Introducción

Este documento presenta un análisis del uso del lema “Make America Great Again” (MAGA) y otros marcos discursivos asociados en el corpus de discursos y comunicaciones de Donald Trump.

Función de conteo

count_pattern <- function(text, pattern) {
  if (is.na(text)) return(NA_integer_)
  m <- gregexpr(pattern, tolower(text), perl = TRUE)[[1]]
  if (m[1] == -1) return(0L)
  length(m)
}

Creación de variables

all_results$maga_mentions <- sapply(
  all_results$content,
  count_pattern,
  pattern = "make america great again|great again"
)

all_results$maga_exact_mentions <- sapply(
  all_results$content,
  count_pattern,
  pattern = "make america great again"
)

all_results$america_first_mentions <- sapply(
  all_results$content,
  count_pattern,
  pattern = "america first"
)

Vista de resultados (muestra)

head(all_results[, c("title",
                     "maga_exact_mentions",
                     "maga_mentions",
                     "america_first_mentions")], 20)
##                                                                                                                                    title
## 1                                                                                                                              Guidebook
## 2                                                                                                                    Category Attributes
## 3                                                                                                                Tweets of June 15, 2015
## 4                                                                                                                Tweets of June 16, 2015
## 5    Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald Trump: Obama Is A Horrible Negotiator "We Got Traitor Bergdahl, They Got 5 Killer Terrorists"
## 6  Trump Campaign Press Release - Trump on Hillary: I Was Watching Her Talk About Income Inequality...Have You Looked at Her Donor List?
## 7                                   Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald J. Trump Declares Candidacy for President of the United States
## 8       Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald Trump: I Would Build a Great, Great Wall on Our Southern Border and Make Mexico Pay For It
## 9                                                                  Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald Trump Presidential Announcement
## 10                             Trump Campaign Press Release - Markets Jump for Trump: Dow Up 92 Points After Donald Trump's Announcement
## 11                                                                           Remarks Announcing Candidacy for President in New York City
## 12                                                                                                               Tweets of June 17, 2015
## 13                                      Trump Campaign Press Release - Trump-Mania! Donald Trump Allows Woman on Stage to Touch His Hair
## 14                                                                                   Trump Campaign Press Release - With All Due Respect
## 15                                                     Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald Trump: Scott Walker Has 'A Lot of Problems'
## 16                                                                Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald Trump Answers Viewers' Questions
## 17                                                        Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald Trump on What Made Him Run for President
## 18                                                                Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald Trump Speaks at Manchester Rally
## 19                                                                Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald Trump's Pitch to American Voters
## 20                                           Trump Campaign Press Release - Donald Trump's Straight Talk About His 2016 Presidential Bid
##    maga_exact_mentions maga_mentions america_first_mentions
## 1                   NA            NA                     NA
## 2                   NA            NA                     NA
## 3                    1             1                      0
## 4                    1             3                      0
## 5                    1             1                      0
## 6                    0             0                      0
## 7                    1             1                      0
## 8                    1             1                      0
## 9                    0             0                      0
## 10                   0             0                      0
## 11                   2             9                      0
## 12                   0             0                      0
## 13                   0             0                      0
## 14                   0             0                      0
## 15                   0             0                      0
## 16                   0             0                      0
## 17                   0             0                      0
## 18                   0             0                      0
## 19                   1             1                      0
## 20                   0             0                      0

Frecuencia total

sum(all_results$maga_mentions, na.rm = TRUE)
## [1] 1128
sum(all_results$america_first_mentions, na.rm = TRUE)
## [1] 436
sum(all_results$maga_exact_mentions, na.rm = TRUE)
## [1] 875

Presencia en documentos

sum(all_results$maga_exact_mentions > 0, na.rm = TRUE)
## [1] 641
sum(all_results$maga_mentions > 0, na.rm = TRUE)
## [1] 754
sum(all_results$america_first_mentions > 0, na.rm = TRUE)
## [1] 282

Proporción de documentos con MAGA exacto

total_docs <- nrow(all_results)
sum(all_results$maga_exact_mentions > 0, na.rm = TRUE) / total_docs
## [1] 0.09195237

Gráfico de frecuencias

valores <- c(
  sum(all_results$maga_exact_mentions, na.rm = TRUE),
  sum(all_results$maga_mentions, na.rm = TRUE),
  sum(all_results$america_first_mentions, na.rm = TRUE)
)

nombres <- c("MAGA exacto", "MAGA ampliado", "America First")

barplot(valores,
        names.arg = nombres,
        main = "Frecuencia de discursos clave",
        ylab = "Número de menciones",
        col = c("darkblue", "skyblue", "red"))

Variables discursivas adicionales

all_results$elite_mentions <- sapply(
  all_results$content,
  count_pattern,
  pattern = "elite|establishment|corrupt"
)

all_results$nostalgia_mentions <- sapply(
  all_results$content,
  count_pattern,
  pattern = "again|restore|back|great"
)

Matriz de correlación

cor_matrix <- cor(all_results[, c("maga_mentions",
                                 "america_first_mentions",
                                 "elite_mentions",
                                 "nostalgia_mentions")],
                  use = "complete.obs")

cor_matrix
##                        maga_mentions america_first_mentions elite_mentions
## maga_mentions              1.0000000              0.3331461      0.2545959
## america_first_mentions     0.3331461              1.0000000      0.2169898
## elite_mentions             0.2545959              0.2169898      1.0000000
## nostalgia_mentions         0.5191510              0.4305600      0.2762211
##                        nostalgia_mentions
## maga_mentions                   0.5191510
## america_first_mentions          0.4305600
## elite_mentions                  0.2762211
## nostalgia_mentions              1.0000000

Interpretación preliminar

Los resultados muestran que el lema MAGA y sus variaciones presentan una alta frecuencia dentro del corpus, evidenciando su centralidad en el discurso político.

Asimismo, la correlación entre MAGA y los términos asociados a la nostalgia sugiere que este discurso se articula en torno a una narrativa de restauración nacional.