R Notebook
Table 1
| Variable |
Frequency Percentage distribution of students’ demographic characteristics (n=375)
|
|---|---|
| N = 3751 | |
| Age group | |
| Early Adolescence (Ages 10 to 14) | 216 (57.6%) |
| Late Adolescence (Ages 15 to 19) | 159 (42.4%) |
| Educational Status of Respondents | |
| Class Six | 67 (17.9%) |
| Class Seven | 87 (23.2%) |
| Class Eight | 81 (21.6%) |
| Class Nine | 95 (25.3%) |
| Class Ten | 45 (12.0%) |
| Educational Status of Respondents Mother's | |
| Primary | 144 (38.4%) |
| Secondary | 142 (37.9%) |
| Higher Secondary | 38 (10.1%) |
| Graduate | 5 (1.3%) |
| Post Graduate | 8 (2.1%) |
| No Education | 38 (10.1%) |
| Educational Status of Respondents Father's | |
| Primary | 143 (38.1%) |
| Secondary | 95 (25.3%) |
| Higher Secondary | 44 (11.7%) |
| Graduate | 12 (3.2%) |
| Post Graduate | 15 (4.0%) |
| No Education | 66 (17.6%) |
| Religious of Respondents | |
| Muslim | 366 (97.6%) |
| Hindu | 9 (2.4%) |
| 1 n (%) | |
Table 2
## [1] "Columns after rename (should NOT be empty):"## [1] "Lump in the breast" "Discharge with blood"
## [3] "Pain in the Breast" "Change in size"
## [5] "Changes in breast skin" "Changes in nipple appearance"
## [7] "Q14.7_Breast_Discharge" "Q14.8_Pain_Breast_Area"
## [9] "Mammography" "Ultrasound"
## [11] "Biopsy" "MRI Scan"
## [13] "Old Age" "Smoking"
## [15] "Obesity" "Surgery"
## [17] "Chemotherapy" "Q22_BSE_Age"
## [19] "Q23_BSE_Best_Time" "Q26_No_Smoking"
## [21] "Q27_No_Obesity" "Q29_Pain_Breast_fear"| Characteristic | Frequency (n) Percentage %1 |
|---|---|
| **Symptoms of Breast Cancer** | 93 24.8% |
| Discharge with blood | 82 21.9% |
| Pain in the Breast | 193 51.5% |
| Change in size | 136 36.3% |
| Changes in breast skin | 79 21.1% |
| Changes in nipple appearance | 63 16.8% |
| **Breast Cancer Detection/Screening Method** | 32 8.6% |
| Breast Self-Examination | 54 14.4% |
| Ultrasound | 92 24.5% |
| Biopsy | 32 8.5% |
| MRI Scan | 70 18.7% |
| **Risk Factors for Breast Cancer** | 134 35.7% |
| Age>40 | 138 36.8% |
| Family History | 79 21.1% |
| 1st child after 30 years | 119 31.7% |
| No child | 96 25.6% |
| Early Menarche | 47 12.5% |
| Late Menopause | 87 23.2% |
| Breastfeeding Lately | 133 35.5% |
| Women | 108 28.8% |
| Smoking | 275 73.3% |
| Obesity | 95 25.3% |
| Contraceptive Pill | 105 28.0% |
| Radiation | 171 45.6% |
| **Knowledge about Breast Cancer Treatments** | 193 51.5% |
| Radiotherapy | 59 15.7% |
| Chemotherapy | 84 22.4% |
| Drug Therapy | 54 14.4% |
| Breast Transplant | 36 9.6% |
| Hormone Therapy | 56 14.9% |
| 1 n % |
|
Table 3
## [1] "Columns in df_awareness after preparation:"## [1] "Q22_BSE_Age" "Q23_BSE_Best_Time" "Aware_Curable"
## [4] "Aware_OnlyWomen" "Aware_MoreSusceptible" "Aware_Asymptomatic"
## [7] "BSE_StartAge" "BSE_BestTime"| Variable |
Awareness about Breast Cancer and Breast Self-Examination (n=375)
|
|---|---|
| N = 3751 | |
| Breast Cancer curable | 130 (34.7%) |
| Only women get breast cancer. | 139 (37.1%) |
| Women are more susceptible to breast cancer than men. | 257 (68.5%) |
| Breast cancer is diagnosed without any symptoms | 164 (43.7%) |
| Age regarding Breast Cancer Examination | |
| Less than 20 years | 174 (46.4%) |
| 20 years or more | 201 (53.6%) |
| Best time for Breast cancer Examinations | |
| False | 141 (37.6%) |
| True | 234 (62.4%) |
| 1 n (%) | |
Table 4
## [1] "Columns before select:"## [1] "Att_Young" "Att_Healthy" "Att_NoSmoke" "Att_NoObese"
## [5] "Att_NoStress" "Att_PainFear" "Att_Serious" "Att_Pregnant"
## [9] "Att_MoreSerious" "Att_TimelyOK" "Att_FamilyRisk"## [1] "Explicit columns we will select:"## [1] "Att_Young" "Att_Healthy" "Att_NoSmoke" "Att_NoObese"
## [5] "Att_NoStress" "Att_PainFear" "Att_Serious" "Att_Pregnant"
## [9] "Att_MoreSerious" "Att_TimelyOK" "Att_FamilyRisk"| Variables |
Attitude towards Breast Cancer and Breast-Self-Examination
|
|---|---|
| N = 3751 | |
| I am too young to get breast cancer. | |
| Strongly Agree | 33 (8.8%) |
| Agree | 71 (18.9%) |
| Neutral | 156 (41.6%) |
| Disagree | 80 (21.3%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 35 (9.3%) |
| I am so healthy that my body can resist breast cancer. Therefore, I don’t feel the need to do breast self-examination every month | |
| Strongly Agree | 37 (9.9%) |
| Agree | 78 (20.8%) |
| Neutral | 151 (40.3%) |
| Disagree | 81 (21.6%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 28 (7.5%) |
| I don’t smoke, so I don’t feel the need to do breast self-examination every month. | |
| Strongly Agree | 37 (9.9%) |
| Agree | 78 (20.8%) |
| Neutral | 151 (40.3%) |
| Disagree | 81 (21.6%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 28 (7.5%) |
| I am not obese, so I don’t feel the need to do breast self-examination every month. | |
| Strongly Agree | 32 (8.5%) |
| Agree | 70 (18.7%) |
| Neutral | 159 (42.4%) |
| Disagree | 90 (24.0%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 24 (6.4%) |
| I live a stress-free life, so I don’t feel the need to do breast self-examination. | |
| Strongly Agree | 37 (9.9%) |
| Agree | 72 (19.2%) |
| Neutral | 133 (35.5%) |
| Disagree | 113 (30.1%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 20 (5.3%) |
| When I feel breast pain, I fear it might be breast cancer. | |
| Strongly Agree | 59 (15.7%) |
| Agree | 134 (35.7%) |
| Neutral | 147 (39.2%) |
| Disagree | 25 (6.7%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 10 (2.7%) |
| I believe breast cancer is a serious problem because its ultimate outcome is death. | |
| Strongly Agree | 93 (24.8%) |
| Agree | 125 (33.3%) |
| Neutral | 107 (28.5%) |
| Disagree | 40 (10.7%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 10 (2.7%) |
| If I get breast cancer, I will not be able to become pregnant. | |
| Strongly Agree | 27 (7.2%) |
| Agree | 50 (13.3%) |
| Neutral | 235 (62.7%) |
| Disagree | 38 (10.1%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 25 (6.7%) |
| I believe breast cancer is more serious than any other type of cancer | |
| Strongly Agree | 65 (17.3%) |
| Agree | 118 (31.5%) |
| Neutral | 156 (41.6%) |
| Disagree | 31 (8.3%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 5 (1.3%) |
| If treated timely, a breast cancer patient can lead a normal life | |
| Strongly Agree | 88 (23.5%) |
| Agree | 145 (38.7%) |
| Neutral | 118 (31.5%) |
| Disagree | 16 (4.3%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 8 (2.1%) |
| If my mother or sister has breast cancer, then my risk of breast cancer is higher. | |
| Strongly Agree | 42 (11.2%) |
| Agree | 69 (18.4%) |
| Neutral | 177 (47.2%) |
| Disagree | 50 (13.3%) |
| Strongly Disagree | 37 (9.9%) |
| 1 n (%) | |
Table 5
| Table 5: Average score of students’ knowledge and attitude about breast cancer and its screening method variable (compare Mean, SD, then correlate-Bivariate) | ||
| Variable | Mean ± SD | Correlation with Attitude (r, p) |
|---|---|---|
| knowledge of BCS | — | -0.013, p = 0.807 |
| 0 | 110 (29%) | — |
| 1 | 74 (20%) | — |
| 2 | 76 (20%) | — |
| 3 | 68 (18%) | — |
| 4 | 27 (7.2%) | — |
| 5 | 12 (3.2%) | — |
| 6 | 8 (2.1%) | — |
| knowledge of breast cancer screening | — | -0.057, p = 0.268 |
| 0 | 203 (54%) | — |
| 1 | 103 (27%) | — |
| 2 | 42 (11%) | — |
| 3 | 20 (5.3%) | — |
| 4 | 5 (1.3%) | — |
| 5 | 2 (0.5%) | — |
| knowledge of BC risk-related | 4.23 ± 2.67 | -0.227, p = <0.001*** |
| knowledge of BC treatment | — | 0.081, p = 0.118 |
| 0 | 112 (30%) | — |
| 1 | 117 (31%) | — |
| 2 | 90 (24%) | — |
| 3 | 40 (11%) | — |
| 4 | 15 (4.0%) | — |
| 5 | 1 (0.3%) | — |
| General knowledge score | 8.71 ± 4.92 | -0.119, p = 0.022* |
| level of attitude | 29.81 ± 5.28 | — |
Table 6
## [1] "New columns created:"## [1] "BCS_Knowledge_Level" "Screening_Knowledge_Level"
## [3] "Risk_Knowledge_Level" "Treatment_Knowledge_Level"
## [5] "General_Knowledge_Level" "Attitude_Level"## [1] "Level counts:"## BCS_Knowledge_Level Screening_Knowledge_Level Risk_Knowledge_Level
## Poor :328 Poor :368 Poor :331
## Moderate: 27 Moderate: 0 Moderate: 44
## Good : 20 Good : 7 Good : 0
##
## Treatment_Knowledge_Level General_Knowledge_Level Attitude_Level
## Poor :359 Poor :368 Poor :356
## Moderate: 15 Moderate: 7 Moderate: 17
## Good : 1 Good : 0 Good : 0
## NA's : 2| Variable |
Distribution of students based on knowledge score and attitude about breast cancer (n=375)
|
|---|---|
| N = 3751 | |
| Knowledge of BCS-Bloom Cut | |
| Poor | 328 (87.5%) |
| Moderate | 27 (7.2%) |
| Good | 20 (5.3%) |
| Knowledge of breast cancer screening-Bloom Cut | |
| Poor | 368 (98.1%) |
| Good | 7 (1.9%) |
| Moderate | 0 (0.0%) |
| Knowledge of BC risk-related-Bloom Cut | |
| Poor | 331 (88.3%) |
| Moderate | 44 (11.7%) |
| Good | 0 (0.0%) |
| Knowledge of BC treatment-Bloom Cut | |
| Poor | 359 (95.7%) |
| Moderate | 15 (4.0%) |
| Good | 1 (0.3%) |
| General knowledge score-Bloom Cut | |
| Poor | 368 (98.1%) |
| Moderate | 7 (1.9%) |
| Good | 0 (0.0%) |
| Attitude-Bloom Cut | |
| Poor | 356 (95.4%) |
| Moderate | 17 (4.6%) |
| Good | 0 (0.0%) |
| 1 n (%) | |
Table 7
| Table 07a: Knowledge & Attitude by Mother’s Education | |||||||
| Characteristic |
Mother’s Education Level
|
p-value2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary N = 1441 |
Secondary N = 1421 |
Higher Secondary N = 381 |
Graduate N = 51 |
Post Graduate N = 81 |
No Education N = 381 |
||
| Knowledge Score (Mean ± SD) | 8.68 ± 4.92 | 8.72 ± 5.25 | 8.79 ± 4.17 | 7.80 ± 3.96 | 8.63 ± 3.93 | 8.84 ± 4.85 | >0.9 |
| Attitude Score (Mean ± SD) | 29.38 ± 5.44 | 29.77 ± 5.12 | 31.45 ± 4.79 | 32.60 ± 1.14 | 31.00 ± 4.38 | 29.34 ± 5.96 | 0.2 |
| 1 Mean ± SD | |||||||
| 2 One-way analysis of means | |||||||
| Table 07b: Knowledge & Attitude by Father’s Education | |||||||
| Characteristic |
Father’s Education Level
|
p-value2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary N = 1431 |
Secondary N = 951 |
Higher Secondary N = 441 |
Graduate N = 121 |
Post Graduate N = 151 |
No Education N = 661 |
||
| Knowledge Score (Mean ± SD) | 8.31 ± 5.01 | 8.78 ± 5.37 | 8.80 ± 3.76 | 11.67 ± 6.43 | 9.67 ± 5.09 | 8.65 ± 4.29 | 0.3 |
| Attitude Score (Mean ± SD) | 28.85 ± 5.79 | 30.86 ± 4.77 | 30.82 ± 4.11 | 31.00 ± 2.63 | 31.20 ± 3.95 | 29.18 ± 5.76 | 0.025 |
| 1 Mean ± SD | |||||||
| 2 One-way analysis of means | |||||||
Table 8
## Rows: 375## Age_Cat:##
## Early (10-14) Late (15-19)
## 216 159##
## BCS_Level:##
## Poor Moderate Good
## 328 0 20##
## Screening_Level:##
## Poor Moderate Good
## 368 0 7##
## Risk_Level:##
## Poor Moderate Good
## 331 44 0##
## Treatment_Level:##
## Poor Moderate Good
## 359 15 1##
## General_Level:##
## Poor Moderate Good
## 368 7 0##
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Knowledge of BCS (symptoms)
## ------------------------------------------------------------
##
## Observed frequencies:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 198 0 8
## Late (15-19) 130 0 12
##
## Row percentages (%):
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 96.1 0.0 3.9
## Late (15-19) 91.5 0.0 8.5##
## Expected counts:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 194.16 0 11.84
## Late (15-19) 133.84 0 8.16
##
## NOTE: Expected count < 5 detected — using Fisher's Exact Test
## Fisher's p-value = 0.1028## Cramer's V = NaN (Negligible effect)
## Significance: ns
##
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Knowledge of BC screening
## ------------------------------------------------------------
##
## Observed frequencies:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 211 0 5
## Late (15-19) 157 0 2
##
## Row percentages (%):
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 97.7 0.0 2.3
## Late (15-19) 98.7 0.0 1.3##
## Expected counts:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 211.97 0 4.03
## Late (15-19) 156.03 0 2.97
##
## NOTE: Expected count < 5 detected — using Fisher's Exact Test
## Fisher's p-value = 0.7009## Cramer's V = NaN (Negligible effect)
## Significance: ns
##
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Knowledge of BC risk factors
## ------------------------------------------------------------
##
## Observed frequencies:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 193 23 0
## Late (15-19) 138 21 0
##
## Row percentages (%):
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 89.4 10.6 0.0
## Late (15-19) 86.8 13.2 0.0##
## Expected counts:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 190.66 25.34 0
## Late (15-19) 140.34 18.66 0
##
## NOTE: Expected count < 5 detected — using Fisher's Exact Test
## Fisher's p-value = 0.5193## Cramer's V = NaN (Negligible effect)
## Significance: ns
##
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Knowledge of BC treatment
## ------------------------------------------------------------
##
## Observed frequencies:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 206 9 1
## Late (15-19) 153 6 0
##
## Row percentages (%):
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 95.4 4.2 0.5
## Late (15-19) 96.2 3.8 0.0##
## Expected counts:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 206.78 8.64 0.58
## Late (15-19) 152.22 6.36 0.42
##
## NOTE: Expected count < 5 detected — using Fisher's Exact Test
## Fisher's p-value = 1.0000## Cramer's V = 0.046 (Negligible effect)
## Significance: ns
##
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## General knowledge score
## ------------------------------------------------------------
##
## Observed frequencies:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 213 3 0
## Late (15-19) 155 4 0
##
## Row percentages (%):
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 98.6 1.4 0.0
## Late (15-19) 97.5 2.5 0.0##
## Expected counts:
##
## Poor Moderate Good
## Early (10-14) 211.97 4.03 0
## Late (15-19) 156.03 2.97 0
##
## NOTE: Expected count < 5 detected — using Fisher's Exact Test
## Fisher's p-value = 0.4632## Cramer's V = NaN (Negligible effect)
## Significance: ns##
##
## ============================================================## SUMMARY OF ALL CHI-SQUARE RESULTS## ============================================================## # A tibble: 5 × 6
## Knowledge_Domain Test_Used p_value Significance CramersV Effect_Size
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Knowledge of BCS (symptom… Fisher's… 0.103 ns NaN Negligible
## 2 Knowledge of BC screening Fisher's… 0.701 ns NaN Negligible
## 3 Knowledge of BC risk fact… Fisher's… 0.519 ns NaN Negligible
## 4 Knowledge of BC treatment Fisher's… 1 ns 0.046 Negligible
## 5 General knowledge score Fisher's… 0.463 ns NaN Negligible| Knowledge domain |
Age group
|
p-value2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall N = 3751 |
Early (10-14) N = 2161 |
Late (15-19) N = 1591 |
||
| Knowledge of BCS (symptoms) | 0.118 | |||
| Poor | 328 (94.3%) | 198 (96.1%) | 130 (91.5%) | |
| Moderate | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Good | 20 (5.7%) | 8 (3.9%) | 12 (8.5%) | |
| Knowledge of BC screening | 0.718 | |||
| Poor | 368 (98.1%) | 211 (97.7%) | 157 (98.7%) | |
| Moderate | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Good | 7 (1.9%) | 5 (2.3%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| Knowledge of BC risk factors | 0.549 | |||
| Poor | 331 (88.3%) | 193 (89.4%) | 138 (86.8%) | |
| Moderate | 44 (11.7%) | 23 (10.6%) | 21 (13.2%) | |
| Good | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Knowledge of BC treatment | 0.678 | |||
| Poor | 359 (95.7%) | 206 (95.4%) | 153 (96.2%) | |
| Moderate | 15 (4.0%) | 9 (4.2%) | 6 (3.8%) | |
| Good | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| General knowledge level | 0.681 | |||
| Poor | 368 (98.1%) | 213 (98.6%) | 155 (97.5%) | |
| Moderate | 7 (1.9%) | 3 (1.4%) | 4 (2.5%) | |
| Good | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 1 n (%) | ||||
| 2 Pearson’s Chi-squared test | ||||
##
## Table saved: Table8_Chisq_Knowledge_AgeGroup.docx
## Figure saved: Fig1_Knowledge_AgeGroup.png##
##
## ============================================================## RESULTS NARRATIVE## ============================================================##
## Knowledge of BCS (symptoms): Fisher's Exact used. p = 0.1028 (ns), Cramer's V = NaN (Negligible effect).
## Knowledge of BC screening: Fisher's Exact used. p = 0.7009 (ns), Cramer's V = NaN (Negligible effect).
## Knowledge of BC risk factors: Fisher's Exact used. p = 0.5193 (ns), Cramer's V = NaN (Negligible effect).
## Knowledge of BC treatment: Fisher's Exact used. p = 1.0000 (ns), Cramer's V = 0.046 (Negligible effect).
## General knowledge score: Fisher's Exact used. p = 0.4632 (ns), Cramer's V = NaN (Negligible effect).Table 9
## Total rows: 375##
## Group sizes:##
## Early (10-14) Late (15-19)
## 216 159##
## Knowledge Score summary:## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.000 5.000 9.000 8.709 12.000 24.000##
## Attitude Score summary:## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 14.00 27.00 31.00 29.81 33.00 46.00##
## ============================================================## DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS BY AGE GROUP## ============================================================## # A tibble: 2 × 10
## Age_Cat n Knowledge_Mean Knowledge_SD Knowledge_Median Knowledge_IQR
## <fct> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Early (10-14) 216 8.17 4.99 8 7
## 2 Late (15-19) 159 9.45 4.72 10 7
## # ℹ 4 more variables: Attitude_Mean <dbl>, Attitude_SD <dbl>,
## # Attitude_Median <dbl>, Attitude_IQR <dbl>##
## ============================================================## ASSUMPTION 1: NORMALITY (Shapiro-Wilk per group)## ============================================================## # A tibble: 2 × 5
## Age_Cat Knowledge_W Knowledge_p Attitude_W Attitude_p
## <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Early (10-14) 0.973 0.0004 0.975 0.0007
## 2 Late (15-19) 0.983 0.0481 0.959 0.0001##
## Interpretation:## p > 0.05 = normality assumption holds## p < 0.05 = normality violated (use Wilcoxon instead)## NOTE: With n > 30 per group, t-test is robust to## mild non-normality (Central Limit Theorem)##
## ============================================================## ASSUMPTION 2: EQUALITY OF VARIANCES (Levene's Test)## ============================================================##
## Knowledge Score — Levene's Test:## # A tibble: 1 × 4
## df1 df2 statistic p
## <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 1 373 0.916 0.339##
## Attitude Score — Levene's Test:## # A tibble: 1 × 4
## df1 df2 statistic p
## <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 1 373 2.73 0.0994##
## Interpretation:## p > 0.05 = equal variances (use standard t-test, var.equal = TRUE)## p < 0.05 = unequal variances (use Welch's t-test, var.equal = FALSE)##
## Knowledge: var.equal = TRUE## Attitude: var.equal = TRUE##
## ============================================================## INDEPENDENT T-TEST RESULTS## ============================================================##
## --- General Knowledge Score ---##
## Two Sample t-test
##
## data: Knowledge_Score by Age_Cat
## t = -2.509, df = 373, p-value = 0.01253
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Early (10-14) and group Late (15-19) is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -2.2829391 -0.2768094
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Early (10-14) mean in group Late (15-19)
## 8.166667 9.446541##
## --- Attitude Score ---##
## Two Sample t-test
##
## data: Attitude_Score by Age_Cat
## t = -1.9491, df = 373, p-value = 0.05204
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Early (10-14) and group Late (15-19) is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -2.151886067 0.009503118
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Early (10-14) mean in group Late (15-19)
## 29.35648 30.42767##
## ============================================================## EFFECT SIZE (Cohen's d)## ============================================================##
## Knowledge Score — Cohen's d:## # A tibble: 1 × 7
## .y. group1 group2 effsize n1 n2 magnitude
## * <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <int> <int> <ord>
## 1 Knowledge_Score Early (10-14) Late (15-19) -0.263 216 159 small##
## Attitude Score — Cohen's d:## # A tibble: 1 × 7
## .y. group1 group2 effsize n1 n2 magnitude
## * <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <int> <int> <ord>
## 1 Attitude_Score Early (10-14) Late (15-19) -0.205 216 159 small##
## Benchmarks: small = 0.20, medium = 0.50, large = 0.80##
## ============================================================## SUMMARY TABLE## ============================================================## # A tibble: 2 × 9
## Outcome Test t_statistic df p_value Significance CI_95 Cohens_d
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 General knowledge… Stud… -2.51 373 0.0125 * [-2.… 0.263
## 2 Attitude score Stud… -1.95 373 0.052 ns [-2.… 0.205
## # ℹ 1 more variable: Effect_Size <chr>| Outcome variable |
Age group
|
p-value2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall N = 3751 |
Early (10-14) N = 2161 |
Late (15-19) N = 1591 |
||
| General knowledge score | 8.71 ± 4.92 | 8.17 ± 4.99 | 9.45 ± 4.72 | 0.012 |
| Attitude score | 29.81 ± 5.28 | 29.36 ± 5.48 | 30.43 ± 4.95 | 0.049 |
| 1 Mean ± SD | ||||
| 2 Welch Two Sample t-test | ||||
##
## Table saved: Table9_Ttest_Knowledge_Attitude_AgeGroup.docx
## Figure saved: Fig2_Ttest_Knowledge_Attitude_AgeGroup.png##
##
## ============================================================## RESULTS NARRATIVE (copy into your paper)## ============================================================##
## An independent t-test was conducted to compare general knowledge
## scores and attitude scores between Early Adolescence (ages 10-14,
## n = 216) and Late Adolescence (ages 15-19, n = 159) groups.
##
## KNOWLEDGE SCORE:
## Early (10-14): Mean = 8.17, SD = 4.99
## Late (15-19): Mean = 9.45, SD = 4.72
## Student's t: t(373.0) = -2.509, p = 0.0125, 95% CI [-2.28, -0.28], Cohen's d = 0.263 (Small)
##
## ATTITUDE SCORE:
## Early (10-14): Mean = 29.36, SD = 5.48
## Late (15-19): Mean = 30.43, SD = 4.95
## Student's t: t(373.0) = -1.949, p = 0.0520, 95% CI [-2.15, 0.01], Cohen's d = 0.205 (Small)Table 10
## Total rows: 375## Class distribution:##
## Class 6 Class 7 Class 8 Class 9 Class 10
## 67 87 81 95 45##
## Knowledge Score summary:## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.000 5.000 9.000 8.709 12.000 24.000##
## Attitude Score summary:## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 14.00 27.00 31.00 29.81 33.00 46.00##
## ============================================================## DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS BY CLASS## ============================================================## # A tibble: 5 × 10
## Class n Know_Mean Know_SD Know_Median Know_IQR Att_Mean Att_SD Att_Median
## <fct> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Class… 67 7.93 5.11 7 7.5 27.6 5.42 29
## 2 Class… 87 8.95 4.73 9 6 29.0 6.08 30
## 3 Class… 81 7.51 5.08 7 8 31.1 3.42 32
## 4 Class… 95 9.74 4.27 10 5.5 30.8 5.48 32
## 5 Class… 45 9.4 5.5 10 7 30.1 4.56 30
## # ℹ 1 more variable: Att_IQR <dbl>##
## ============================================================## ASSUMPTION 1: NORMALITY (Shapiro-Wilk per class)## ============================================================## # A tibble: 5 × 6
## Class n Know_W Know_p Att_W Att_p
## <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Class 6 67 0.945 0.0052 0.952 0.0122
## 2 Class 7 87 0.978 0.143 0.980 0.210
## 3 Class 8 81 0.940 0.0009 0.970 0.0511
## 4 Class 9 95 0.981 0.174 0.933 0.0001
## 5 Class 10 45 0.970 0.288 0.946 0.0347##
## p > 0.05 = normality holds per group## p < 0.05 = normality violated## NOTE: ANOVA is robust to mild non-normality when## group sizes are adequate (n > 30 per group)## If violated, Kruskal-Wallis is used instead.##
## ============================================================## ASSUMPTION 2: HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE (Levene's Test)## ============================================================##
## Knowledge Score — Levene's Test:## # A tibble: 1 × 4
## df1 df2 statistic p
## <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 4 370 1.66 0.159##
## Attitude Score — Levene's Test:## # A tibble: 1 × 4
## df1 df2 statistic p
## <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 4 370 6.36 0.0000584##
## p > 0.05 = equal variances (standard ANOVA)## p < 0.05 = unequal variances (Welch's ANOVA)##
## Knowledge: equal variances = TRUE## Attitude: equal variances = FALSE##
## ============================================================## ONE-WAY ANOVA RESULTS## ============================================================##
## --- General Knowledge Score: ANOVA Summary ---## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## Class 4 285 71.35 3.016 0.0181 *
## Residuals 370 8754 23.66
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1##
## --- Attitude Score: ANOVA Summary ---## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## Class 4 631 157.66 5.957 0.000118 ***
## Residuals 370 9793 26.47
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1##
## --- General Knowledge Score: Welch's ANOVA ---##
## One-way analysis of means (not assuming equal variances)
##
## data: Knowledge_Score and Class
## F = 3.0692, num df = 4.00, denom df = 162.17, p-value = 0.01806##
## --- Attitude Score: Welch's ANOVA ---##
## One-way analysis of means (not assuming equal variances)
##
## data: Attitude_Score and Class
## F = 6.4627, num df = 4.00, denom df = 164.63, p-value = 7.436e-05##
##
## SELECTED TEST RESULTS:## Knowledge: using Standard ANOVA## Attitude: using Welch's ANOVA##
## ============================================================## EFFECT SIZE (Eta-squared)## ============================================================##
## Knowledge Score — Eta-squared:## Class
## 0.03157389##
## Attitude Score — Eta-squared:## Class
## 0.06050149##
## Benchmarks: small = 0.01, medium = 0.06, large = 0.14##
## ============================================================## POST-HOC TEST: TUKEY HSD## ============================================================##
## Knowledge Score — Tukey HSD pairwise comparisons:## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = Knowledge_Score ~ Class, data = df_anova)
##
## $Class
## diff lwr upr p adj
## Class 7-Class 6 1.0286499 -1.1386380 3.1959377 0.6907197
## Class 8-Class 6 -0.4192003 -2.6211339 1.7827333 0.9851202
## Class 9-Class 6 1.8114690 -0.3157469 3.9386849 0.1364116
## Class 10-Class 6 1.4746269 -1.0952873 4.0445410 0.5157353
## Class 8-Class 7 -1.4478501 -3.5066104 0.6109101 0.3043680
## Class 9-Class 7 0.7828191 -1.1958243 2.7614625 0.8144753
## Class 10-Class 7 0.4459770 -2.0023778 2.8943318 0.9873962
## Class 9-Class 8 2.2306693 0.2141365 4.2472021 0.0217290
## Class 10-Class 8 1.8938272 -0.5852485 4.3729028 0.2247564
## Class 10-Class 9 -0.3368421 -2.7497971 2.0761129 0.9954395##
## Attitude Score — Tukey HSD pairwise comparisons:## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = Attitude_Score ~ Class, data = df_anova)
##
## $Class
## diff lwr upr p adj
## Class 7-Class 6 1.4408990 -0.85140164 3.733200 0.4209797
## Class 8-Class 6 3.5537129 1.22476819 5.882658 0.0003456
## Class 9-Class 6 3.2389631 0.98904587 5.488880 0.0008980
## Class 10-Class 6 2.5512438 -0.16690727 5.269395 0.0775289
## Class 8-Class 7 2.1128140 -0.06469895 4.290327 0.0620731
## Class 9-Class 7 1.7980641 -0.29471068 3.890839 0.1301887
## Class 10-Class 7 1.1103448 -1.47923508 3.699925 0.7654794
## Class 9-Class 8 -0.3147498 -2.44759956 1.818100 0.9943500
## Class 10-Class 8 -1.0024691 -3.62454191 1.619604 0.8327011
## Class 10-Class 9 -0.6877193 -3.23985752 1.864419 0.9472860##
## Knowledge Score — Significant pairs only:## Comparison Mean_Diff CI_Lower CI_Upper p_adj Significant
## 1 Class 9-Class 8 2.2307 0.2141 4.2472 0.0217 Yes *##
## Attitude Score — Significant pairs only:## Comparison Mean_Diff CI_Lower CI_Upper p_adj Significant
## 1 Class 8-Class 6 3.5537 1.2248 5.8827 3e-04 Yes *
## 2 Class 9-Class 6 3.2390 0.9890 5.4889 9e-04 Yes *##
## ============================================================## KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST (non-parametric robustness check)## ============================================================##
## Knowledge Score — Kruskal-Wallis:##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: Knowledge_Score by Class
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 13.792, df = 4, p-value = 0.00799##
## Attitude Score — Kruskal-Wallis:##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: Attitude_Score by Class
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 22.417, df = 4, p-value = 0.0001655##
## Knowledge: Dunn post-hoc test (Bonferroni correction):
## # A tibble: 10 × 9
## .y. group1 group2 n1 n2 statistic p p.adj p.adj.signif
## * <chr> <chr> <chr> <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 67 87 1.46 1.44e-1 1 ns
## 2 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 67 81 -0.554 5.79e-1 1 ns
## 3 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 67 95 2.55 1.09e-2 0.109 ns
## 4 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 67 45 1.49 1.37e-1 1 ns
## 5 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 87 81 -2.13 3.30e-2 0.330 ns
## 6 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 87 95 1.14 2.56e-1 1 ns
## 7 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 87 45 0.268 7.89e-1 1 ns
## 8 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 81 95 3.29 9.95e-4 0.00995 **
## 9 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 81 45 2.04 4.18e-2 0.418 ns
## 10 Knowledge_S… Class… Class… 95 45 -0.660 5.09e-1 1 ns##
## Attitude: Dunn post-hoc test (Bonferroni correction):
## # A tibble: 10 × 9
## .y. group1 group2 n1 n2 statistic p p.adj p.adj.signif
## * <chr> <chr> <chr> <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 67 87 1.54 1.24e-1 1 e+0 ns
## 2 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 67 81 3.73 1.91e-4 1.91e-3 **
## 3 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 67 95 4.07 4.74e-5 4.74e-4 ***
## 4 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 67 45 1.86 6.28e-2 6.28e-1 ns
## 5 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 87 81 2.37 1.78e-2 1.78e-1 ns
## 6 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 87 95 2.69 7.20e-3 7.20e-2 ns
## 7 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 87 45 0.590 5.55e-1 1 e+0 ns
## 8 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 81 95 0.218 8.27e-1 1 e+0 ns
## 9 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 81 45 -1.38 1.66e-1 1 e+0 ns
## 10 Attitude_Sc… Class… Class… 95 45 -1.60 1.09e-1 1 e+0 ns| Outcome variable |
Class / Grade level
|
p-value2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall N = 3751 |
Class 6 N = 671 |
Class 7 N = 871 |
Class 8 N = 811 |
Class 9 N = 951 |
Class 10 N = 451 |
||
| General knowledge score | 8.71 ± 4.92 | 7.93 ± 5.11 | 8.95 ± 4.73 | 7.51 ± 5.08 | 9.74 ± 4.27 | 9.40 ± 5.50 | 0.018 |
| Attitude score | 29.81 ± 5.28 | 27.58 ± 5.42 | 29.02 ± 6.08 | 31.14 ± 3.42 | 30.82 ± 5.48 | 30.13 ± 4.56 | <0.001 |
| 1 Mean ± SD | |||||||
| 2 One-way analysis of means | |||||||
##
## Table saved: Table10_ANOVA_Knowledge_Attitude_Class.docx## png
## 2## Figure saved: Fig4_TukeyHSD_Knowledge_Attitude_Class.png