1 Descriptive Overview

Patient outcomes — total counts
Outcome N
Discharged 108
Still Admitted 18
Referred 15
Death 6
Unknown 3

2 Table B1: Socio-Demographic Characteristics by Patient Outcome

Table B1: Socio-Demographic Characteristics by Patient Outcome
Socio-Demographic Variable Total (N = 147)1 Discharged
N = 1081		 Still Admitted
N = 181		 Referred
N = 151		 Death
N = 61		 p-value2
Age Group (years)




0.075
    <18 14 (9.5%) 12 (11%) 0 (0%) 2 (13%) 0 (0%)
    18–30 76 (52%) 59 (55%) 6 (33%) 8 (53%) 3 (50%)
    31–45 41 (28%) 28 (26%) 7 (39%) 4 (27%) 2 (33%)
    46–60 12 (8.2%) 7 (6.5%) 5 (28%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    >60 4 (2.7%) 2 (1.9%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%) 1 (17%)
Sex




0.525
    Male 111 (76%) 80 (74%) 13 (72%) 13 (87%) 5 (100%)
    Woman 35 (24%) 28 (26%) 5 (28%) 2 (13%) 0 (0%)
Marital Status




0.147
    Married 73 (50%) 55 (51%) 13 (72%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
    Separated/divorced 2 (1.4%) 2 (1.9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    Single 64 (44%) 45 (42%) 4 (22%) 10 (67%) 5 (83%)
    Widow/Widower 8 (5.4%) 6 (5.6%) 1 (5.6%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
Educational Level





    :Uneducated 27 (18%) 20 (19%) 3 (17%) 2 (14%) 2 (33%)
    Bachelor's degree or above 17 (12%) 15 (14%) 2 (11%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    Higher Secondary 36 (25%) 25 (23%) 3 (17%) 7 (50%) 1 (17%)
    Primary 22 (15%) 16 (15%) 1 (5.6%) 3 (21%) 2 (33%)
    Secondary 44 (30%) 32 (30%) 9 (50%) 2 (14%) 1 (17%)
Occupation





    Businessman 39 (27%) 29 (27%) 3 (17%) 4 (27%) 3 (50%)
    Day laborer 21 (14%) 17 (16%) 3 (17%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
    Employee 25 (17%) 18 (17%) 4 (22%) 2 (13%) 1 (17%)
    Farmer 26 (18%) 17 (16%) 4 (22%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
    Health worker 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 1 (5.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    Housewife 12 (8.2%) 9 (8.3%) 1 (5.6%) 2 (13%) 0 (0%)
    Other 5 (3.4%) 4 (3.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (17%)
    Student 18 (12%) 14 (13%) 2 (11%) 2 (13%) 0 (0%)
Monthly Family Income (BDT)




0.305
    <10,000 39 (27%) 27 (25%) 4 (22%) 6 (40%) 2 (33%)
    10,000–20,000 63 (43%) 47 (44%) 9 (50%) 5 (33%) 2 (33%)
    20,000–40,000 37 (25%) 29 (27%) 5 (28%) 3 (20%) 0 (0%)
    >40,000 8 (5.4%) 5 (4.6%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%) 2 (33%)
Residential Setting




0.174
    City 54 (37%) 43 (40%) 6 (33%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
    Semi-city 52 (36%) 31 (29%) 9 (50%) 9 (60%) 3 (50%)
    Village 40 (27%) 33 (31%) 3 (17%) 2 (13%) 2 (33%)
Household Size




0.366
    >7 14 (9.5%) 13 (12%) 1 (5.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    ≤4 63 (43%) 49 (45%) 8 (44%) 5 (33%) 1 (17%)
    5–7 70 (48%) 46 (43%) 9 (50%) 10 (67%) 5 (83%)
1 n (%)
2 Fisher’s exact test; NA

3 Table B2: Exposure and Risk Factors by Patient Outcome

Table B2: Exposure and Risk Factors by Patient Outcome
Exposure/Risk Variable Total (N = 147)1 Discharged
N = 1081		 Still Admitted
N = 181		 Referred
N = 151		 Death
N = 61		 p-value2
Raw Date Palm Sap Consumption




0.013
    No 33 (22%) 18 (17%) 8 (44%) 4 (27%) 3 (50%)
    Not sure. 15 (10%) 10 (9.3%) 4 (22%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
    Yes 99 (67%) 80 (74%) 6 (33%) 10 (67%) 3 (50%)
Consumption of Bat/Bird-Bitten Fruit




0.085
    No 46 (32%) 28 (26%) 9 (53%) 6 (40%) 3 (50%)
    Not sure. 65 (45%) 54 (50%) 6 (35%) 3 (20%) 2 (33%)
    Yes 35 (24%) 26 (24%) 2 (12%) 6 (40%) 1 (17%)
Bat Roosts/Large Trees Near Residence




0.050
    I don't know. 60 (41%) 51 (47%) 4 (24%) 3 (20%) 2 (33%)
    No 43 (29%) 24 (22%) 9 (53%) 7 (47%) 3 (50%)
    Yes 43 (29%) 33 (31%) 4 (24%) 5 (33%) 1 (17%)
Contact with Suspected/Confirmed Nipah Patient




0.004
    I don't know. 73 (51%) 63 (59%) 6 (35%) 2 (13%) 2 (33%)
    No 40 (28%) 22 (21%) 8 (47%) 8 (53%) 2 (33%)
    Yes 31 (22%) 21 (20%) 3 (18%) 5 (33%) 2 (33%)
Type of Contact with Nipah Patient





    Attending a funeral/burial 9 (8.8%) 6 (9.4%) 3 (18%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    Exposure to bodily fluids/spit/vomit 24 (24%) 10 (16%) 5 (29%) 7 (47%) 2 (33%)
    Feeding/cleaning (caregiving) 29 (28%) 15 (23%) 5 (29%) 5 (33%) 4 (67%)
    Living in the same room 13 (13%) 12 (19%) 1 (5.9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    Visiting the hospital 27 (26%) 21 (33%) 3 (18%) 3 (20%) 0 (0%)
PPE/Mask Use During Patient Contact




0.793
    I don't know. 45 (43%) 27 (42%) 10 (56%) 6 (40%) 2 (33%)
    No 34 (33%) 20 (31%) 6 (33%) 5 (33%) 3 (50%)
    Yes 25 (24%) 18 (28%) 2 (11%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
Animal Keeping at Home or Nearby





    ☐ Cow/Goat 35 (25%) 28 (28%) 3 (17%) 4 (27%) 0 (0%)
    ☐ Don't know 18 (13%) 14 (14%) 3 (17%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
    ☐ No 32 (23%) 21 (21%) 6 (33%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
    ☐ Poultry/Chicken 39 (28%) 30 (30%) 3 (17%) 2 (13%) 4 (67%)
    Pig 16 (11%) 8 (7.9%) 3 (17%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
Inter-District Travel (Last 21 Days)




>0.999
    No 136 (95%) 99 (94%) 16 (94%) 15 (100%) 6 (100%)
    Yes 7 (4.9%) 6 (5.7%) 1 (5.9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Similar Illness in Household/Neighborhood




0.114
    I don't know. 37 (28%) 32 (35%) 4 (22%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
    No 89 (68%) 56 (61%) 13 (72%) 14 (93%) 6 (100%)
    Yes 5 (3.8%) 4 (4.3%) 1 (5.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
1 n (%)
2 Fisher’s exact test; NA

4 Table B3: Clinical Presentation and Management by Patient Outcome

Table B3: Clinical Presentation and Management by Patient Outcome
Clinical Variable Total (N = 147)1 Discharged
N = 1081		 Still Admitted
N = 181		 Referred
N = 151		 Death
N = 61		 p-value2
Symptom-to-Admission Interval




0.012
    : ≤2 days 60 (41%) 53 (49%) 4 (24%) 3 (20%) 0 (0%)
    >5 days 27 (18%) 19 (18%) 5 (29%) 2 (13%) 1 (17%)
    3–5 days 59 (40%) 36 (33%) 8 (47%) 10 (67%) 5 (83%)
Prior Treatment Facility





    District 35 (24%) 18 (17%) 10 (56%) 4 (27%) 3 (50%)
    Nowhere 44 (30%) 42 (39%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%) 1 (17%)
    Other 4 (2.7%) 2 (1.9%) 1 (5.6%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
    Private/Clinic 27 (18%) 19 (18%) 4 (22%) 3 (20%) 1 (17%)
    Upazila 36 (25%) 26 (24%) 3 (17%) 6 (40%) 1 (17%)
Prior Antibiotic/Antiviral/Steroid Use




0.531
    I don't know. 61 (42%) 49 (46%) 5 (28%) 4 (27%) 3 (50%)
    No 55 (38%) 36 (34%) 10 (56%) 7 (47%) 2 (33%)
    Yes 30 (21%) 22 (21%) 3 (17%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
Principal Symptoms at Presentation





    Body ache 9 (6.2%) 8 (7.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (17%)
    Cough 5 (3.4%) 4 (3.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (17%)
    Diarrhea 4 (2.7%) 1 (0.9%) 1 (5.6%) 1 (6.7%) 1 (17%)
    Fever 80 (55%) 67 (63%) 7 (39%) 5 (33%) 1 (17%)
    Headache 17 (12%) 11 (10%) 1 (5.6%) 3 (20%) 2 (33%)
    Other 6 (4.1%) 3 (2.8%) 2 (11%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
    Shortness of breath 12 (8.2%) 6 (5.6%) 3 (17%) 3 (20%) 0 (0%)
    Sore throat _ 5 (3.4%) 2 (1.9%) 2 (11%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
    Vomiting 8 (5.5%) 5 (4.7%) 2 (11%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
Neurological Symptoms





    Confusion 36 (25%) 22 (21%) 8 (44%) 5 (33%) 1 (17%)
    No 50 (34%) 44 (41%) 3 (17%) 1 (6.7%) 2 (33%)
    Seizures 23 (16%) 17 (16%) 3 (17%) 2 (13%) 1 (17%)
    Stiff neck 15 (10%) 8 (7.5%) 3 (17%) 3 (20%) 1 (17%)
    Unconsciousness/decreased consciousness 22 (15%) 16 (15%) 1 (5.6%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
Clinical Severity at Admission




<0.001
    Medium 58 (39%) 42 (39%) 10 (56%) 5 (33%) 1 (17%)
    Serious 35 (24%) 18 (17%) 5 (28%) 7 (47%) 5 (83%)
    Stable 54 (37%) 48 (44%) 3 (17%) 3 (20%) 0 (0%)
Comorbid Conditions





    Breathing difficulties/asthma/COPD 11 (7.5%) 9 (8.3%) 1 (5.9%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
    Diabetes 16 (11%) 13 (12%) 0 (0%) 2 (13%) 1 (17%)
    High blood pressure 33 (23%) 19 (18%) 7 (41%) 4 (27%) 3 (50%)
    I don't know. 21 (14%) 19 (18%) 2 (12%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    Immunosuppression 5 (3.4%) 4 (3.7%) 1 (5.9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    Kidney disease 20 (14%) 15 (14%) 1 (5.9%) 2 (13%) 2 (33%)
    Liver disease 21 (14%) 12 (11%) 4 (24%) 5 (33%) 0 (0%)
    No 19 (13%) 17 (16%) 1 (5.9%) 1 (6.7%) 0 (0%)
ICU Admission




0.071
    No 112 (78%) 84 (80%) 15 (83%) 11 (73%) 2 (33%)
    Yes 32 (22%) 21 (20%) 3 (17%) 4 (27%) 4 (67%)
Isolation Measures Implemented




0.946
    Cohort/Isolation Ward 24 (21%) 18 (23%) 3 (18%) 3 (20%) 0 (0%)
    General ward 31 (26%) 21 (27%) 5 (29%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
    I don't know. 35 (30%) 24 (30%) 4 (24%) 4 (27%) 3 (50%)
    Single room 27 (23%) 16 (20%) 5 (29%) 4 (27%) 2 (33%)
PPE Use by Healthcare Workers




0.421
    Always 12 (10%) 7 (9.0%) 2 (11%) 1 (6.7%) 2 (33%)
    Not known 36 (31%) 24 (31%) 6 (33%) 3 (20%) 3 (50%)
    Not used 35 (30%) 22 (28%) 7 (39%) 6 (40%) 0 (0%)
    Sometimes 34 (29%) 25 (32%) 3 (17%) 5 (33%) 1 (17%)
Respiratory Support Provided





    Breathing assistance: 19 (14%) 16 (17%) 1 (6.3%) 1 (6.7%) 1 (17%)
    HFNC/NIV 16 (12%) 7 (7.4%) 5 (31%) 3 (20%) 1 (17%)
    Not needed. 57 (43%) 47 (49%) 3 (19%) 6 (40%) 1 (17%)
    Oxygen 30 (23%) 20 (21%) 5 (31%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
    Ventilation 10 (7.6%) 5 (5.3%) 2 (13%) 1 (6.7%) 2 (33%)
Duration of Hospital Stay (days)





    >7 36 (25%) 25 (23%) 8 (44%) 2 (13%) 1 (17%)
    ≤3 20 (14%) 13 (12%) 1 (5.6%) 4 (27%) 2 (33%)
    4–7 79 (54%) 65 (61%) 4 (22%) 8 (53%) 2 (33%)
    Still enrolled 11 (7.5%) 4 (3.7%) 5 (28%) 1 (6.7%) 1 (17%)
1 n (%)
2 Fisher’s exact test; NA

5 Table B4: Laboratory Testing and Diagnosis by Patient Outcome

Table B4: Laboratory Testing and Diagnosis by Patient Outcome
Laboratory/Diagnostic Variable Total (N = 147)1 Discharged
N = 1081		 Still Admitted
N = 181		 Referred
N = 151		 Death
N = 61		 p-value2
Laboratory Testing Performed for Nipah




0.007
    No 45 (31%) 29 (27%) 8 (44%) 6 (40%) 2 (33%)
    Not known 16 (11%) 7 (6.5%) 5 (28%) 3 (20%) 1 (17%)
    Yes 86 (59%) 72 (67%) 5 (28%) 6 (40%) 3 (50%)
Type of Diagnostic Test




<0.001
    ELISA/IgM 54 (38%) 36 (34%) 6 (38%) 11 (73%) 1 (17%)
    Other: ____ 27 (19%) 13 (12%) 7 (44%) 2 (13%) 5 (83%)
    RT-PCR 63 (44%) 58 (54%) 3 (19%) 2 (13%) 0 (0%)
Specimen Type




0.002
    Blood 64 (44%) 54 (50%) 5 (28%) 4 (27%) 1 (17%)
    CSF 17 (12%) 7 (6.5%) 5 (28%) 5 (33%) 0 (0%)
    Other 16 (11%) 9 (8.4%) 5 (28%) 1 (6.7%) 1 (17%)
    Swab/sputum 49 (34%) 37 (35%) 3 (17%) 5 (33%) 4 (67%)
Laboratory Test Result





    Negative 32 (22%) 19 (18%) 5 (29%) 6 (40%) 2 (33%)
    Not known 16 (11%) 9 (8.3%) 3 (18%) 1 (6.7%) 3 (50%)
    Pending/No report 37 (25%) 23 (21%) 8 (47%) 6 (40%) 0 (0%)
    Positive 61 (42%) 57 (53%) 1 (5.9%) 2 (13%) 1 (17%)
In-Hospital Complications





    Encephalitis 30 (21%) 17 (16%) 3 (19%) 9 (60%) 1 (17%)
    N/A 50 (35%) 48 (45%) 2 (13%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    Other 16 (11%) 10 (9.4%) 4 (25%) 0 (0%) 2 (33%)
    Respiratory failure 37 (26%) 23 (22%) 6 (38%) 6 (40%) 2 (33%)
    Shock 10 (7.0%) 8 (7.5%) 1 (6.3%) 0 (0%) 1 (17%)
1 n (%)
2 Fisher’s exact test; NA

6 Table B5: Awareness and Prevention by Patient Outcome

Table B5: Awareness and Prevention Practices by Patient Outcome
Awareness/Prevention Variable Total (N = 147)1 Discharged
N = 1081		 Still Admitted
N = 181		 Referred
N = 151		 Death
N = 61		 p-value2
Prior Awareness of Nipah Virus




0.031
    No 26 (18%) 14 (13%) 5 (29%) 6 (40%) 1 (17%)
    Yes 120 (82%) 94 (87%) 12 (71%) 9 (60%) 5 (83%)
Source of Nipah Awareness





    Health worker 22 (16%) 16 (15%) 3 (21%) 3 (20%) 0 (0%)
    Other: 3 (2.1%) 2 (1.9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (20%)
    School/Community 34 (24%) 21 (20%) 4 (29%) 7 (47%) 2 (40%)
    Social media 32 (23%) 22 (21%) 5 (36%) 4 (27%) 1 (20%)
    TV/Radio 50 (35%) 46 (43%) 2 (14%) 1 (6.7%) 1 (20%)
Receipt of Infection Prevention Counselling




0.467
    I don't remember. 47 (32%) 33 (31%) 6 (33%) 5 (33%) 3 (50%)
    No 43 (29%) 28 (26%) 8 (44%) 5 (33%) 2 (33%)
    Yes 57 (39%) 47 (44%) 4 (22%) 5 (33%) 1 (17%)
1 n (%)
2 Fisher’s exact test; NA