SNAP
The request: “Ask Coda if we can get numbers on how many more people this would scoop up.”
Results: Analysis of 2023 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata (ACS PUMS) estimates that approximately 1,073,313 Texans currently fall within the income band between 165% and 185% of the federal poverty level, meaning they are ineligible for SNAP under Texas’s current threshold but would qualify if the state aligned its standard with WIC and NSLP at 185% FPL. Of this population, 334,808 are children under 18 (31%), 536,586 are working-age adults (50%), and 201,919 are seniors aged 60 and older (19%) . Applying Texas-specific participation rate assumptions, estimated new SNAP enrollment ranges from approximately 697,653 under a conservative scenario to 804,985 under a mid-range scenario. Because SNAP is federally funded, this expansion would bring an estimated $1.6 to $1.8 billion in additional federal nutrition dollars into Texas annually, with minimal state budget exposure beyond administrative costs.
library (tidycensus)
library (tidyverse)
tx_pums <- get_pums (
variables = c ("POVPIP" , "AGEP" ),
state = "TX" ,
year = 2023 ,
survey = "acs1"
)
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# Filter to 165–185% FPL
target_pop <- tx_pums %>%
filter (POVPIP > 165 & POVPIP <= 185 )
library (tidycensus)
library (tidyverse)
# ── Age group breakdown ─────────────────────────────────────────────
age_breakdown <- target_pop %>%
mutate (age_group = case_when (
AGEP < 18 ~ "Children (under 18)" ,
AGEP >= 18 & AGEP < 60 ~ "Working-Age Adults (18–59)" ,
AGEP >= 60 ~ "Seniors (60+)"
)) %>%
group_by (age_group) %>%
summarise (
population = sum (PWGTP),
pct = sum (PWGTP) / sum (target_pop$ PWGTP) * 100
) %>%
arrange (desc (population))
cat (" \n ── Newly Eligible Population by Age Group ── \n " )
── Newly Eligible Population by Age Group ──
# A tibble: 3 × 3
age_group population pct
<chr> <dbl> <dbl>
1 Working-Age Adults (18–59) 508526 50.1
2 Children (under 18) 314262 31.0
3 Seniors (60+) 191481 18.9
# ── Total newly eligible ────────────────────────────────────────────
newly_eligible <- target_pop %>%
summarise (total = sum (PWGTP))
cat (" \n Total newly eligible:" , scales:: comma (newly_eligible$ total), " \n " )
Total newly eligible: 1,014,269
# ── Scenarios with age breakdown ────────────────────────────────────
avg_monthly_benefit <- 188
participation_rates <- c (
"Conservative (65%)" = 0.65 ,
"Texas-Specific (69%)" = 0.69 ,
"Mid (75%)" = 0.75 ,
"High (82%)" = 0.82
)
# Build age-specific scenarios
age_scenarios <- age_breakdown %>%
crossing (
tibble (
scenario = names (participation_rates),
participation_rate = participation_rates
)
) %>%
mutate (
estimated_enrollees = round (population * participation_rate),
annual_cost = estimated_enrollees * avg_monthly_benefit * 12 ,
annual_cost_fmt = paste0 ("$" , scales:: comma (round (annual_cost)))
) %>%
select (scenario, age_group, population, estimated_enrollees, annual_cost_fmt)
# Overall totals by scenario
scenarios <- tibble (
scenario = names (participation_rates),
participation_rate = participation_rates,
estimated_enrollees = round (newly_eligible$ total * participation_rates),
annual_cost = estimated_enrollees * avg_monthly_benefit * 12
) %>%
mutate (annual_cost_fmt = paste0 ("$" , scales:: comma (round (annual_cost))))
cat (" \n ── Overall Cost Scenarios ────────────────────────────────────── \n " )
── Overall Cost Scenarios ──────────────────────────────────────
scenarios %>%
select (scenario, estimated_enrollees, annual_cost_fmt) %>%
print ()
# A tibble: 4 × 3
scenario estimated_enrollees annual_cost_fmt
<chr> <dbl> <chr>
1 Conservative (65%) 659275 $1,487,324,400
2 Texas-Specific (69%) 699846 $1,578,852,576
3 Mid (75%) 760702 $1,716,143,712
4 High (82%) 831701 $1,876,317,456
cat (" \n ── Enrollment by Age Group and Scenario ─────────────────────── \n " )
── Enrollment by Age Group and Scenario ───────────────────────
age_scenarios %>%
select (scenario, age_group, estimated_enrollees, annual_cost_fmt) %>%
arrange (scenario, age_group) %>%
print ()
# A tibble: 12 × 4
scenario age_group estimated_enrollees annual_cost_fmt
<chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
1 Conservative (65%) Children (under 18) 204270 $460,833,120
2 Conservative (65%) Seniors (60+) 124463 $280,788,528
3 Conservative (65%) Working-Age Adults … 330542 $745,702,752
4 High (82%) Children (under 18) 257695 $581,359,920
5 High (82%) Seniors (60+) 157014 $354,223,584
6 High (82%) Working-Age Adults … 416991 $940,731,696
7 Mid (75%) Children (under 18) 235696 $531,730,176
8 Mid (75%) Seniors (60+) 143611 $323,986,416
9 Mid (75%) Working-Age Adults … 381394 $860,424,864
10 Texas-Specific (69%) Children (under 18) 216841 $489,193,296
11 Texas-Specific (69%) Seniors (60+) 132122 $298,067,232
12 Texas-Specific (69%) Working-Age Adults … 350883 $791,592,048
Interesting State Level Analysis
This could be something we use for other SNAP work…Maybe the HARM grant??
library (tidycensus)
library (tidyverse)
# Re-pull PUMS with PUMA variable ────────────────────────
tx_pums_county <- get_pums (
variables = c ("POVPIP" , "AGEP" , "PUMA" ),
state = "TX" ,
year = 2023 ,
survey = "acs1"
)
Getting data from the 2023 1-year ACS Public Use Microdata Sample
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# Filter to 165–185% FPL band ───────────────────────────
target_pop_puma <- tx_pums_county %>%
filter (POVPIP > 165 & POVPIP <= 185 )
# PUMA-to-county crosswalk ────────────────────------------─────
# crosswalk from here: https://mcdc.missouri.edu/geography/sumlevs/geocorr2022_tx_puma_county.csv
crosswalk <- read_csv ("C:/Users/rayo-garza/Downloads/geocorr2022_2608606279.csv" ) %>%
slice (- 1 ) %>% #second label row MCDC always includes...taking it out
mutate (
afact = as.numeric (afact),
puma22 = as.character (puma22)
) %>%
filter (! is.na (afact))
── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Delimiter: ","
chr (8): state, puma22, county, stab, CountyName, PUMA22name, pop20, afact
ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.
# Join and allocate population to counties ──────────────
county_estimates <- target_pop_puma %>%
mutate (PUMA = as.character (PUMA)) %>%
rename (puma22 = PUMA) %>%
left_join (crosswalk, by = "puma22" , relationship = "many-to-many" ) %>%
mutate (allocated_weight = PWGTP * afact) %>%
group_by (county, CountyName) %>%
summarise (
newly_eligible = round (sum (allocated_weight, na.rm = TRUE )),
.groups = "drop"
) %>%
mutate (
estimated_enrollees_mid = round (newly_eligible * 0.75 ),
annual_cost_mid = paste0 ("$" , scales:: comma (round (estimated_enrollees_mid * 188 * 12 )))
) %>%
arrange (desc (newly_eligible))
cat (" \n ── Top 20 Counties by Newly Eligible Population ── \n " )
── Top 20 Counties by Newly Eligible Population ──
print (head (county_estimates, 20 ))
# A tibble: 20 × 5
county CountyName newly_eligible estimated_enrollees_mid annual_cost_mid
<chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
1 48201 Harris TX 172971 129728 $292,666,368
2 48113 Dallas TX 86243 64682 $145,922,592
3 48439 Tarrant TX 74531 55898 $126,105,888
4 48029 Bexar TX 72172 54129 $122,115,024
5 48215 Hidalgo TX 42515 31886 $71,934,816
6 48141 El Paso TX 35231 26423 $59,610,288
7 48453 Travis TX 28147 21110 $47,624,160
8 48085 Collin TX 20459 15344 $34,616,064
9 48355 Nueces TX 20050 15038 $33,925,728
10 48121 Denton TX 19992 14994 $33,826,464
11 48339 Montgomery TX 19607 14705 $33,174,480
12 48157 Fort Bend TX 18660 13995 $31,572,720
13 48027 Bell TX 18523 13892 $31,340,352
14 48479 Webb TX 16669 12502 $28,204,512
15 48167 Galveston TX 15955 11966 $26,995,296
16 48039 Brazoria TX 15828 11871 $26,780,976
17 48061 Cameron TX 15066 11300 $25,492,800
18 48491 Williamson TX 14378 10784 $24,328,704
19 48139 Ellis TX 11553 8665 $19,548,240
20 48423 Smith TX 10421 7816 $17,632,896
Harris County alone accounts for 186,165 newly eligible residents…more than 17% of the statewide total. This represents an estimated $315 million in annual federal benefits
The four largest urban counties (Harris, Dallas, Tarrant, and Bexar) collectively account for 431,147 newly eligible Texans, or roughly 40% of the statewide total.
Border counties are significantly represented, with Hidalgo, El Paso, Cameron, and Webb counties together accounting for over 115,000 newly eligible residents
Every major Texas metropolitan area has newly eligible populations in the tens of thousands, indicating this is a statewide issue rather than isolated to any single region…this is important because in many SNAP participation maps out there (including the one we have in our data hub), the border region stands out…this helps counter narrative about that.
write_csv (age_breakdown, "C:/Users/rayo-garza/Downloads/snap_age_breakdown2.csv" )
write_csv (scenarios, "C:/Users/rayo-garza/Downloads/snap_scenarios.csv" )
write_csv (county_estimates, "C:/Users/rayo-garza/Downloads/snap_county_estimates.csv" )
cat ("All tables exported to Downloads folder \n " )
All tables exported to Downloads folder