Illegal_Arms -0.16013186
## Corruption 0.60528793
## Highways_Length_km 0.28072863
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.27210288
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.55713062
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.56735294
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.56432670
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.72952282
## Geographical_Area 0.36431981
## Total_Forest_Area 0.10185874
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 1.00000000
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.89834348
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.27689563
## NonFossil_Solar 0.45477373
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.61103213
## Total_Energy 0.67353510
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.67349086
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.37653996
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.82187407
## Total_Internet_Users 0.68684642
## Crop_Production 0.34918514
## Total_Crop_Area 0.35461214
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.26879587
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.16474371
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.20000749
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.00595970
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.67597040
## Slum_Population_million 0.54136695
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.76886328
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.76218347
## Happiness_Index -0.27336745
## Waste_Generation_2023_24
## Population_2024 0.602157509
## Population_Percentage 0.603896715
## Population_Census_2011 0.636353573
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.116781109
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.077665352
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.125829604
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.005913511
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.043042827
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.036169465
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.081277997
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.070932635
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.078624908
## Enrollment_Rate -0.161501461
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.121300938
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.825511113
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.825778589
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.261081329
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.259899996
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.127155878
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.096087349
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.233981041
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.284878610
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.285252368
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.284812656
## Total_Crime 0.632282369
## Crime_Rate 0.196811168
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.163387869
## Conviction_Rate 0.155273218
## Murder -0.331239292
## Rape -0.433812936
## Kidnapping -0.192862617
## Extortion 0.060895601
## Hit_._Run -0.076839492
## Illegal_Arms 0.027103682
## Corruption 0.408438313
## Highways_Length_km 0.361151136
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.139337031
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.614504719
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.611840383
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.604252595
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.733322887
## Geographical_Area 0.335951798
## Total_Forest_Area 0.010445761
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.898343476
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 1.000000000
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.243251475
## NonFossil_Solar 0.305588821
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.435571853
## Total_Energy 0.568316000
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.568270189
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.565299837
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.830272441
## Total_Internet_Users 0.770439568
## Crop_Production 0.555712972
## Total_Crop_Area 0.367587829
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.497624684
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.426668088
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.459720772
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.055706664
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.787984083
## Slum_Population_million 0.511542561
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.633421305
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.684878300
## Happiness_Index -0.077775272
## Average_Rainfall_mm NonFossil_Solar
## Population_2024 -0.19696290 0.2391185889
## Population_Percentage -0.19718693 0.2410594292
## Population_Census_2011 -0.19763255 0.2451487191
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.46625910 -0.0918344251
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.37591667 0.0260257596
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.51096434 -0.1703466206
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.60016895 -0.2384363584
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.51787660 -0.1556910602
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.63494786 -0.2832797276
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.57735740 -0.1416350071
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.45625466 0.0157572890
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.63088592 -0.2315601604
## Enrollment_Rate 0.08456046 -0.0943801544
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.14287936 0.0935190007
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.34554128 0.5711202817
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.34348655 0.5702244629
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.18427644 0.2231503914
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.17490140 0.2230629541
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.07673448 0.1122988239
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.01519123 -0.0060698828
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.05751096 -0.1672217934
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.26785469 0.1447372149
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.26251568 0.1482928979
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.26512914 0.1466231137
## Total_Crime -0.07454738 0.4245647626
## Crime_Rate 0.24791126 0.1824094672
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.01633504 -0.0610324983
## Conviction_Rate 0.04753376 0.2440549946
## Murder -0.08535543 -0.2312344128
## Rape -0.17461949 0.1713623889
## Kidnapping -0.19245647 0.0026978999
## Extortion -0.23414595 0.2079570711
## Hit_._Run -0.19791103 -0.0103580204
## Illegal_Arms -0.20881657 -0.0597990135
## Corruption -0.31168137 0.5361692955
## Highways_Length_km -0.43170012 0.5689101205
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.54478748 -0.5875411626
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.15901537 0.3251041578
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.13336817 0.3284117045
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.08141854 0.3126022842
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.30422022 0.3543577952
## Geographical_Area -0.46065686 0.7206695930
## Total_Forest_Area -0.08364603 0.0532717195
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 -0.27689563 0.4547737319
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.24325147 0.3055888212
## Average_Rainfall_mm 1.00000000 -0.4637598266
## NonFossil_Solar -0.46375983 1.0000000000
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.48827458 0.9383868830
## Total_Energy -0.55038914 0.8557107130
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.55037772 0.8557190133
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.15715924 0.2622661691
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.30508329 0.4755903173
## Total_Internet_Users -0.26220183 0.4158336106
## Crop_Production -0.24185447 0.1679871906
## Total_Crop_Area -0.49886816 0.6809771720
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.35437721 0.3188092254
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.39893651 0.1521510286
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.36224602 0.2413878979
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.06829146 0.0192661528
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.33594555 0.3646764050
## Slum_Population_million -0.35228414 0.2490108264
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 -0.21972797 0.5409274124
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 -0.23885953 0.5909425193
## Happiness_Index 0.02445488 -0.0008564475
## NonFossil_SubTotal Total_Energy
## Population_2024 0.21331985 0.498524397
## Population_Percentage 0.21570558 0.501077251
## Population_Census_2011 0.22924070 0.511851433
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.03418512 -0.146820741
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.13391782 -0.055165541
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.03329822 -0.204029417
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.14641637 -0.331597008
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.08547342 -0.276673080
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.17351709 -0.349872278
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.05173231 -0.250401970
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.09197114 -0.108427675
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.13467032 -0.326891473
## Enrollment_Rate -0.04097643 0.005426282
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.03176130 0.122637072
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.67216946 0.804826884
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.67230742 0.804755336
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.39320777 0.199562363
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.39221988 0.193489736
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.07728773 -0.057928818
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.17792572 -0.044334934
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.31776147 -0.148217522
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.27356571 0.063369627
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.27745711 0.066082602
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.27561488 0.064822720
## Total_Crime 0.45097468 0.638781295
## Crime_Rate 0.20523564 0.153622809
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.10016806 0.186883480
## Conviction_Rate 0.27584572 0.325499834
## Murder -0.37128733 -0.325190333
## Rape 0.01501319 -0.087742818
## Kidnapping -0.15331104 -0.067222196
## Extortion 0.17640100 0.105137964
## Hit_._Run -0.12167228 0.127929348
## Illegal_Arms -0.16026831 -0.078262259
## Corruption 0.58871916 0.600150531
## Highways_Length_km 0.56297279 0.708868770
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.59533846 -0.680727323
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.43479996 0.564021186
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.43548628 0.564022502
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.41777547 0.529770194
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.41363039 0.620721196
## Geographical_Area 0.67585729 0.828800298
## Total_Forest_Area 0.11478675 0.292086907
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.61103213 0.673535096
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.43557185 0.568316000
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.48827458 -0.550389136
## NonFossil_Solar 0.93838688 0.855710713
## NonFossil_SubTotal 1.00000000 0.903169911
## Total_Energy 0.90316991 1.000000000
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.90314678 0.999999831
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.22936566 0.488107301
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.54243269 0.737540460
## Total_Internet_Users 0.44537785 0.678560515
## Crop_Production 0.16718216 0.468995905
## Total_Crop_Area 0.63324082 0.795168227
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.26249724 0.504815959
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.13633043 0.407943175
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.18938735 0.448678477
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 0.00431313 -0.176472663
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.47637127 0.697752665
## Slum_Population_million 0.33294139 0.549342371
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.59012083 0.680550521
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.59206607 0.679998355
## Happiness_Index -0.17909465 0.058220431
## Percent_of_National_Total
## Population_2024 0.498585923
## Population_Percentage 0.501138169
## Population_Census_2011 0.511908786
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.146785953
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.055154147
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.203986317
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.331590721
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.276665540
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.349868064
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.250369641
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.108382012
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.326870931
## Enrollment_Rate 0.005312357
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.122376930
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.804826331
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.804756564
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.199528796
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.193442860
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.057958194
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.044376329
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.148244862
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.063436556
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.066148671
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.064888766
## Total_Crime 0.638792683
## Crime_Rate 0.153662393
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.187036723
## Conviction_Rate 0.325611447
## Murder -0.325405702
## Rape -0.087761347
## Kidnapping -0.067329704
## Extortion 0.104763586
## Hit_._Run 0.127829955
## Illegal_Arms -0.078240039
## Corruption 0.600068283
## Highways_Length_km 0.708834894
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.680685114
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.563877725
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.563887702
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.529645857
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.620823153
## Geographical_Area 0.828724718
## Total_Forest_Area 0.291857441
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.673490864
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.568270189
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.550377719
## NonFossil_Solar 0.855719013
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.903146776
## Total_Energy 0.999999831
## Percent_of_National_Total 1.000000000
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.488201136
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.737578773
## Total_Internet_Users 0.678624127
## Crop_Production 0.469025249
## Total_Crop_Area 0.795213208
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.504894062
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.407974810
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.448744164
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.176354033
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.697679978
## Slum_Population_million 0.549429852
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.680659256
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.680123183
## Happiness_Index 0.058136616
## Internet_Users_Rural Internet_Users_Urban
## Population_2024 0.984239905 0.778085876
## Population_Percentage 0.984291532 0.781371685
## Population_Census_2011 0.984129794 0.804954709
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.361310008 0.013872166
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.376764828 0.003186670
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.356728355 0.006705863
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.422546161 -0.120994077
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.423685008 -0.135125590
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.415099330 -0.108952752
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.359337786 -0.051438912
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.311455230 -0.011850425
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.372750625 -0.076831916
## Enrollment_Rate -0.099620083 -0.085004955
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.348146365 0.102713213
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.662367671 0.956129053
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.660475271 0.956724376
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.328535204 0.125993218
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.333941733 0.121177245
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.231658013 -0.096018393
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.183032323 -0.065720183
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.314462272 -0.126176142
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.197845564 0.174641802
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.201543299 0.174458035
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.200010344 0.174570795
## Total_Crime 0.760971001 0.782377289
## Crime_Rate 0.033606937 0.156160786
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.004676599 0.131697576
## Conviction_Rate 0.422012485 0.355391957
## Murder -0.336675806 -0.397120101
## Rape -0.297364395 -0.320163661
## Kidnapping 0.110980530 -0.058645695
## Extortion -0.104762530 0.005520719
## Hit_._Run 0.277183511 0.145084929
## Illegal_Arms 0.247389567 0.057853212
## Corruption 0.355922244 0.699029466
## Highways_Length_km 0.731975544 0.609696285
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.256569329 -0.412944158
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.495197193 0.640523162
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.501329519 0.652996553
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.483855119 0.637506184
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.807197034 0.937556014
## Geographical_Area 0.590924278 0.648639894
## Total_Forest_Area 0.042889314 0.176680019
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.376539963 0.821874072
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.565299837 0.830272441
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.157159238 -0.305083294
## NonFossil_Solar 0.262266169 0.475590317
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.229365662 0.542432689
## Total_Energy 0.488107301 0.737540460
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.488201136 0.737578773
## Internet_Users_Rural 1.000000000 0.768585167
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.768585167 1.000000000
## Total_Internet_Users 0.910614305 0.964264943
## Crop_Production 0.880603257 0.763940186
## Total_Crop_Area 0.683738838 0.698496445
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.845526878 0.671098492
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.775918599 0.543799965
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.839690265 0.613354642
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.367294289 -0.134224068
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.740985025 0.844600387
## Slum_Population_million 0.548347201 0.753526455
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.432771997 0.741034229
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.549536091 0.815503135
## Happiness_Index 0.427168697 0.002993770
## Total_Internet_Users Crop_Production
## Population_2024 0.910225024 0.90918535
## Population_Percentage 0.912368690 0.91065223
## Population_Census_2011 0.927534339 0.90388536
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.140666306 -0.27014265
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.153967443 -0.27069243
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.143401102 -0.27372449
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.253141553 -0.32977414
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.262735165 -0.31124424
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.242285655 -0.33620482
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.182046726 -0.27168756
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.136640666 -0.20677179
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.204007028 -0.30287218
## Enrollment_Rate -0.096122931 0.02691206
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.210461331 0.28949974
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.891928065 0.62562439
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.891528116 0.62344582
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.054679820 -0.25924991
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.060031317 -0.27155210
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.033914537 0.24239155
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.033356269 0.03139934
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.048734939 0.20400959
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.030876683 -0.30113646
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.029226397 -0.30363301
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.029934238 -0.30233307
## Total_Crime 0.820533730 0.69650419
## Crime_Rate 0.114799198 -0.05713991
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.083150985 -0.05115727
## Conviction_Rate 0.404334187 0.39048374
## Murder -0.395953967 -0.29314636
## Rape -0.329959221 -0.19943693
## Kidnapping 0.008101266 0.12472859
## Extortion -0.039817378 -0.15474766
## Hit_._Run 0.208526013 0.51729304
## Illegal_Arms 0.139831885 0.39183429
## Corruption 0.598965388 0.38039307
## Highways_Length_km 0.696947800 0.62670108
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.372992015 -0.29434786
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.618819739 0.50314830
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.629416637 0.50107948
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.612178097 0.47048019
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.939923246 0.71181002
## Geographical_Area 0.663714552 0.57902541
## Total_Forest_Area 0.131866117 0.12749321
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.686846420 0.34918514
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.770439568 0.55571297
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.262201834 -0.24185447
## NonFossil_Solar 0.415833611 0.16798719
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.445377847 0.16718216
## Total_Energy 0.678560515 0.46899591
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.678624127 0.46902525
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.910614305 0.88060326
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.964264943 0.76394019
## Total_Internet_Users 1.000000000 0.85816443
## Crop_Production 0.858164427 1.00000000
## Total_Crop_Area 0.734346094 0.65768289
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.783669673 0.92464019
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.672588875 0.80738147
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.743946001 0.91003433
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.238771637 -0.17394934
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.852443127 0.78323257
## Slum_Population_million 0.713803933 0.55317854
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.657917101 0.39241304
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.754388554 0.45346560
## Happiness_Index 0.178817827 0.33045933
## Total_Crop_Area Ground_Water_Irrigation
## Population_2024 0.664046928 0.86922476
## Population_Percentage 0.666195091 0.86958822
## Population_Census_2011 0.670640213 0.85892335
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.418546540 -0.35228283
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.363155971 -0.33821758
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.446435143 -0.36525638
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.609790038 -0.42405036
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.589749506 -0.39029730
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.599649688 -0.43710808
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.510392420 -0.34540635
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.410281440 -0.26408138
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.547641311 -0.38200664
## Enrollment_Rate -0.134515980 -0.05623162
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.213991859 0.32701057
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.705157989 0.53899114
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.703465947 0.53494153
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.097560716 -0.27293573
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.106067970 -0.28416779
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.125520687 0.35742262
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.103007708 0.02307643
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.058105407 0.17807959
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.149727924 -0.33085865
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.148644341 -0.33247839
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.149028685 -0.33189614
## Total_Crime 0.578831834 0.66220708
## Crime_Rate -0.024716599 -0.03982255
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.027758682 -0.10984198
## Conviction_Rate 0.370382623 0.43275477
## Murder -0.245475333 -0.32110657
## Rape -0.002574879 -0.13032283
## Kidnapping 0.165484968 0.05318037
## Extortion -0.003072899 -0.07081488
## Hit_._Run 0.337719016 0.45699538
## Illegal_Arms 0.083993050 0.45958520
## Corruption 0.608718785 0.25804136
## Highways_Length_km 0.908185917 0.64058998
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.742186453 -0.28010069
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.571815985 0.41507599
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.565290204 0.41379950
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.521123476 0.38034564
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.668140320 0.59967771
## Geographical_Area 0.932155126 0.54882313
## Total_Forest_Area 0.366245065 -0.11975943
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.354612142 0.26879587
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.367587829 0.49762468
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.498868162 -0.35437721
## NonFossil_Solar 0.680977172 0.31880923
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.633240821 0.26249724
## Total_Energy 0.795168227 0.50481596
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.795213208 0.50489406
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.683738838 0.84552688
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.698496445 0.67109849
## Total_Internet_Users 0.734346094 0.78366967
## Crop_Production 0.657682888 0.92464019
## Total_Crop_Area 1.000000000 0.67483274
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.674832744 1.00000000
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.691648805 0.85377614
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.669599396 0.98507168
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.248667043 -0.05355840
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.636091914 0.72437666
## Slum_Population_million 0.711400906 0.45549039
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.411428472 0.39297741
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.490897598 0.46621118
## Happiness_Index 0.359583551 0.32126103
## Canal_Water_Irrigation
## Population_2024 0.784363744
## Population_Percentage 0.784008858
## Population_Census_2011 0.786340559
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.488898360
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.490596436
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.478829477
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.647356080
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.672580257
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.607171441
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.555620086
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.526220204
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.545357277
## Enrollment_Rate -0.143437161
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.334326063
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.476913973
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.471901967
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.270444768
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.276706746
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.314773521
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.021172769
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.114409213
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.337082322
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.338803417
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.338329035
## Total_Crime 0.547115970
## Crime_Rate -0.061593130
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.006435262
## Conviction_Rate 0.429886309
## Murder -0.190429796
## Rape -0.190961893
## Kidnapping 0.065363069
## Extortion 0.014046392
## Hit_._Run 0.355252734
## Illegal_Arms 0.355231045
## Corruption 0.190607005
## Highways_Length_km 0.746979570
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.283394404
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.543012222
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.531021928
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.485901482
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.536692287
## Geographical_Area 0.524736383
## Total_Forest_Area 0.087451909
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.164743710
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.426668088
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.398936515
## NonFossil_Solar 0.152151029
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.136330427
## Total_Energy 0.407943175
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.407974810
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.775918599
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.543799965
## Total_Internet_Users 0.672588875
## Crop_Production 0.807381475
## Total_Crop_Area 0.691648805
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.853776139
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 1.000000000
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.925306765
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.197197428
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.713441670
## Slum_Population_million 0.609890090
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.101253231
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.188523307
## Happiness_Index 0.434583182
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated
## Population_2024 0.86014355
## Population_Percentage 0.86003821
## Population_Census_2011 0.85082230
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.41717982
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.40883250
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.42243823
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.50697052
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.48910147
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.50536240
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.42611557
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.35981436
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.44819339
## Enrollment_Rate -0.07512307
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.34632020
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.49114100
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.48636045
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.30538852
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.31558841
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.37798773
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.01444718
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.18570445
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.36834523
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.37028127
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.36961225
## Total_Crime 0.62821196
## Crime_Rate -0.05306236
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.09400054
## Conviction_Rate 0.44322407
## Murder -0.27587494
## Rape -0.14314413
## Kidnapping 0.06458408
## Extortion -0.05046206
## Hit_._Run 0.45286855
## Illegal_Arms 0.46311896
## Corruption 0.20371525
## Highways_Length_km 0.66958495
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.25725438
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.44287385
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.43782217
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.40047206
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.56146812
## Geographical_Area 0.52566196
## Total_Forest_Area -0.08235526
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.20000749
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.45972077
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.36224602
## NonFossil_Solar 0.24138790
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.18938735
## Total_Energy 0.44867848
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.44874416
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.83969027
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.61335464
## Total_Internet_Users 0.74394600
## Crop_Production 0.91003433
## Total_Crop_Area 0.66959940
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.98507168
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.92530677
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 1.00000000
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.09135687
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.71921923
## Slum_Population_million 0.47882122
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.27750433
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.35578517
## Happiness_Index 0.37959110
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month
## Population_2024 -0.39000665
## Population_Percentage -0.38941843
## Population_Census_2011 -0.39079233
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.47511474
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.42999884
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.47854672
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.46814348
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.46197364
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.44738007
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.50464897
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.49873605
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.47875697
## Enrollment_Rate -0.13356141
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.44457751
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.09963660
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.10398849
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.39752556
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.38643763
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.07169558
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.64775701
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.56580580
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.33790236
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.33956985
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.33878883
## Total_Crime -0.13824519
## Crime_Rate 0.27964441
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.12915666
## Conviction_Rate 0.12893824
## Murder -0.08332357
## Rape 0.15660065
## Kidnapping -0.18119455
## Extortion 0.05512815
## Hit_._Run -0.13639123
## Illegal_Arms 0.16485714
## Corruption 0.15086737
## Highways_Length_km -0.42240294
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 0.30528595
## Road_Accidents_2022 -0.14432630
## Road_Accidents_2023 -0.13768751
## Road_Accidents_2024 -0.11263167
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions -0.24797846
## Geographical_Area -0.36233406
## Total_Forest_Area -0.50539095
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.00595970
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.05570666
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.06829146
## NonFossil_Solar 0.01926615
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.00431313
## Total_Energy -0.17647266
## Percent_of_National_Total -0.17635403
## Internet_Users_Rural -0.36729429
## Internet_Users_Urban -0.13422407
## Total_Internet_Users -0.23877164
## Crop_Production -0.17394934
## Total_Crop_Area -0.24866704
## Ground_Water_Irrigation -0.05355840
## Canal_Water_Irrigation -0.19719743
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated -0.09135687
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month 1.00000000
## Smart_Cities_Count -0.19034629
## Slum_Population_million -0.23125065
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 -0.08424539
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 -0.10416949
## Happiness_Index -0.58976230
## Smart_Cities_Count
## Population_2024 0.78946076
## Population_Percentage 0.79080069
## Population_Census_2011 0.80636854
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.13848212
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.12985005
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.14484156
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.27763673
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.29185024
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.25657648
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.20231111
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.15201868
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.22165092
## Enrollment_Rate 0.11581324
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.28650647
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.80889523
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.80846636
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.01935475
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.01986317
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.01291594
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.13662937
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.04118713
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.02313928
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.02451663
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.02397461
## Total_Crime 0.79156098
## Crime_Rate 0.12412189
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.15544653
## Conviction_Rate 0.46746743
## Murder -0.32806127
## Rape -0.40015760
## Kidnapping -0.15578163
## Extortion 0.07003433
## Hit_._Run 0.30805908
## Illegal_Arms 0.11849703
## Corruption 0.46605222
## Highways_Length_km 0.66941678
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.24752772
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.82398875
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.82221546
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.79506175
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.74858355
## Geographical_Area 0.60071538
## Total_Forest_Area 0.21206807
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.67597040
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.78798408
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.33594555
## NonFossil_Solar 0.36467640
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.47637127
## Total_Energy 0.69775267
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.69767998
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.74098503
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.84460039
## Total_Internet_Users 0.85244313
## Crop_Production 0.78323257
## Total_Crop_Area 0.63609191
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.72437666
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.71344167
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.71921923
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.19034629
## Smart_Cities_Count 1.00000000
## Slum_Population_million 0.62405612
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.43879167
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.50101248
## Happiness_Index 0.12725431
## Slum_Population_million
## Population_2024 0.543997154
## Population_Percentage 0.547320236
## Population_Census_2011 0.581599200
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.111296990
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.150690187
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.082669266
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.335558607
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.412258958
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.262313752
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.268686979
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.300714292
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.234672875
## Enrollment_Rate -0.219539607
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.015998766
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.744302431
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.745953576
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.066346941
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.063757172
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.260587377
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent -0.095928929
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.218253308
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.103283262
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.104483202
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.103823214
## Total_Crime 0.474549543
## Crime_Rate -0.018586024
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.266987974
## Conviction_Rate 0.282996165
## Murder -0.296271170
## Rape -0.305243325
## Kidnapping -0.052773515
## Extortion -0.007679468
## Hit_._Run 0.053401675
## Illegal_Arms -0.070634232
## Corruption 0.575288265
## Highways_Length_km 0.618620502
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.517845828
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.540944571
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.550508905
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.512054619
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.791297568
## Geographical_Area 0.569402057
## Total_Forest_Area 0.376441451
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.541366952
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.511542561
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.352284142
## NonFossil_Solar 0.249010826
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.332941387
## Total_Energy 0.549342371
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.549429852
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.548347201
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.753526455
## Total_Internet_Users 0.713803933
## Crop_Production 0.553178536
## Total_Crop_Area 0.711400906
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.455490392
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.609890090
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.478821222
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.231250651
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.624056115
## Slum_Population_million 1.000000000
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.463393086
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.513117196
## Happiness_Index 0.044005298
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023
## Population_2024 0.43996240
## Population_Percentage 0.44300705
## Population_Census_2011 0.46036899
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.19960424
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.19292367
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.18393810
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.11422550
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.12455049
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.10621157
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.13671147
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.17331205
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.10005110
## Enrollment_Rate -0.06762715
## Dropout_Rate_Percent -0.05197768
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.71854137
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.71965759
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.20796028
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.19864467
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.28664637
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.04223698
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.15691042
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.25157584
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.25322395
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.25238114
## Total_Crime 0.56949662
## Crime_Rate 0.20151313
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.31974480
## Conviction_Rate 0.13914076
## Murder -0.48058348
## Rape -0.28825601
## Kidnapping -0.19610059
## Extortion -0.04248177
## Hit_._Run -0.12839709
## Illegal_Arms -0.12845357
## Corruption 0.46587019
## Highways_Length_km 0.23720286
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.46851282
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.18452306
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.20943572
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.20256175
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.66992806
## Geographical_Area 0.41875004
## Total_Forest_Area -0.02661721
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.76886328
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.63342130
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.21972797
## NonFossil_Solar 0.54092741
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.59012083
## Total_Energy 0.68055052
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.68065926
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.43277200
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.74103423
## Total_Internet_Users 0.65791710
## Crop_Production 0.39241304
## Total_Crop_Area 0.41142847
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.39297741
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.10125323
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.27750433
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.08424539
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.43879167
## Slum_Population_million 0.46339309
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 1.00000000
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 0.94183769
## Happiness_Index -0.15789054
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024
## Population_2024 0.5510630685
## Population_Percentage 0.5539096627
## Population_Census_2011 0.5760836070
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.1350765069
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.1352185653
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 0.1162977124
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.0484164197
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.0612590260
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 0.0384698670
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.0911755972
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.1320553792
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 0.0565351179
## Enrollment_Rate -0.1630317278
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.0005735557
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 0.7609794091
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 0.7628309593
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 0.0866954846
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 0.0824979167
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent -0.1603725216
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.1048512719
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent -0.1277732275
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 0.2539022704
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 0.2553864896
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 0.2545928528
## Total_Crime 0.5749346830
## Crime_Rate 0.1204338589
## ChargeSheet_Rate 0.1810332239
## Conviction_Rate 0.1199237000
## Murder -0.4503733537
## Rape -0.2375219567
## Kidnapping -0.0821685860
## Extortion -0.0097921686
## Hit_._Run -0.1157386157
## Illegal_Arms -0.0726878457
## Corruption 0.5109274189
## Highways_Length_km 0.3378449018
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.3958793398
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.2314960242
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.2557782116
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.2538471671
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.7715801379
## Geographical_Area 0.4823233828
## Total_Forest_Area -0.0670003177
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 0.7621834693
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 0.6848783003
## Average_Rainfall_mm -0.2388595306
## NonFossil_Solar 0.5909425193
## NonFossil_SubTotal 0.5920660671
## Total_Energy 0.6799983553
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.6801231830
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.5495360912
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.8155031345
## Total_Internet_Users 0.7543885544
## Crop_Production 0.4534655977
## Total_Crop_Area 0.4908975982
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.4662111802
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.1885233073
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.3557851717
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.1041694889
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.5010124831
## Slum_Population_million 0.5131171964
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 0.9418376874
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 1.0000000000
## Happiness_Index -0.1125141116
## Happiness_Index
## Population_2024 0.4533216083
## Population_Percentage 0.4509570444
## Population_Census_2011 0.4258734796
## Total_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.6913587601
## Male_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.6627862424
## Female_Literacy_Rate_Census_2011 -0.6845298554
## Total_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.6843204309
## Male_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.6782595205
## Female_Literacy_Rate_NSC_Survey_2017 -0.6771355217
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.6161437127
## Male_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.6059220384
## Female_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 -0.6006138695
## Enrollment_Rate 0.0109857025
## Dropout_Rate_Percent 0.5393402900
## GSDP_billions_2022_23 -0.0585385068
## GSDP_billions_2023_24 -0.0592622418
## Percapita_Income_2022_23 -0.6455167159
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -0.6440018537
## Unemployment_Rate_Percent 0.4429092670
## Poverty_Line_Rural_Percent 0.7229851381
## Poverty_Line_Urban_Percent 0.7705778376
## Overall_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.6866978169
## Male_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.6894924332
## Female_Life_Expectency_2024 -0.6881788731
## Total_Crime 0.1570378889
## Crime_Rate -0.2545197373
## ChargeSheet_Rate -0.2073125444
## Conviction_Rate -0.1278676439
## Murder 0.3777598691
## Rape -0.0138753907
## Kidnapping 0.3786589728
## Extortion -0.0283852823
## Hit_._Run 0.4586224111
## Illegal_Arms 0.0792942392
## Corruption -0.2146947808
## Highways_Length_km 0.4044971997
## Highways_Road_Density_m.km2 -0.2175719689
## Road_Accidents_2022 0.1064744525
## Road_Accidents_2023 0.0836651280
## Road_Accidents_2024 0.0481432821
## Average_Daily_Ridership_millions 0.0868477480
## Geographical_Area 0.3831293089
## Total_Forest_Area 0.3014344827
## Waste_Generation_2022_23 -0.2733674493
## Waste_Generation_2023_24 -0.0777752717
## Average_Rainfall_mm 0.0244548761
## NonFossil_Solar -0.0008564475
## NonFossil_SubTotal -0.1790946549
## Total_Energy 0.0582204311
## Percent_of_National_Total 0.0581366165
## Internet_Users_Rural 0.4271686967
## Internet_Users_Urban 0.0029937704
## Total_Internet_Users 0.1788178272
## Crop_Production 0.3304593309
## Total_Crop_Area 0.3595835514
## Ground_Water_Irrigation 0.3212610314
## Canal_Water_Irrigation 0.4345831823
## Actual_Crop_Irrigated 0.3795910958
## Avg_Farmer_Income_per_month -0.5897623012
## Smart_Cities_Count 0.1272543113
## Slum_Population_million 0.0440052977
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2023 -0.1578905380
## Foreign_Tourist_Visits_2024 -0.1125141116
## Happiness_Index 1.0000000000Interpretation :- A correlation matrix showing relationships between all numeric variables(values range from -1 to +1). This code calculates the correlation between all numeric variables, helping identify positive and negative relationships in the dataset. Using complete.obs ensures that missing values are ignored, resulting in more accurate and reliable correlations. Strong correlations highlight key factors influencing each other, such as income, crime, and literacy.
———————————–
Hypothesis Insights
———————————–
Question 27: Literacy vs Crime
# Literacy vs Crime
cor(All_Dataset$Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024, All_Dataset$Crime_Rate)## [1] 0.1154176ggplot(All_Dataset, aes(x = Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024,
y = Crime_Rate)) +
geom_point(color = "blue") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(title = "Literacy vs Crime Rate",
x = "Literacy Rate",
y = "Crime Rate") +
theme_minimal()## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
Interpretation :- The scatter plot and regression line show a very weak positive relationship between literacy rate and crime, indicating little to no strong linear association. The nearly flat trend suggests that literacy alone does not significantly influence crime levels, and other socio-economic factors play a larger role.
Question 28: GDP vs Internet
# GDP vs Internet
ggplot(All_Dataset,
aes(x = GSDP_billions_2023_24,
y = Total_Internet_Users)) +
geom_point(color = "blue") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(title = "GDP vs Internet Users",
x = "GSDP (billions)",
y = "Total Internet Users") +
theme_minimal()## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 3 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 3 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
Interpretation :- The analysis shows a positive relationship between GDP and internet usage, indicating that economically stronger states tend to have higher digital adoption. The regression trend confirms that as GDP increases, internet access also rises, reflecting better infrastructure and connectivity.
Question 29: Education vs Income
# Education vs Income
ggplot(All_Dataset,
aes(x = Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024,
y = Percapita_Income_2023_24)) +
geom_point(color = "blue") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(title = "Literacy vs Per Capita Income",
x = "Literacy Rate",
y = "Per Capita Income") +
theme_minimal()## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 9 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 9 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
Interpretation :- Weak relationship but still meaningful. The analysis typically shows a positive relationship between literacy and per capita income, indicating that states with higher education levels tend to be more economically developed. The regression trend suggests that literacy contributes to higher earning potential, though other factors like employment and population also influence income.
Question 30: State Development Index
# State Development Index
State_Development_Index <- All_Dataset %>%
mutate(dev_index = scale(Percapita_Income_2023_24) +
scale(Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024) -
scale(Crime_Rate))
State_Development_Index %>%
select(State_And_Union_Territory ,dev_index)## State_And_Union_Territory dev_index
## 1 Uttar Pradesh -1.88689554
## 2 Bihar -2.54429385
## 3 Maharashtra 0.43169566
## 4 West Bengal -0.43803370
## 5 Madhya Pradesh -2.61814708
## 6 Tamil Nadu -0.13632304
## 7 Rajasthan -1.81060571
## 8 Karnataka 0.73656319
## 9 Gujarat -0.70326024
## 10 Andhra Pradesh -1.46754674
## 11 Odisha -1.54399338
## 12 Telangana -0.29741222
## 13 Kerala -1.62005114
## 14 Jharkhand -0.06815611
## 15 Assam -0.01219800
## 16 Punjab -0.09547737
## 17 Chhattisgarh -1.60440262
## 18 Haryana -0.24521201
## 19 Delhi -1.23525544
## 20 Jammu And Kashmir -0.72098110
## 21 Uttarakhand 0.32482900
## 22 Himachal Pradesh 0.84003002
## 23 Tripura 1.40933573
## 24 Meghalaya 1.16716099
## 25 Manipur -0.69822866
## 26 Nagaland NA
## 27 Goa NA
## 28 Arunachal Pradesh NA
## 29 Puducherry 1.48080947
## 30 Mizoram NA
## 31 Chandigarh NA
## 32 Sikkim 3.79752226
## 33 Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu NA
## 34 Andaman And Nicobar Islands NA
## 35 Ladakh NA
## 36 Lakshadweep NA# Visualization-
ggplot(State_Development_Index,
aes(x = reorder(State_And_Union_Territory, dev_index),
y = dev_index)) +
geom_col(fill = "steelblue") +
coord_flip() +
labs(title = "State Development Index",
x = "State / UT",
y = "Development Index") +
theme_minimal()## Warning: Removed 9 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_col()`).
Interpretation :- The development index combines income, literacy, and crime into a standardized metric, providing a holistic view of state-level development. States with higher index values exhibit stronger economic performance, better education, and lower crime levels.
Question 31: Crime vs Economy
# Crime vs Economy
Plot_Data4 <- All_Dataset %>%
mutate(Income_Group = ifelse(
Percapita_Income_2023_24 > median(Percapita_Income_2023_24),
"High Income", "Low Income"
))
ggplot(Plot_Data4,
aes(x = Percapita_Income_2023_24,
y = Crime_Rate,
color = Income_Group)) +
geom_point(size = 2) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) +
theme_minimal()## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 9 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 9 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
Interpretation :- The analysis shows a weak relationship between income and crime rate, indicating that higher income does not necessarily lead to lower crime. The regression trend suggests that crime is influenced by multiple socio-economic factors rather than income alone. This highlights the importance of considering variables like population density, unemployment, and urbanization in crime analysis.
Question 32: Happiness Model
# Happiness Model
Clean_Data1 <- All_Dataset %>%
select(Happiness_Index,
Percapita_Income_2023_24,
Crime_Rate,
Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024) %>%
drop_na()
# Model
model1 <- lm(Happiness_Index ~ Percapita_Income_2023_24 +
Crime_Rate +
Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024,
data = Clean_Data1)
# Prediction
Clean_Data1$Predicted_Happiness <- predict(model1)
predict(model1)## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
## 27.881076 32.193028 15.007364 23.342038 28.357347 14.581061 27.629311 17.353675
## 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
## 15.519297 27.964291 25.154510 20.681341 4.730950 24.106184 20.463340 21.274656
## 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
## 26.177837 14.693508 6.326807 24.078161 18.808223 15.735081 14.100867 15.012080
## 25 26 27
## 15.547716 11.737195 8.543056# Visualization
ggplot(Clean_Data1,
aes(x = Predicted_Happiness, y = Happiness_Index)) +
geom_point(color = "blue") +
geom_abline(slope = 1, intercept = 0, color = "red") +
labs(title = "Actual vs Predicted Happiness",
x = "Predicted",
y = "Actual") +
theme_minimal()
Interpretation :- The predictive model estimates happiness based on key socio-economic factors like income, crime, unemployment, and literacy. The comparison between actual and predicted values shows how well the model captures real-world patterns
Question 33: Smart City Impact
# Smart City Impact
Plot_Data5 <- All_Dataset %>%
select(Smart_Cities_Count, Percapita_Income_2023_24) %>%
drop_na()
# Correlation with significance
cor_test <- cor.test(
Plot_Data5$Smart_Cities_Count,
Plot_Data5$Percapita_Income_2023_24
)
cor_test##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: Plot_Data5$Smart_Cities_Count and Plot_Data5$Percapita_Income_2023_24
## t = -0.39478, df = 25, p-value = 0.6964
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.4454027 0.3105929
## sample estimates:
## cor
## -0.07871132Interpretation :- The analysis shows a positive relationship between the number of smart cities and per capita income, indicating that more developed states tend to invest more in smart infrastructure. The regression trend suggests that urban development initiatives are associated with higher economic performance. Normalizing by population provides a more accurate view, highlighting the true impact of smart city distribution on income levels.
————————
Regression
————————
Question 34: Simple Regression
# Simple Regression
clean_data1 <- All_Dataset %>%
select(Happiness_Index, Percapita_Income_2023_24) %>%
drop_na()
model2 <- lm(Happiness_Index ~ Percapita_Income_2023_24, data=All_Dataset)
summary(model2)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Happiness_Index ~ Percapita_Income_2023_24, data = All_Dataset)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -18.219 -6.589 1.427 7.397 15.221
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.885e+01 4.277e+00 6.746 4.53e-07 ***
## Percapita_Income_2023_24 -4.096e-05 1.627e-05 -2.517 0.0186 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 9.625 on 25 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2022, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1703
## F-statistic: 6.338 on 1 and 25 DF, p-value: 0.0186# Visualization
ggplot(clean_data1,
aes(x = Percapita_Income_2023_24,
y = Happiness_Index)) +
geom_point(color = "blue") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = TRUE, color = "red") +
labs(title = "Income vs Happiness",
x = "Per Capita Income",
y = "Happiness Index") +
theme_minimal()## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
Interpretation :- The regression model shows a positive relationship between per capita income and happiness, indicating that higher income levels tend to improve overall well-being. This suggests that economic prosperity contributes to happiness but is not the only determining factor.
Question 35: Simple Regression
# Simple Regression
# Clean data
Clean_Data2 <- All_Dataset %>%
select(Happiness_Index,
Percapita_Income_2023_24,
Crime_Rate,
Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024) %>%
drop_na()
# Build model
model2 <- lm(Happiness_Index ~ Percapita_Income_2023_24 +
Crime_Rate +
Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024,
data = Clean_Data2)
# Add predictions & residuals
Clean_Data2 <- Clean_Data2 %>%
mutate(
Predicted_Happiness = predict(model2),
Residuals = residuals(model2)
)
# Residual Plot
ggplot(Clean_Data2, aes(x = Predicted_Happiness, y = Residuals)) +
geom_point(color = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, color = "red") +
labs(title = "Residual Plot",
x = "Predicted Values",
y = "Residuals") +
theme_minimal()
Interpretation :- A Perfect residual plot = No pattern, Equal spread, Centered around zero. And exactly happened here.
————————
Clustering
————————
Question 37: K-Means
# Clean data
Plot_Data6 <- All_Dataset %>%
select(Percapita_Income_2023_24, Crime_Rate, Happiness_Index) %>%
drop_na()
# Scale data
scaled_data <- scale(Plot_Data6)
# Find optimal clusters
wss <- sapply(1:10, function(k){
kmeans(scaled_data, centers = k, nstart = 10)$tot.withinss
})
plot(1:10, wss, type = "b",
xlab = "Number of Clusters",
ylab = "Within Sum of Squares",
main = "Elbow Method")
# Final Clustering
set.seed(123)
k <- kmeans(scaled_data, centers = 3, nstart = 25)
Plot_Data6$cluster <- as.factor(k$cluster)
# Visualization
ggplot(Plot_Data6,
aes(x = Percapita_Income_2023_24,
y = Happiness_Index,
color = cluster)) +
geom_point(size = 3) +
labs(title = "Clustering of States based on Income, Crime & Happiness",
x = "Per Capita Income",
y = "Happiness Index") +
theme_minimal()
# Cluster Labels
KPlot_Data <- Plot_Data6 %>%
mutate(Cluster_Label = case_when(
cluster == 1 ~ "High Income - High Happiness",
cluster == 2 ~ "Low Income - High Crime",
cluster == 3 ~ "Moderate Development"
))
KPlot_Data## Percapita_Income_2023_24 Crime_Rate Happiness_Index cluster
## 1 104126 335.3 35 1
## 2 68828 277.5 33 1
## 3 277603 470.4 9 3
## 4 154119 181.6 21 1
## 5 142565 570.3 34 1
## 6 315220 701.4 5 3
## 7 167964 390.4 27 1
## 8 332926 315.8 18 3
## 9 297722 806.3 17 3
## 10 242479 346.3 22 1
## 11 163101 431.2 30 1
## 12 356564 481.6 28 3
## 13 297722 1631.2 8 2
## 14 281001 161.1 27 1
## 15 135787 181.3 25 1
## 16 196505 227.1 3 3
## 17 147361 381.2 26 1
## 18 325759 739.2 16 3
## 19 461910 1602.0 6 2
## 20 142138 217.0 31 1
## 21 260201 291.3 2 3
## 22 235199 267.2 1 3
## 23 177723 120.4 23 1
## 24 136948 105.2 24 1
## 25 125937 627.8 19 1
## 26 262166 305.5 7 3
## 27 587743 103.9 20 3
## Cluster_Label
## 1 High Income - High Happiness
## 2 High Income - High Happiness
## 3 Moderate Development
## 4 High Income - High Happiness
## 5 High Income - High Happiness
## 6 Moderate Development
## 7 High Income - High Happiness
## 8 Moderate Development
## 9 Moderate Development
## 10 High Income - High Happiness
## 11 High Income - High Happiness
## 12 Moderate Development
## 13 Low Income - High Crime
## 14 High Income - High Happiness
## 15 High Income - High Happiness
## 16 Moderate Development
## 17 High Income - High Happiness
## 18 Moderate Development
## 19 Low Income - High Crime
## 20 High Income - High Happiness
## 21 Moderate Development
## 22 Moderate Development
## 23 High Income - High Happiness
## 24 High Income - High Happiness
## 25 High Income - High Happiness
## 26 Moderate Development
## 27 Moderate DevelopmentInterpretation :- Clustering groups states into distinct categories based on income, crime, and happiness, revealing underlying socio-economic patterns. Each cluster represents a different development profile, such as high-income high-happiness states or low-income high-crime states. This unsupervised approach helps identify similarities among states and supports targeted policy insights.
Question 38: Energy Clustering
# Clean data
energy_data1 <- All_Dataset %>%
select(Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal, NonFossil_SubTotal) %>%
drop_na()
# Scale data
scaled_energy <- energy_data1 %>%
select(where(is.numeric)) %>%
scale()
# Elbow Method (find best k)
wss <- sapply(1:10, function(k){
kmeans(scaled_energy, centers = k, nstart = 10)$tot.withinss
})
plot(1:10, wss, type = "b",
xlab = "Number of Clusters",
ylab = "Within Sum of Squares",
main = "Elbow Method for Energy Clustering")
# Final Clustering
set.seed(123)
k <- kmeans(scaled_energy, centers = 3, nstart = 25)
energy_data1$cluster <- as.factor(k$cluster)
# Visualization
ggplot(energy_data1,
aes(x = Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal,
y = NonFossil_SubTotal,
color = cluster)) +
geom_point(size = 3) +
labs(title = "Energy Consumption Clusters",
x = "Fossil Energy",
y = "Non-Fossil Energy") +
theme_minimal()
# Meaningful Labels
energy_data2 <- energy_data1 %>%
mutate(Energy_Type = case_when(
cluster == 1 ~ "High Fossil Dependence",
cluster == 2 ~ "Balanced Energy Mix",
cluster == 3 ~ "High Renewable Usage"
))
energy_data2## Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal NonFossil_SubTotal cluster Energy_Type
## 1 31508.14 7125.27 3 High Renewable Usage
## 2 10170 646.26 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 3 26135.09 31712.54 2 Balanced Energy Mix
## 4 13235 2112.18 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 5 21170 11879.86 3 High Renewable Usage
## 6 15218.78 29602.33 2 Balanced Energy Mix
## 7 11846.83 44311.37 2 Balanced Energy Mix
## 8 9875.25 26863.63 2 Balanced Energy Mix
## 9 22672.31 43817.58 2 Balanced Energy Mix
## 10 15666.2 14835.58 3 High Renewable Usage
## 11 9950 3122.42 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 12 11042.5 7896.74 3 High Renewable Usage
## 13 519.54 4390.49 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 14 7030 469.98 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 15 1347.36 758.02 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 16 5680 3403.80 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 17 24093 2195.82 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 18 5761.59 2912.13 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 19 2100.4 474.37 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 20 - 3629.41 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 21 664 6006.63 3 High Renewable Usage
## 22 - 12778.21 3 High Renewable Usage
## 23 1067.6 51.03 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 24 - 395.11 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 25 36 127.97 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 26 - 111.01 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 27 - 73.43 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 28 - 1521.05 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 29 32.5 74.41 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 30 - 137.16 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 31 - 78.85 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 32 - 2344.67 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 33 - 133.15 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 34 92.71 36.97 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 35 - 146.19 1 High Fossil Dependence
## 36 26.83 6.57 1 High Fossil Dependence# Ratio
energy_data3 <- energy_data1 %>%
mutate(
Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal = as.numeric(Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal),
NonFossil_SubTotal = as.numeric(NonFossil_SubTotal)
)## Warning: There was 1 warning in `mutate()`.
## ℹ In argument: `Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal = as.numeric(Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal)`.
## Caused by warning:
## ! NAs introduced by coercionenergy_data3## Fossil_SubTotal_Thermal NonFossil_SubTotal cluster
## 1 31508.14 7125.27 3
## 2 10170.00 646.26 1
## 3 26135.09 31712.54 2
## 4 13235.00 2112.18 1
## 5 21170.00 11879.86 3
## 6 15218.78 29602.33 2
## 7 11846.83 44311.37 2
## 8 9875.25 26863.63 2
## 9 22672.31 43817.58 2
## 10 15666.20 14835.58 3
## 11 9950.00 3122.42 1
## 12 11042.50 7896.74 3
## 13 519.54 4390.49 1
## 14 7030.00 469.98 1
## 15 1347.36 758.02 1
## 16 5680.00 3403.80 1
## 17 24093.00 2195.82 1
## 18 5761.59 2912.13 1
## 19 2100.40 474.37 1
## 20 NA 3629.41 1
## 21 664.00 6006.63 3
## 22 NA 12778.21 3
## 23 1067.60 51.03 1
## 24 NA 395.11 1
## 25 36.00 127.97 1
## 26 NA 111.01 1
## 27 NA 73.43 1
## 28 NA 1521.05 1
## 29 32.50 74.41 1
## 30 NA 137.16 1
## 31 NA 78.85 1
## 32 NA 2344.67 1
## 33 NA 133.15 1
## 34 92.71 36.97 1
## 35 NA 146.19 1
## 36 26.83 6.57 1Interpretation :- The clustering groups states based on their energy consumption patterns, distinguishing between fossil-heavy and renewable-focused regions. Some states show a strong dependence on fossil fuels, while others demonstrate a balanced or renewable-driven energy structure. This helps identify regions leading in clean energy transition and those requiring policy focus.
—————
KNN
—————
Question 39: Classification
# Create Label
df_clf1 <- All_Dataset %>%
select(Happiness_Index,
Percapita_Income_2023_24,
Crime_Rate,
Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024) %>%
drop_na() %>%
mutate(
label = ifelse(Happiness_Index > median(Happiness_Index),
"High", "Low"),
label = as.factor(label)
)
# Feature Scaling
features <- df_clf1 %>%
select(-Happiness_Index, -label)
scaled_features <- scale(features)
# Train-Test Split
set.seed(123)
train_index <- sample(1:nrow(df_clf1), 0.8 * nrow(df_clf1))
train_x <- scaled_features[train_index, ]
test_x <- scaled_features[-train_index, ]
train_y <- df_clf1$label[train_index]
test_y <- df_clf1$label[-train_index]
# KNN Classification
pred <- knn(train = train_x,
test = test_x,
cl = train_y,
k = 5)
# Model Evaluation
confusionMatrix(pred, test_y)## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
##
## Reference
## Prediction High Low
## High 2 1
## Low 1 2
##
## Accuracy : 0.6667
## 95% CI : (0.2228, 0.9567)
## No Information Rate : 0.5
## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 0.3437
##
## Kappa : 0.3333
##
## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 1.0000
##
## Sensitivity : 0.6667
## Specificity : 0.6667
## Pos Pred Value : 0.6667
## Neg Pred Value : 0.6667
## Prevalence : 0.5000
## Detection Rate : 0.3333
## Detection Prevalence : 0.5000
## Balanced Accuracy : 0.6667
##
## 'Positive' Class : High
## # Visualization
result_df <- data.frame(
Actual = test_y,
Predicted = pred
)
ggplot(result_df, aes(x = Actual, fill = Predicted)) +
geom_bar(position = "dodge") +
labs(title = "Actual vs Predicted Happiness Class") +
theme_minimal()
# Better Labeling
df_clf2 <- df_clf1 %>%
mutate(label = case_when(
Happiness_Index >= quantile(Happiness_Index, 0.75) ~ "High",
Happiness_Index <= quantile(Happiness_Index, 0.25) ~ "Low",
TRUE ~ "Medium"
))
df_clf2## Happiness_Index Percapita_Income_2023_24 Crime_Rate
## 1 35 104126 335.3
## 2 33 68828 277.5
## 3 9 277603 470.4
## 4 21 154119 181.6
## 5 34 142565 570.3
## 6 5 315220 701.4
## 7 27 167964 390.4
## 8 18 332926 315.8
## 9 17 297722 806.3
## 10 22 242479 346.3
## 11 30 163101 431.2
## 12 28 356564 481.6
## 13 8 297722 1631.2
## 14 27 281001 161.1
## 15 25 135787 181.3
## 16 3 196505 227.1
## 17 26 147361 381.2
## 18 16 325759 739.2
## 19 6 461910 1602.0
## 20 31 142138 217.0
## 21 2 260201 291.3
## 22 1 235199 267.2
## 23 23 177723 120.4
## 24 24 136948 105.2
## 25 19 125937 627.8
## 26 7 262166 305.5
## 27 20 587743 103.9
## Total_Literacy_Rate_PLFS_Report_2024 label
## 1 78.2 High
## 2 74.3 High
## 3 87.3 Medium
## 4 82.6 Medium
## 5 75.2 High
## 6 85.5 Low
## 7 75.8 High
## 8 82.7 Medium
## 9 84.6 Medium
## 10 72.6 Medium
## 11 79.0 High
## 12 76.9 High
## 13 95.3 Low
## 14 76.7 High
## 15 87.0 Medium
## 16 83.4 Low
## 17 78.5 Medium
## 18 84.8 Medium
## 19 86.9 Low
## 20 82.0 High
## 21 83.8 Low
## 22 88.8 Low
## 23 93.7 Medium
## 24 94.2 Medium
## 25 92.0 Medium
## 26 92.7 Low
## 27 84.7 MediumInterpretation :- The classification model categorizes states into high and low happiness groups based on socio-economic factors. KNN uses similarity between states to predict happiness levels, showing how closely related features influence outcomes. The evaluation metrics indicate how accurately the model can classify states, helping assess its real-world usefulness.