1. Body Composition

Results Table

Measure N Pre M (SD) Post M (SD) Test 95% CI p-value Cohen’s d η² Sig
Fat % (Pre vs. Post) 11 37.48 (7.55) 37.27 (8.31) Paired t-test [-1.74, 1.32] 0.767 -0.09 (Negligible) 0.009
Fat-Free Mass kg (Pre vs. Post) 11 49.37 (7.56) 50.30 (7.40) Wilcoxon signed-rank [0.06, 2.02] 0.029 0.67 (Medium) 0.002 ✓
Fat Mass kg (Pre vs. Post) 11 31.56 (12.34) 31.78 (13.14) Paired t-test [-1.01, 1.45] 0.700 0.12 (Negligible) 0.015
Body Mass kg (Pre vs. Post) 11 80.93 (19.14) 82.07 (19.52) Paired t-test [0.17, 2.11] 0.026 0.79 (Medium) 0.407 ✓

Interpretation: Body Mass showed a statistically significant increase from Session 1 to Session 5 (p = 0.026), with a Medium effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.79). No other body composition variables reached significance. Fat-Free Mass approached significance, suggesting a trend toward lean mass gain.

Normality (Shapiro-Wilk)

Measure SW p (Pre) SW p (Post) SW p (Difference) Distribution
Fat % (Pre vs. Post) 0.048 0.079 0.094 Normal → t-test
Fat-Free Mass kg (Pre vs. Post) 0.410 0.659 0.028 Non-normal → Wilcoxon
Fat Mass kg (Pre vs. Post) 0.821 0.790 0.162 Normal → t-test
Body Mass kg (Pre vs. Post) 0.520 0.509 0.615 Normal → t-test

Visualizations

2. Sleep Quality

Results Table

Measure N Pre M (SD) Post M (SD) Test 95% CI p-value Cohen’s d η² Sig
Hours of Sleep 11 6.77 (1.01) 7.27 (0.65) Wilcoxon signed-rank [0.00, 1.00] 0.033 0.79 (Medium) 0.006 ✓
Sleep Quality (self-rated) 11 7.00 (1.26) 8.00 (1.00) Paired t-test [0.21, 1.79] 0.019 0.85 (Large) 0.440 ✓
Nighttime Awakenings 11 2.50 (1.48) 2.14 (2.34) Wilcoxon signed-rank [-2.00, 2.00] 0.226 -0.18 (Negligible) 0.643

Interpretation: Both Hours of Sleep and Sleep Quality improved significantly. Hours of sleep increased by ~0.50 hrs/night (p = 0.033) and quality ratings improved (p = 0.019). Nighttime awakenings did not change significantly, though variance was high.

Normality (Shapiro-Wilk)

Measure SW p (Pre) SW p (Post) SW p (Difference) Distribution
Hours of Sleep 0.134 0.008 0.008 Non-normal → Wilcoxon
Sleep Quality (self-rated) 0.293 0.064 0.609 Normal → t-test
Nighttime Awakenings 0.454 < .001 0.002 Non-normal → Wilcoxon

Visualizations

3. Cognitive Function

Results Table

Measure N Pre M (SD) Post M (SD) Test 95% CI p-value Cohen’s d η² Sig
Vocabulary Score (/30) 11 27.00 (1.00) 27.18 (1.33) Paired t-test [-0.81, 1.17] 0.690 0.12 (Negligible) 0.017
Trail Making A 11 50.77 (13.58) 53.67 (12.80) Paired t-test [-6.33, 12.13] 0.500 0.21 (Small) 0.047
Trail Making B 11 32.30 (14.89) 41.05 (12.07) Paired t-test [-1.17, 18.68] 0.078 0.59 (Medium) 0.279

Interpretation: No cognitive measures reached statistical significance at α = .05. Trail Making B showed a trend (p = 0.078) toward increased scores post-intervention, though this did not cross the significance threshold. Vocabulary scores were largely stable.

Normality (Shapiro-Wilk)

Measure SW p (Pre) SW p (Post) SW p (Difference) Distribution
Vocabulary Score (/30) 0.064 0.064 0.312 Normal → t-test
Trail Making A 0.206 0.750 0.349 Normal → t-test
Trail Making B 0.009 0.999 0.892 Normal → t-test

Visualizations

4. Menopause Rating Scale (MRS)

Results Table

Measure N Pre M (SD) Post M (SD) Test 95% CI p-value Cohen’s d η² Sig
MRS Total Score 11 13.82 (8.13) 3.64 (4.54) Paired t-test [-14.77, -5.60] < .001 -1.49 (Large) 0.710 ✓
MRS Psychological Subscale 11 3.64 (2.77) 0.27 (0.65) Paired t-test [-5.29, -1.43] 0.003 -1.17 (Large) 0.601 ✓
MRS Somatic Subscale 11 6.09 (3.24) 2.18 (2.52) Paired t-test [-5.67, -2.15] < .001 -1.49 (Large) 0.709 ✓
MRS Urogenital Subscale 11 4.09 (3.59) 1.18 (1.89) Wilcoxon signed-rank [-6.50, -1.50] 0.009 -0.92 (Large) 1.000 ✓

Interpretation: All four MRS measures showed highly significant decreases following the intervention. The Total MRS score dropped from a mean of ~13.8 to ~3.6 (p < .001), with a large effect size. All three subscales (Psychological, Somatic, Urogenital) likewise showed significant improvement, indicating broad menopause symptom relief.

Normality (Shapiro-Wilk)

Measure SW p (Pre) SW p (Post) SW p (Difference) Distribution
MRS Total Score 0.153 0.015 0.134 Normal → t-test
MRS Psychological Subscale 0.610 < .001 0.233 Normal → t-test
MRS Somatic Subscale 0.248 0.008 0.143 Normal → t-test
MRS Urogenital Subscale 0.414 < .001 0.011 Non-normal → Wilcoxon

Visualizations

5. HUMAC Muscle Strength

Results Table

Measure N Pre M (SD) Post M (SD) Test 95% CI p-value Cohen’s d η² Sig
Isometric Ext. 60°T3 — Right 11 100.18 (25.69) 101.09 (15.23) Paired t-test [-15.00, 16.82] 0.901 0.04 (Negligible) 0.002
Isometric Ext. 60°T3 — Left 11 95.09 (15.73) 103.27 (14.30) Paired t-test [2.41, 13.95] 0.010 0.95 (Large) 0.500 ✓
Isometric Ext. 60°T0.5 — Right 11 81.45 (27.71) 77.09 (21.64) Paired t-test [-19.49, 10.76] 0.535 -0.19 (Negligible) 0.040
Isometric Ext. 60°T0.5 — Left 11 80.09 (24.10) 81.45 (26.73) Paired t-test [-8.86, 11.59] 0.772 0.09 (Negligible) 0.009
Isometric Flex. 30°T3 — Right 11 47.73 (15.49) 47.18 (12.32) Wilcoxon signed-rank [-10.50, 6.00] 0.755 -0.05 (Negligible) 0.151
Isometric Flex. 30°T3 — Left 11 49.45 (13.04) 49.09 (13.25) Paired t-test [-7.33, 6.60] 0.910 -0.04 (Negligible) 0.001
Isokinetic 60/60 Ext. — Right 11 60.45 (16.63) 65.09 (15.11) Paired t-test [-2.10, 11.37] 0.156 0.46 (Small) 0.191
Isokinetic 60/60 Ext. — Left 11 65.18 (11.10) 67.00 (11.04) Paired t-test [-4.33, 7.97] 0.525 0.20 (Negligible) 0.042
Isokinetic 60/60 Flex. — Right 11 28.27 (9.23) 31.91 (9.96) Paired t-test [-1.74, 9.01] 0.163 0.45 (Small) 0.185
Isokinetic 60/60 Flex. — Left 11 26.18 (6.18) 33.45 (7.97) Paired t-test [2.47, 12.07] 0.007 1.02 (Large) 0.533 ✓
Isokinetic 240/240 Ext. — Right 11 31.09 (10.25) 36.64 (7.79) Paired t-test [2.58, 8.51] 0.002 1.26 (Large) 0.635 ✓
Isokinetic 240/240 Ext. — Left 11 29.00 (9.85) 37.00 (7.10) Wilcoxon signed-rank [3.00, 13.00] 0.004 1.06 (Large) 0.008 ✓
Isokinetic 240/240 Ext. — Deficit 11 16.73 (11.64) 7.27 (6.54) Paired t-test [-17.54, -1.37] 0.026 -0.79 (Medium) 0.404 ✓
Isokinetic 240/240 Flex. — Right 11 18.09 (8.40) 19.55 (7.71) Paired t-test [-3.52, 6.43] 0.530 0.20 (Negligible) 0.041
Isokinetic 240/240 Flex. — Left 11 17.45 (7.02) 20.82 (5.56) Paired t-test [-0.89, 7.62] 0.108 0.53 (Medium) 0.237

Interpretation: The most notable finding was a significant reduction in the Isokinetic 240/240 Extensor deficit (p = 0.026), reflecting improved bilateral symmetry at high speed. The deficit decreased from 16.7 to 7.3 (effect: Medium). Individual limb torque values did not reach significance, suggesting the intervention may preferentially benefit the weaker limb.

Normality (Shapiro-Wilk)

Measure SW p (Diff.) Distribution
Isometric Ext. 60°T3 — Right 0.544 Normal → t-test
Isometric Ext. 60°T3 — Left 0.596 Normal → t-test
Isometric Ext. 60°T0.5 — Right 0.796 Normal → t-test
Isometric Ext. 60°T0.5 — Left 0.560 Normal → t-test
Isometric Flex. 30°T3 — Right 0.009 Non-normal → Wilcoxon
Isometric Flex. 30°T3 — Left 0.983 Normal → t-test
Isokinetic 60/60 Ext. — Right 0.323 Normal → t-test
Isokinetic 60/60 Ext. — Left 0.496 Normal → t-test
Isokinetic 60/60 Flex. — Right 0.201 Normal → t-test
Isokinetic 60/60 Flex. — Left 0.256 Normal → t-test
Isokinetic 240/240 Ext. — Right 0.820 Normal → t-test
Isokinetic 240/240 Ext. — Left 0.005 Non-normal → Wilcoxon
Isokinetic 240/240 Ext. — Deficit 0.072 Normal → t-test
Isokinetic 240/240 Flex. — Right 0.509 Normal → t-test
Isokinetic 240/240 Flex. — Left 0.767 Normal → t-test

Visualizations (Significant & Near-Sig.)

6. Hormones: Estradiol & Cortisol (Time-Series Analysis)

For unequally-spaced repeated measures, individual trajectory modeling and ARIMA/state-space approaches are applied.

Estradiol Trajectories

Cortisol Trajectories

Linear Mixed Model

Hormone Session Slope 95% CI p-value Significant
Estradiol -0.291 [-1.070, 0.487] 0.467
Cortisol -0.0095 [-0.0400, 0.0210] 0.547

Interpretation: The linear mixed model (random intercept per participant) tested whether hormone levels changed linearly across sessions. Estradiol showed no statistically significant linear trend across sessions (p = 0.467). Cortisol showed no statistically significant linear trend (p = 0.547). High within-person variability is evident in both hormones, consistent with the known pulsatile nature of cortisol secretion and cycle-dependent estradiol fluctuation.

ARIMA per Participant

Participant Estradiol ARIMA Est. AIC Cortisol ARIMA Cort. AIC
M001 ARIMA(0,0,0) 25.1 ARIMA(0,0,0) -36.4
M002 ARIMA(0,0,0) 33.8 ARIMA(0,0,0) -27.6
M003 ARIMA(0,0,0) 33.0 ARIMA(0,0,0) 2.1
M004 ARIMA(0,0,0) 25.8 ARIMA(0,0,0) 3.2
M005 ARIMA(0,1,0) 12.6 ARIMA(0,0,0) 2.1
M006 ARIMA(0,0,0) 36.6 ARIMA(0,0,0) 3.7
M007 ARIMA(0,0,0) 33.5 ARIMA(0,0,0) -10.3
M008 ARIMA(0,0,0) 30.8 ARIMA(0,0,0) -2.5
M009 ARIMA(0,0,0) 26.9 ARIMA(0,0,0) -0.3
M011 ARIMA(0,0,0) 24.9 ARIMA(0,0,0) -13.5
M012 ARIMA(0,0,0) 32.1 ARIMA(0,0,0) 0.5
Note:
ARIMA models fit per participant on 5-session time series. With only 5 time points, models are parsimonious (low-order). AIC used for model quality comparison.

7. Summary of Significant Findings

Domain Measure Pre M (SD) Post M (SD) p-value Cohen’s d Effect η²
Body Composition
Body Composition Fat-Free Mass kg (Pre vs. Post) 49.37 (7.56) 50.30 (7.40) 0.029 0.67 Medium 0.002
Body Composition Body Mass kg (Pre vs. Post) 80.93 (19.14) 82.07 (19.52) 0.026 0.79 Medium 0.407
HUMAC
HUMAC Isometric Ext. 60°T3 — Left 95.09 (15.73) 103.27 (14.30) 0.010 0.95 Large 0.500
HUMAC Isokinetic 60/60 Flex. — Left 26.18 (6.18) 33.45 (7.97) 0.007 1.02 Large 0.533
HUMAC Isokinetic 240/240 Ext. — Right 31.09 (10.25) 36.64 (7.79) 0.002 1.26 Large 0.635
HUMAC Isokinetic 240/240 Ext. — Left 29.00 (9.85) 37.00 (7.10) 0.004 1.06 Large 0.008
HUMAC Isokinetic 240/240 Ext. — Deficit 16.73 (11.64) 7.27 (6.54) 0.026 -0.79 Medium 0.404
MRS
MRS MRS Total Score 13.82 (8.13) 3.64 (4.54) < .001 -1.49 Large 0.710
MRS MRS Psychological Subscale 3.64 (2.77) 0.27 (0.65) 0.003 -1.17 Large 0.601
MRS MRS Somatic Subscale 6.09 (3.24) 2.18 (2.52) < .001 -1.49 Large 0.709
MRS MRS Urogenital Subscale 4.09 (3.59) 1.18 (1.89) 0.009 -0.92 Large 1.000
Sleep
Sleep Hours of Sleep 6.77 (1.01) 7.27 (0.65) 0.033 0.79 Medium 0.006
Sleep Sleep Quality (self-rated) 7.00 (1.26) 8.00 (1.00) 0.019 0.85 Large 0.440