Group 1: Academic Characteristics

Geovanni Flores, Leonel Naranjo, Andrew Nguyen, Kelly Liang, Janely Rosales

IBM 3202, Cal Poly Pomona

2026-04-06

Problem definition

The primary issue centers on the disconnect between theoretical instruction and practical research engagement in higher education. Specifically, there is often a lack of clarity on how specific teaching styles (pedagogy) impact how students perceive the utility of academic research. If students do not see the relevance of research methods to their future careers or academic success, their engagement and participation in research activities remain low.

Objectives & Significance

Research Objectives

Pedagogy: Evaluate how active vs. traditional learning impacts student perceptions.
Participation: Link instructional methods to voluntary research enrollment.
Moderators: Assess how year/major influence academic inquiry.

Significance

Pedagogical Improvement: Bridge the gap between classroom and application.
Student Success: Prepare students for data-driven industries.
Institutional Outcomes: Boost retention and project quality.

Data loading

Data frame: data
ID	Name	Label	Values	Value Labels
1	subject		range: 1-1017
2	per_survey		range: 1-250
3	survey	Survey (1_W2011, 2_SP2011)	1 2	Winter 2011 Spring 2011
4	start_time
5	end_time
6	duration		range: 2-66
7	major_class	Major Class (W2011_1-5, SP2011_6-13)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13	W2011-IBM301-01 (Dr. Hossain) W2011-IBM301-02 (Dr. Myers) W2011-IBM301-03 (Dr. Jung) W2011-IBM301-04 (Dr. Whitson) W2011-Others SP2011-IBM300-01 (Dr. Roxas) SP2011-IBM300-02 (Dr. Roxas) SP2011-IBM301 (Professor Mulyanto) SP2011-IBM301 (Professor Emilio) SP2011-IBM301 (Dr. Whitson) SP2011-IBM301 (Dr. Jung) SP2011-IBM301 (Professor Assumma) SP2011-Others
8	incentive_prime	Primary Incentive_1,2,3 (Req, Extra,No Credit)	1 2 3	Required Course Credit Extra Credit No Credit Offered
9	major	Majors_1-10 (Ac_Ci_F_IB_Mg_Mk_T_E_HRT_Oth)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10	Accounting Computer Information System Finance and Real Estate International Business Management and Human Resources Marketing Management Technology and Operations Management Engineering Hospitality and Restaurant Others
10	resch_covered	Marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter covered and tested_ 1,2,3,4 (Y,N, NS,NA)	1 2 3 4	Yes No Not Sure Not Applicable
11	validy_covered	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh reliability and validity covered_1,2,3,4 (Y,N, NS,NA)	1 2 3 4	Yes No Not Sure Not Applicable
12	grade	Expected major class' grade_1,2,3,4,5 (A,B,C,D,F)	1 2 3 4 5	90% and above (A) 80% and above (B) 70% and above (C) 60% and above (D) Below 60% (F)
13	like_ibm301	Likability of marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-6(1-5 LikertS, 6=NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6	Not at all liked it 2 3 4 Very much liked it Not Applicable
14	like_resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh	Likability of resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh vs. marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-6(1-5 LikertS, 6=NA)	1 5 6 7	Not at all liked it Very much liked it Not Applicable Did not participate
15	help_under_r_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps understand marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-6 (1-5 LikertS, 6=NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6	Didn't help at all Slightly helped Somewhat helped Moderately helped Helped a lot Not applicable
16	help_know_g_r	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps gain knowledge about good marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_1-5 (Didn’t help at all - Helped a lot)	1 2 3 4 5	Didn't help at all Slightly helped Somewhat helped Moderately helped Helped a lot
17	help_under_m_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps in understanding marketing concept in general_1-5 (Didn’t help at all - Helped a lot)	1 2 3 4 5	“Didn’t help at all” “Slightly helped” “Somewhat helped” “Moderately helped” “Helped a lot”
18	credit_earned	Sona Credit Earned_1-7 ( 0.5 - 3.5 or more)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	“0.5 sona credits” “1 sona credits” “1.5 sona credits” “2.0 sona credits” “2.5 sona credits” “3.0 sona credits” “3.5 sona credits or more”
19	n_studies	Number of Studies_1-5 ( 1-5 or more)	1 2 3 4 5	One study Two studies Three studies Four studies Five studies or more
20	motive_part	Motivation to Participate_1,2,3 (learn,credit,both)	1 2 3 4	“Because I wanted to learn more about marketing” “Because I was given a credit” “For both reasons” “Did not participate”
21	sincere	Sincerity in Participation_1-5 (Not at all - VM Sincere)	1 2 3 4 5	Not at all sincere Slightly sincere Somewhat sincere Moderately sincere Very Much Sincere
22	interested	Interest in Participation_1-5 (Not at all - VM Interested)	1 2 3 4 5	Not at all interested Slightly interested Somewhat interested Moderately interested Very much interested
23	qual_good1	Quality of the Studies_1-5 (Bad/Good)	1 2 3 4 5	“ 1 - Bad” “2” “3” “4” “5 - Good”
24	qual_good2	Quality of the studies_1-5 (Low-High)	1 2 3 4 5	1 - Low Quality 2 3 4 5 - High Quality
25	help_g_mr	Participation helped me understand how to conduct good marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	“Strongly Disagree” “Disagree” “Somewhat Disagree” “Neither Disagree Nor Agree” “Somewhat Agree” “Agree” “Strongly Agree”
26	help_g_mr_be	Participation helped me understand marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh better_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	“Strongly Disagree” “Disagree” “Somewhat Disagree” “Neither Disagree Nor Agree” “Somewhat Agree” “Agree” “Strongly Agree”
27	help_mktg_concept	Participation helped me understand marketing concept in general_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	“Strongly Disagree” “Disagree” “Somewhat Disagree” “Neither Disagree Nor Agree” “Somewhat Agree” “Agree” “Strongly Agree”
28	learn_mktg_alot	I feel I learned a lot about marketing by participating_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
29	enhanced_mktg_know	I feel participating in the studies enhanced my knowledge about marketing_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
30	at_parti_good	Participation in Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh is bad/good_1-5	1 2 3 4 5	1- Bad 2 3 4 5 - Good
31	at_parti_posi	Participation in resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh is Negative/Positive_1-5	1 2 3 4 5	1 - Negative 2 3 4 5 - Positive
32	at_parti_fun	Participation in resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh is Boring/Fun_1-5	1 2 3 4 5	“1 - Boring” “2” “3” “4” “5 - Fun”
33	at_parti_useful	Participation in resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh is Useless/Useful_1-5	1 2 3 4 5	“1 - Useless” “2” “3” “4” “5 - Useful”
34	valu_worth_time	Participation was Not Worth/Worth Time_1-5	1 2 3 4 5	“1 - Not worth my time” “2” “3” “4” “5 - Worth my time”
35	valu_worth_effo	Participation was Not Worth/Worth Effort_1-5	1 2 3 4 5	1 - Not worth my effort 2 3 4 5 - Worth my effort
36	value_all_bus	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation is valuable to all Businesss majors _1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
37	value_non_bus	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation is valuable even to non-business majors_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
38	value_lim_mkt	Participation should be limited to Marketing Students_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
39	intent_part	Future Participation Intentions_1-5 (VU - VL)	1 2 3 4 5	1- Very Unlikely 2 3 4 5- Very Likely
40	sona_enr_easy	Sona: Easy Enrollment_1-7 (VD - VE)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	1 - Very Difficult 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very Easy
41	sona_nav_easy	Sona: Easy Navigation_1-7 (VD - VE)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	1 - Very Difficult 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very Easy
42	sona_like_feat	Sona: Liked Features_1-7 (DL VM - L VM)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	1- Disliked them very much 2 3 4 5 6 7- Liked them very much
43	sona_attent_icf	Sona: Attention to "ICF_1-7 (Not at all - VM)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	1 - Not at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very much
44	sona_help_qamp_a	Sona: Q&A Helpful_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)	1 7 8	Not at all helpful Very much helpful Not Applicable'
45	sona_conv_app	Sona:Convenient appointment 1-8 (Not at all - VM convenient; 8-NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	1 - Not convenient at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very much convenient Not Applicable
46	ots_res_24	OTS: Response within 24 hours_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable
47	ots_res_rea_time	OTS: Response in reasonable time frame_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable
48	ots_helpful	OTS: Tech person was helpful_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable
49	ots_res_satis	OTS: Tech person's response was satisfactory_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable
50	ots_res_reasnbl	OTS: Tech person's response was reasonable_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable
51	ots_over_satisf	OTS: Overall, tech support is satisfactory_1-8 (1-7 LikertS, 8=NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable
52	bl_quiet	BL: Lab is quiet_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
53	bl_spacious	BL: Lab is spacious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
54	bl_comf_chair	BL: Chair is comfortable_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
55	bl_priv_invad	BL: My privacy was invaded - REV_Cd_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
56	bl_overall_comf	BL:Overall, Lab was comfortable_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
57	blp_on_time	BLP: Studies started without much delay_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
58	blp_read_icf	BLP: Reading ICF was good to get informed_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
59	blp_icf_respect	BLP: Reading ICF made me respect the resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh more_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
60	blp_icf_serious	BLP: Reading ICF made me more serious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
61	blp_icf_waste	BLP: Reading ICF was a waste of time - REV_Cd_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
62	blp_int_help	BLP: Admission/Initiation procedure was helpful_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
63	blp_int_serious	BLP: Introduction Procedure made me more serious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree
64	blp_effective	BLP: Overall, I feel the behavioral lab procedure was effective_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
65	r_credible	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) credible_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
66	r_knowledgeable	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) knowledgeable_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
67	r_trustworthy	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) trustworthy_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
68	r_courteous	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) courteous_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
69	r_serious	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) serious_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
70	r_helpful	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) helpful_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
71	r_professional	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) professional_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
72	rpe_good	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Good_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
73	rpe_positive	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Positive_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
74	rpe_value	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: has great value_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
75	rpe_recommand	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: recommend_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
76	rpe_likely_parti	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: likely to participate again_1-8 (SD-SA, N/A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
77	rpe_suggestions_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Suggestions_1-6 (NoSug,BigLab,MoreStud,MoreTime,Decline,Others)	1 2 3 4 5 6	No suggestions; everything is perfect Bigger Lab: more space Offer more studies Offer more timeslots Decline to answer Other
78	gender	Gender_1,2 (M,F)	1 2	Male Female
79	yourage	Age	range: 13-55
80	country_born	Birth Country_1,2 (US,Oth)	1 2	US Other Country
81	country_grow	Country Grow before the age of 14_1,9	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9	US Asian Countries Mexico Canada African Countries European Countries Other Latin American Countries Middle East Other Countries
82	year_lived	Number of years in US	range: 0.0-55.0
83	race	Race/Ethnicity_1,2,3,4,5(AA/B,As,C/W,H/L,Others)	1 2 3 4 5	African American or Black Asian Caucasian or White Hispanic or Latino Others
84	culture_id	Culture Identification_1,2,3,4(A,H,As,Others)	1 2 3 4	American Culture Hispanic Culture Asian Culture Others
85	hours_work_n	Work Hours per week (Free Entry)	range: 0.0-60.0
86	days_oncampus_n	Days on campus_0 to 7	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7	none one day two days three days four days five days six days seven days
87	gpa_calpoly_n	Overall GPA at CPP (Free Entry)	range: 0.0-4.5
88	incentive_prime_c	Primary Incentive_1,2 (Req, Extra)	1 2	Required Extra
89	major_c	Majors_1-3 (MKT_Other CBA_Non-CBA)	1 2 3	Marketing All Other CBA majors Non-CBA majors
90	resch_covered_c	Marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter covered and tested_ 1,0 (Y - N,NS,NA)	0 1	No-NS-NA Yes
91	validy_covered_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh reliability and validity covered_1,0 (Y, N.NS.NA)	0 1	No-NS-NA Yes
92	grade_r	“Expected Major Class Grade_r 5,4,3,2,1 (A,B,C,D,F)”	1 2 3 4 5	F D C B A
93	like_ibm301_c	Likability of marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-5 (Not at all-VM Liked)	1 2 3 4 5	1 - Not at all Liked it 2 3 4 5 - Very much liked it
94	like_resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_c	Likability of resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh vs. marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-5 (Not at all- VM Liked)	1 2 3 4 5	1 - Not at all liked it 2 3 4 5 - Very much liked it
95	help_under_r_c_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps understand marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh chapter_1-5 (Didn’t help at all-Helped a lot)	1 2 3 4 5	Didn’t help at all Slightly helped Somewhat helped Moderately helped Helped a lot
96	help_know_g_r_c	“Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh participation helps gain knowledge about good marketing resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh (1-5)”	range: 1-5
97	value_lim_mkt_r	Participation should NOT be limited to Marketing Students_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree
98	sona_help_qamp_a_c	Sona: Q&A Helpful_1-7 (Not at all helpful - NA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	1- Not at all helpful 2 3 4 5 6 7- Very much helpful
99	sona_conv_app_c	Sona:Convenient appointment 1-7 (Not at all - VM convenient)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	1 - Not convenient at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Very much convenient
100	ots_res_24_c	OTS: Response within 24 hours_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
101	ots_res_rea_time_c	OTS: Response in reasonable time frame 1-7(SD-S A)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
102	ots_helpful_c	OTS: Tech person was helpful_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
103	ots_res_satis_c	OTS: Tech person's response was satisfactory 1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
104	ots_res_reasnbl_c	OTS: Tech person's response was reasonable_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
105	ots_over_satisf_c	OTS: Overall, tech support is satisfactory_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
106	bl_quiet_c	BL: Lab is quiet_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
107	bl_spacious_c	BL: Lab is spacious_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
108	bl_comf_chair_c	BL: Chair is comfortable_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
109	bl_priv_invad_r	BL: My privacy was NOT invaded_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree
110	bl_overall_comf_c	BL: Overall, Lab was comfortable_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	“Strongly Disagree” “Disagree” “Somewhat Disagree” “Neither Disagree Nor Agree” “Somewhat Agree” “Agree” “Strongly Agree”
111	blp_on_time_c	BLP: Studies started without much delay 1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
112	blp_read_icf_c	BLP: Reading ICF was good to get informed_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
113	blp_icf_respect_c	BLP: Reading ICF made me respect the resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh more_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
114	blp_icf_serious_c	BLP: Reading ICF made me more serious_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
115	blp_icf_waste_r	BLP: ICF, Reversing-BLP: Reading ICF was NOT a waste of time_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree
116	blp_int_help_c	BLP: Admission/Initiation procedure was helpful_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
117	blp_int_serious_c	BLP: Introduction Procedure made me more serious_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither disagree nor agree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree
118	blp_effective_c	BLP: Overall, I feel the behavioral lab procedure was effective_1-7 (SD - SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
119	r_credible_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) credible_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
120	r_knowledgeable_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) knowledgeable_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
121	r_trustworthy_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) trustworthy_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
122	r_courteous_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) courteous_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
123	r_serious_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) serious_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
124	r_helpful_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) helpful_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
125	r_professional_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeher(s) professional_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
126	rpe_good_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Good_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
127	rpe_positive_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Positive_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
128	rpe_value_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: has great value_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
129	rpe_recommand_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: recommend_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
130	rpe_likely_parti_c	Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience: Participate again_1-7 (SD-SA)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Disagree Nor Agree Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree
131	gender_c	Gender_0-1 (Male-Female)	0 1	“Male” Female
132	country_born_c	Birth Country_0-1 (Others-US)	0 1	Other Countries US
133	country_grow_c	Country Grow before the age of 14_0-1 (Others-US)	0 1	Other Countries US
134	year_lived_c	Number of years in US_1-7 (1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31+)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	1-5yrs 6-10yrs 11-15yrs 16-20yrs 21-25yrs 26-30yrs 31yrs+
135	culture_id_c	Culture Identification_0-1 (Others-American)	0 1	Others American Culture
136	hours_work_n_c	“Hours worked per. wk_1-4 (<10, 10<20, 20<30, >30)”	1 2 3 4	<10 hrs 10<20 hrs 20<30 hrs >30 hrs
137	gpa_calpoly_n_c	Overall GPP GPA_1-4 (D-A)	1 2 3 4	D or Below (<1.7) C (>=1.7 but < 2.7) B (>= 2.7 < 3.7) A (>= 3.7 < 4.0)
138	help_l_mktg_3	Helpfulness_Learning MKTG-Avg (help_under_R_C_c, help_know_G_R, help_under_M_C)	range: 1.0-5.0
139	help_l_mr_2	Helpfulness_Learning MKTG Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh-Avg (help_under_R_C_c, help_know_G_R)	range: 1.0-5.0
140	help_l_mktg_5	Helpfulness_Learning MKTG - Avg (Section 3 - all 5 items)	range: 1.0-7.0
141	perceived_q_studies	Perceived Quality of Studies_Avg (Quall_good1-2)	range: 1.0-5.0
142	att_parti_res	*Attitude toward Participation in Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_Avg_4 items (At_Parti_good, posi, fun, useful)	range: 1.0-5.0
143	att_parti_res_6	Attitude toward Participation in Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh_Avg_6 items (At_Parti_good, posi, fun, useful, time, effo)	range: 1.0-5.0
144	val_part_st_ind	Value of Participating in Studies for Self_Avg_2 items (alu_worth_time_effo)	range: 1.0-5.0
145	val_part_mr_all_majors	Value of Participating in MR Studies for All Majors_Avg_2 items (Value_all_bus-_non_bus)	range: 1.0-7.0
146	effec_sona_5	Effectiveness of Sona_5 - Avg (W/O Sona_Attent_ICF)	range: 1.0-7.0
147	at_sona_3	Attitude toward Sona_3 - Avg (Enr-Nav-AutoFeat)	range: 1.0-7.0
148	sat_ots	Satisfaction with Online Technicial Support_6 - Avg (All 6 items)	range: 1.2-7.0
149	adequate_bl	Adequateness of BL Facility_4 - Avg (BL_quiet_c, space_c, comf_c, overal-comfo_c)	range: 1.0-7.0
150	effective_blp	Effectiveness of Behaivoral Lab Procedure_6 - Avg (2 items dropped)	range: 1.5-7.0
151	effective_icf	Effectiveness of ICF_4 - Avg (All 4 items including 1 reversed one)	range: 1.0-7.0
152	professionalism_r	Professionalism_7 - Avg (All 7 items)	range: 1.2-7.0
153	at_o_rp	Attitude toward Overal Resebackground-color:#eeeeeeh Participation Experience_3 - Avg (RPE_Good_c-Positive_c-Value_c)	range: 1.0-7.0
154	int_part	Intention to Participate_2 - Avg (RPE_Recommand_c-LikelyParti_c)	range: 1.0-7.0
155	motive_part_2	Motivation to Participate_0,1 (credit, credit+Learn)	0 1	Credit “For both credit and learn”
156	asian	Asian_1-0 (Yes vs. No)	0 1	No Yes
157	caucasian	Caucasian_1-0 (Yes vs. No)	0 1	No Yes
158	hispanic	Hispanic_1-0 (Hispanic vs. Others)	range: 0-1
159	mktg	Marketing major_1-0	range: 0-1
160	cba	All CBA majors_1-0	range: 0-1
161	non_cba	Non-CBA majors_1-0	range: 0-1
162	female	Female_0-1 (No, Yes)	0 1	No Yes
163	us_born	US_born_0-1 (No, Yes)	0 1	No Yes
164	us_grow	US_grow_0-1 (No, Yes)	0 1	No Yes
165	american_culture_id	American_culture_id_0-1 (No, Yes)	0 1	No Yes
166	required	required_0-1 (No, Yes)	0 1	No Yes
167	incentive_prime_2	Primary Incentive_0,1 (Req, Extra)	0 1	Required Extra

Sampling & Data Preparation

Sampling

Source: Secondary dataset “RPE - Combined” (late 2019).
Population: Undergraduate students (Business/Marketing).
Method: Convenience sample via RPE system (Fall 2019).
Tool: Online survey exported to SPSS format.

Data & Prep

Import: .sav file via haven::read_sav().
Cleaning: Standardized names using janitor::clean_names().
Audit: Verified data types and missing values via view_df().
Filtering: Handled “NA” values for RQ1 consistency.

Research Framework: RQ1 & H1

Research Question (RQ1)

How does the number of research studies participated in affect students’ perceived learning of marketing concepts, and does this differ by gender?

Hypothesis (H1)

Higher participation leads to greater perceived learning, with potential differences between male and female students.

Variable Definitions

IV1: Number of Research Studies (Continuous)
IV2: Gender (Categorical)
DV: Perceived Learning Score (Continuous)

Plan for Data wrangling

gender	Mean_Learning	n
F	77.000	7
M	75.375	8

Plan for Data visualization

Research Framework: RQ2 & H2

Research Question (RQ2)

Does the use of interactive video demonstrations improve students’ quiz performance compared to traditional lecture-only instruction in [course/subject]?

Hypothesis (H2)

Students who use interactive video demonstrations will achieve higher quiz scores than students who receive traditional lecture-only instruction.

Variable Definitions

IV1: Interactive video demonstrations
IV2: Traditional lecture-only instruction
DV: Measured by quiz scores or test results

Plan for Data wrangling

Instruction Method	Average Quiz Score	N
Interactive	88.75	4
Traditional	76.25	4

Plan for Data visualization

Research Overview: RQ3 & H3

RQ & Hypothesis

RQ3: What is the relationship between hours worked per week and GPA among college students?

H3: Students who work more hours per week will have a lower GPA compared to those who work fewer hours.

Variables of Interest

Variable	Type	Scale
Hours Worked	IV	Continuous (0–60)
Overall GPA	DV	Continuous (0.0–4.0)

Plan for Data wrangling

work_group	Mean_GPA	SD_GPA	n
Low (0–10 hrs)	2.97	0.69	338
Medium (11–25 hrs)	3.04	0.52	290
High (26–60 hrs)	2.96	0.63	199

Plan for Data visualization

Research Overview: RQ4 & H4

Research Question

RQ4: How does family support influence the academic success of Hispanic students?

Hypothesis

H4: Higher family support is associated with greater academic success among Hispanic students.

Variables of Interest

Variable Type	Variable Name	Scale
Independent (IV)	Family Support Score	Continuous
Dependent (DV)	Academic Success Score	Continuous

Plan for Data wrangling

support_level	Mean_Family_Support	Mean_Academic_Success	SD_Academic_Success	Min_Score	Max_Score	Count
High	8.857143	91.14286	3.436499	87	96	7
Low	3.500000	62.50000	3.535534	60	65	2
Medium	6.000000	76.50000	5.205766	70	84	6

Plan for Data visualization

Research Overview: RQ5 & H5

Research Question

RQ5: How does time spent on a part-time job impact the academic performance of college students?

Hypothesis

H5: Students who work more hours at a part-time job will have lower academic performance scores compared to those who work fewer or no hours.

Variables of Interest

Variable Type	Variable Name	Scale
Independent (IV)	Hours Worked	Continuous (0–60)
Dependent (DV)	Academic Performance	Continuous (Score)

Plan for Data wrangling

Ensure part-time job hours and academic performance variables are numeric

Plan for Data visualization

Conclusion

The Challenge: A persistent gap exists between theoretical instruction and practical research application.
The Impact: When students don’t see real-world utility, motivation and active participation decline.
The Solution: Instructors must adopt applied pedagogical strategies that link research skills to career success.
The Goal: Aligning teaching with practical outcomes fosters deeper student engagement and appreciation for academic research.