Case-Control Study on Risk Factors of High Childhood Blood Lead - Pb Continuous

Author

ICMR

knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE)

Part 2. Bivariate analysis of risk factors

A. Demographic

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Age group		183
1-2	8.4 (7.0)		—	—
2-3	6.3 (4.6)		-2.0	-4.5, 0.41	0.10
3-4	6.3 (5.7)		-2.0	-4.4, 0.37	0.10
4-5	5.8 (4.1)		-2.6	-5.0, -0.26	0.030
Gender		183
Male	6.5 (5.4)		—	—
Female	6.5 (5.1)		-0.04	-1.6, 1.5	>0.9
PSU type		183
Rural	5.9 (5.0)		—	—
Urban	8.4 (5.4)		2.5	0.77, 4.3	0.005
Caste		183
Other Caste	10.3 (8.0)		—	—
SC	5.1 (3.8)		-5.2	-8.3, -2.1	0.001
ST	6.3 (5.2)		-4.0	-7.1, -0.97	0.010
OBC	6.7 (5.0)		-3.6	-6.6, -0.70	0.016
Not known	6.8 (NA)		-3.5	-14, 6.9	0.5
Religion		183
Hindu	6.6 (5.3)		—	—
Muslim	3.3 (0.2)		-3.2	-8.4, 2.0	0.2
Christian	5.3 (3.0)		-1.2	-8.6, 6.1	0.7
Others	NA (NA)
Father highest completed education		183
10th or less	6.2 (5.1)		—	—
Higher secondary	6.9 (5.4)		0.78	-1.2, 2.7	0.4
Graduate and above	7.2 (5.7)		1.1	-1.2, 3.3	0.3
Mother highest completed education		183
10th or less	6.2 (5.0)		—	—
Higher secondary	7.4 (6.0)		1.2	-0.72, 3.1	0.2
Graduate and above	6.0 (4.7)		-0.21	-2.4, 2.0	0.8
Father occupation		183
Service/ Office	6.8 (5.8)		—	—
Agriculture	6.3 (5.8)		-0.54	-3.2, 2.1	0.7
Paint-related/ Construction/ Industry	6.8 (4.3)		0.00	-2.8, 2.8	>0.9
Shop/ Trade	5.7 (5.3)		-1.1	-4.6, 2.4	0.5
Transport/ Vendor	6.7 (4.3)		-0.18	-3.7, 3.4	>0.9
Not working	6.5 (4.4)		-0.31	-8.1, 7.4	>0.9
Mother occupation		183
Service/ Office	5.2 (4.5)		—	—
Agriculture	5.5 (5.3)		0.30	-3.1, 3.7	0.9
Housewife	6.8 (5.3)		1.7	-1.2, 4.6	0.3
Paint-related/Construction	7.5 (5.3)		2.4	-3.0, 7.8	0.4
Shop/ Trade	4.3 (3.1)		-0.87	-6.7, 5.0	0.8
Number of household members		180	-0.20	-0.46, 0.05	0.12
3	11.7 (11.1)
4	6.2 (4.6)
5	7.3 (5.7)
6	6.7 (5.7)
7	5.5 (3.4)
8	7.3 (5.0)
9	4.4 (2.9)
10	4.1 (2.0)
11	7.5 (7.2)
12	8.3 (6.1)
13	5.7 (4.2)
14	3.1 (0.6)
15	11.6 (NA)
16	3.2 (0.5)
BPL card holder		183
No	6.2 (4.5)		—	—
Yes	6.6 (5.5)		0.37	-1.3, 2.0	0.7
Child stays outside residential area >4 weeks/year		183
No	6.6 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	4.6 (5.2)		-2.0	-5.2, 1.2	0.2
Child currently spends >20 hours/week away from home		183
No	6.8 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	6.4 (5.2)		-0.42	-2.2, 1.4	0.6
Past DABS: child spent >20 hours/week outside home		183
No	6.6 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	4.6 (3.5)		-2.0	-4.8, 0.75	0.2
Non-parent household member lead-related occupation/hobby		183
No	6.5 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	5.9 (4.7)		-0.66	-3.6, 2.3	0.7
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

B. Household characteristics

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Type of Family		183
Extended	4.5 (3.6)		—	—
Joint	7.3 (6.3)		2.9	0.00, 5.8	0.050
Nuclear	6.6 (5.1)		2.1	-0.28, 4.5	0.082
Ownership of house		183
Own House	6.5 (5.3)		—	—
Rented/Other	6.4 (4.3)		-0.07	-5.3, 5.2	>0.9
Type of House		183
Pucca	6.7 (5.4)		—	—
Semi-pucca	6.5 (5.2)		-0.26	-2.1, 1.6	0.8
Kutcha	6.2 (5.1)		-0.56	-2.4, 1.3	0.6
No of rooms in house		183
>1	6.4 (5.3)		—	—
0-1	6.7 (4.7)		0.28	-2.2, 2.7	0.8
Separate Kitchen		183
Yes	7.2 (5.7)		—	—
No	5.7 (4.5)		-1.5	-3.0, -0.02	0.048
Cooking fuel		183
Firewood	6.1 (5.3)		—	—
LPG	7.1 (5.2)		1.0	-0.59, 2.6	0.2
Others	5.4 (2.3)		-0.70	-5.9, 4.5	0.8
Drinking Water		183
Bore well	6.4 (5.2)		—	—
Open well	4.0 (2.9)		-2.4	-5.5, 0.71	0.13
Others	6.0 (4.7)		-0.36	-2.7, 2.0	0.8
RO/Bottled/Purchased water	18.3 (NA)		12	1.8, 22	0.021
Surface/Spring water	17.9 (NA)		12	1.4, 22	0.026
Tap water	6.6 (5.4)		0.28	-1.5, 2.0	0.8
Water tanker	8.5 (5.7)		2.2	-1.6, 6.0	0.3
Cooking water		183
Bore well	6.3 (5.2)		—	—
Open well	4.1 (2.8)		-2.2	-5.3, 0.82	0.2
Others	6.0 (4.7)		-0.35	-2.7, 2.0	0.8
RO/Bottled/Purchased water	NA (NA)
Surface/Spring water	17.9 (NA)		12	1.3, 22	0.028
Tap water	6.8 (5.5)		0.46	-1.3, 2.3	0.6
Water tanker	8.5 (5.7)		2.2	-1.7, 6.0	0.3
Water purification method		182
Water filter/ E. Purifier	NA (NA)
Boiling	5.9 (3.1)		—	—
Strain through a cloth	5.6 (4.1)		-0.27	-4.9, 4.4	>0.9
Add bleach/chlorine tablets	NA (NA)
None	6.7 (5.5)		0.79	-3.5, 5.1	0.7
Others/Multiple	7.1 (5.5)		1.2	-3.9, 6.3	0.6
Latrine type		183
Present and using	6.6 (5.2)		—	—
Others	8.2 (8.3)		1.6	-3.1, 6.3	0.5
Open Defecation	5.7 (4.7)		-0.92	-2.9, 1.0	0.4
Years of construction of current house		180
Less than 10 years	5.9 (5.0)		—	—
More than 10 years	7.0 (5.4)		1.0	-0.51, 2.6	0.2
Visible peeling paint in current house		179
No	6.2 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	6.8 (5.2)		0.63	-0.97, 2.2	0.4
paint_type_current_hh		181
No paint/Cement paint	4.7 (3.1)		—	—
Distemper	7.0 (5.8)		2.3	-0.06, 4.6	0.056
Chuna or similar	6.2 (5.4)		1.4	-0.75, 3.6	0.2
Emulsion	8.7 (4.8)		3.9	0.93, 6.9	0.011
Interior painting/renovation in last 6 months		183
No	5.8 (4.2)		—	—
Yes	7.5 (6.4)		1.7	0.13, 3.2	0.034
Primary flooring type in household		96
Non-soil-contact	5.5 (5.7)		—	—
Soil-contact	7.9 (5.7)		2.3	-0.01, 4.7	0.051
Presence of bare soil in current household		180
No	7.4 (5.8)		—	—
Yes	6.1 (4.9)		-1.4	-3.0, 0.26	0.10
Smoking inside household		182
No	6.2 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	6.8 (5.3)		0.69	-0.84, 2.2	0.4
Biomass burning inside house		181
No	7.0 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	6.2 (5.2)		-0.78	-2.4, 0.87	0.4
Pets/domestic animals in household		179
No	6.7 (5.1)		—	—
Yes	6.3 (5.4)		-0.33	-1.9, 1.2	0.7
Car/machine repair activity near household		179
No	6.6 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	6.0 (5.0)		-0.58	-4.1, 3.0	0.7
Non-parent household member lead-related occupation/hobby		183
No	6.5 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	5.9 (4.7)		-0.66	-3.6, 2.3	0.7
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

C. Household assets

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Wealth Index		183
Highest	7.5 (6.7)		—	—
Higher	5.6 (4.3)		-1.9	-5.0, 1.1	0.2
Middle	5.8 (5.4)		-1.7	-4.6, 1.2	0.3
Lower	6.7 (4.4)		-0.77	-3.5, 2.0	0.6
Lowest	6.6 (5.4)		-0.92	-3.4, 1.6	0.5
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

D. Blood micro-nutrient levels

Table 1 Column Name   Header                  
label                 "**Risk Factor**"       
stat_0_1              "**N = 185**"           
stat_n_2              "**N**"                 
estimate_2            "**Mean Diff. (β)**"    
conf.low_2            "**95% CI**"            
p.value_2             "**p-value**"           
Table 2 Column Name   Header                  
label                 "**Characteristic**"    
Correlation (r)       "**r**"                 
Cor. P-value          "**p (cor)**"           
stat_n                "**N**"                 
estimate              "**β (95% CI)**"        
p.value               "**p-value**"

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression				r	p (cor)	N	β (95% CI)	p-value
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value	r	p (cor)	N	β (95% CI)	p-value
Categorical Markers (Mean Pb by Group)
Anemia status		183
No Anemia	6.3 (4.7)		—	—
Any Anemia	6.6 (5.9)		0.29	-1.2, 1.8	0.7
Anaemia Status (Any, New)		183
No Anemia	6.3 (4.7)		—	—
Mild Anemia	6.3 (5.6)		-0.05	-1.8, 1.7	>0.9
Moder+Sev Anemia	7.3 (6.4)		0.91	-1.3, 3.1	0.4
iron_def_adj		15
No Iron Deficiency	6.0 (4.5)		—	—
Iron Deficiency	5.1 (4.4)		-0.96	-6.6, 4.6	0.7
Vitamin B12 Status		13
Normal (≥203 pg/mL)	4.7 (4.7)		—	—
Deficient (<203 pg/mL)	5.3 (4.2)		0.56	-4.9, 6.0	0.8
Serum Folate Status		13
Normal (≥4 ng/mL)	5.3 (4.3)		—	—
Deficient (<4 ng/mL)	2.4 (NA)		-2.9	-13, 7.0	0.5
Vitamin D Status		13
Normal (≥12 ng/mL)	3.4 (2.9)		—	—
Deficient (<12 ng/mL)	7.6 (4.9)		4.2	-0.50, 9.0	0.075
Continuous Markers (Correlation/Regression)
Log Ferritin						0.295	0.2854	15	0.050 (-0.047, 0.147)	0.3
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)						0.165	0.5905	13	0.004 (-0.012, 0.020)	0.6
Vitamin D (ng/mL)						-0.509	0.0756	13	-0.204 (-0.433, 0.025)	0.076
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

E. Anthropometric indicators

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Stunting status		144
No Stunting	6.8 (5.2)		—	—
Stunting	6.3 (5.1)		-0.44	-2.6, 1.7	0.7
Severe Stunting	6.7 (5.0)		-0.11	-2.4, 2.2	>0.9
Wasting status		143
No Wasting	6.6 (5.2)		—	—
Wasting	8.1 (4.8)		1.6	-0.98, 4.1	0.2
Severe Wasting	4.2 (3.1)		-2.4	-8.3, 3.5	0.4
Underweight status		145
No Underweight	6.5 (5.1)		—	—
Underweight	6.9 (5.1)		0.34	-1.8, 2.5	0.8
Severe Underweight	7.0 (5.5)		0.51	-2.4, 3.4	0.7
MUAC Group		146
Normal	6.6 (5.2)		—	—
severewasting	6.7 (2.6)		0.12	-4.5, 4.7	>0.9
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

F. Dietary nutrient intake

Characteristic	r	p (cor)	N	β (95% CI)	p-value
Energy Intake (kcal/day)	-0.171	0.0407	144	-0.002 (-0.003, 0.000)	0.041
Protein Intake (g/day)	-0.146	0.0810	144	-0.056 (-0.120, 0.007)	0.081
Carbohydrate Intake (g/day)	-0.195	0.0191	144	-0.011 (-0.021, -0.002)	0.019
Total Fat Intake (g/day)	-0.065	0.4354	144	-0.018 (-0.063, 0.027)	0.4
Iron Intake (mg/day)	-0.152	0.0681	144	-0.184 (-0.381, 0.014)	0.068
Zinc Intake (mg/day)	-0.209	0.0121	144	-0.503 (-0.894, -0.112)	0.012
Calcium Intake (mg/day)	-0.028	0.7402	144	-0.001 (-0.006, 0.004)	0.7
Thiamine (B1) Intake (mg/day)	-0.235	0.0047	144	-4.04 (-6.83, -1.26)	0.005
Riboflavin (B2) Intake (mg/day)	-0.039	0.6457	144	-0.596 (-3.16, 1.96)	0.6
Niacin (B3) Intake (mg/day)	-0.230	0.0055	144	-0.421 (-0.716, -0.126)	0.005
Total Folate (B9) Intake (ug/day)	-0.181	0.0301	144	-0.019 (-0.037, -0.002)	0.030
Vitamin C Intake (mg/day)	-0.064	0.4459	144	-0.012 (-0.044, 0.020)	0.4
Vitamin A Intake (ug/day)	0.054	0.5219	144	0.003 (-0.005, 0.011)	0.5
Vitamin B12 Intake (ug/day)	-0.005	0.9537	144	-0.096 (-3.34, 3.15)	>0.9
Birth Weight (grams)	0.436	0.0546	20	0.005 (0.000, 0.010)	0.055
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

G. CBC parameters

Characteristic	r	p (cor)	N	β (95% CI)	p-value
WBC Count	0.011	0.8773	183	0.020 (-0.238, 0.279)	0.9
Lymphocytes (%)	0.101	0.1746	183	0.045 (-0.020, 0.109)	0.2
Monocytes (%)	-0.060	0.4176	183	-0.087 (-0.298, 0.124)	0.4
Granulocytes (%)	-0.077	0.2973	183	-0.033 (-0.095, 0.029)	0.3
Lymphocytes (Absolute Count)	0.088	0.2382	183	0.253 (-0.169, 0.674)	0.2
Monocytes (Absolute Count)	-0.083	0.2644	183	-0.855 (-2.36, 0.652)	0.3
Granulocytes (Absolute Count)	-0.084	0.2603	183	-0.148 (-0.407, 0.111)	0.3
Red Blood Cell Count	0.163	0.0271	183	1.52 (0.174, 2.87)	0.027
Hemoglobin	-0.055	0.4600	183	-0.184 (-0.676, 0.307)	0.5
Hematocrit	-0.019	0.7948	183	-0.023 (-0.196, 0.150)	0.8
Mean Corpuscular Volume	-0.172	0.0200	183	-0.102 (-0.187, -0.016)	0.020
Red Cell Distribution Width (CV)	0.105	0.1589	183	0.234 (-0.092, 0.560)	0.2
Platelet Count	0.062	0.4060	183	0.003 (-0.004, 0.009)	0.4
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Additional variables collected in the case-control study

H. Environmental factors in places other than current household

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Current outside place where child spends most time		139
Anganwadi	6.4 (5.2)		—	—
School	6.4 (5.2)		0.00	-1.9, 1.9	>0.9
Years of construction of building		110
Less than 10 years	3.9 (2.6)		—	—
More than 10 years	9.5 (5.8)		5.5	3.9, 7.2	<0.001
Visible Peeling paint at current outside place		87
No	6.0 (4.6)		—	—
Yes	7.5 (6.0)		1.5	-0.75, 3.8	0.2
Paint type at current outside place		39
Emulsion	6.7 (4.0)		—	—
Chuna or similar	7.3 (4.1)		0.56	-5.0, 6.2	0.8
Distemper	8.2 (7.8)		1.5	-3.1, 6.0	0.5
Drinking water source at current outside place		130
Bottled water from home	6.0 (5.0)		—	—
Piped water	5.4 (3.7)		-0.61	-2.9, 1.7	0.6
Dugwell/ Tubewell	7.2 (6.2)		1.2	-0.93, 3.3	0.3
Current outside place: rural/urban		132
Rural	5.8 (5.0)		—	—
Urban	7.6 (5.5)		1.8	-0.16, 3.8	0.072
Housing type at current outside place		124
Pucca	6.2 (5.0)		—	—
Semi-pucca	6.8 (5.8)		0.61	-2.0, 3.2	0.6
Kutcha	3.9 (2.1)		-2.4	-6.5, 1.8	0.3
Flooring type at current outside place		23
Non-soil-contact	7.8 (6.4)		—	—
Soil-contact	4.4 (3.5)		-3.4	-7.8, 1.0	0.13
Prsence of bare soil in current outside place		120
No	6.3 (4.8)		—	—
Yes	6.1 (5.1)		-0.18	-2.3, 1.9	0.9
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

I. Water practices (newly collected)

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Current HH drinking water: piped surface water		182
No	6.6 (5.5)		—	—
Yes	5.8 (3.6)		-0.75	-2.8, 1.3	0.5
Current HH drinking water: piped groundwater		182
No	6.2 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	8.3 (4.9)		2.1	-0.12, 4.3	0.064
Current HH drinking water: tube well/hand pump		182
No	6.8 (4.5)		—	—
Yes	6.3 (5.6)		-0.53	-2.1, 1.1	0.5
Current HH drinking water: dug well		182
No	6.5 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	6.2 (4.5)		-0.31	-3.4, 2.8	0.8
Current HH drinking water: other source		182
No	6.5 (5.3)		—	—
Community RO/ Tanker	4.8 (2.5)		-1.7	-9.1, 5.7	0.7
Presence of old metal pipes		180
No	5.9 (5.0)		—	—
Yes	10.0 (5.7)		4.0	1.8, 6.3	<0.001
Water storage container: stainless steel		180
No	7.3 (5.6)		—	—
Yes	5.6 (4.5)		-1.7	-3.2, -0.22	0.025
Water storage container: aluminium		180
No	5.4 (4.4)		—	—
Yes	10.0 (5.9)		4.6	2.9, 6.3	<0.001
Water storage container: brass/copper/other metal		180
No	6.4 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	6.7 (4.1)		0.32	-2.7, 3.3	0.8
Water storage container: plastic		180
No	6.4 (5.1)		—	—
Yes	6.4 (5.2)		0.06	-1.5, 1.7	>0.9
Water storage container: non-glazed earthenware		180
No	6.3 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	6.9 (4.9)		0.57	-1.5, 2.6	0.6
Water storage container: concrete		180
No	6.4 (5.1)		—	—
Yes	6.6 (4.0)		0.20	-7.0, 7.4	>0.9
Water filtration used		180
No	5.5 (4.1)		—	—
Yes	7.7 (6.2)		2.3	0.76, 3.8	0.003
Water filtration method		82
Boiling	9.3 (8.1)		—	—
RO/ Candle Filter	7.5 (7.4)		-1.8	-7.5, 3.8	0.5
Cloth/Sieve	7.4 (5.5)		-2.0	-5.5, 1.6	0.3
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

J. Diet practices (newly collected)

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Child consumes rice (>5 meals/week)		183
No	7.0 (5.9)		—	—
Yes	6.4 (5.2)		-0.57	-3.1, 2.0	0.7
Rice source: farm in same village		163
No	6.1 (4.6)		—	—
Yes	6.9 (6.2)		0.73	-0.95, 2.4	0.4
Rice farm irrigation source (same village)		50
Surface water	6.5 (5.4)		—	—
Groundwater	8.0 (7.4)		1.5	-2.2, 5.1	0.4
Rice source: farm in other place		163
No	6.5 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	5.3 (4.6)		-1.2	-3.9, 1.5	0.4
Rice farm irrigation source (other place)		14
Surface water	7.4 (NA)		—	—
Groundwater	5.3 (4.9)		-2.1	-13, 9.1	0.7
Rice source: public distribution system		163
No	7.1 (5.7)		—	—
Yes	5.2 (3.9)		-1.9	-3.5, -0.22	0.026
Rice source: market		151
No	6.0 (5.5)		—	—
Yes	7.1 (4.8)		1.1	-0.55, 2.8	0.2
Market rice: loose or packaged		67
Packaged	6.7 (6.6)		—	—
Loose	7.2 (4.6)		0.49	-3.1, 4.1	0.8
Child consumes wheat (>5 meals/week)		183
No	7.2 (5.8)		—	—
Yes	6.2 (5.0)		-1.0	-2.7, 0.70	0.2
Wheat source: farm in same village		133
No	6.8 (5.4)		—	—
Yes	5.1 (4.0)		-1.7	-3.5, 0.04	0.055
Wheat farm irrigation source (same village)		40
Surface water	3.7 (2.1)		—	—
Groundwater	5.8 (4.5)		2.1	-1.0, 5.2	0.2
Wheat source: farm in other place		133
No	6.3 (5.0)		—	—
Yes	4.9 (5.2)		-1.4	-7.2, 4.4	0.6
Wheat source: public distribution system		133
No	6.3 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	6.0 (4.3)		-0.26	-2.3, 1.8	0.8
Wheat source: market		134
No	5.6 (4.3)		—	—
Yes	6.5 (5.4)		0.88	-0.88, 2.6	0.3
Market wheat: loose or packaged		79
Packaged	5.3 (4.7)		—	—
Loose	6.7 (5.5)		1.4	-2.0, 4.9	0.4
Turmeric consumed regularly		183
No	4.4 (2.3)		—	—
Yes	6.5 (5.2)		2.0	-5.3, 9.4	0.6
Major source of turmeric		181
Grind whole at home	6.4 (4.6)		—	—
Grind whole at mill	6.3 (4.0)		-0.11	-2.8, 2.6	>0.9
Purchase Loose powder	4.7 (4.9)		-1.7	-5.0, 1.6	0.3
Purchase Packaged powder	6.9 (5.9)		0.50	-1.2, 2.2	0.6
Chilli powder consumed regularly		183
No	9.4 (8.3)		—	—
Yes	6.2 (4.8)		-3.2	-5.9, -0.53	0.019
Major source of chilli powder		175
Grind whole at home	6.3 (4.6)		—	—
Grind whole at mill	4.5 (3.2)		-1.8	-5.0, 1.4	0.3
Purchase Loose powder	5.6 (5.9)		-0.75	-4.7, 3.2	0.7
Purchase Packaged powder	6.9 (5.7)		0.59	-1.2, 2.3	0.5
Coriander powder consumed regularly		183
No	8.2 (6.6)		—	—
Yes	6.0 (4.7)		-2.2	-4.0, -0.38	0.018
Major source of coriander powder		157
Grind whole at home	6.0 (4.1)		—	—
Grind whole at mill	4.9 (3.7)		-1.1	-5.0, 2.7	0.6
Purchase Loose powder	4.2 (3.2)		-1.8	-5.7, 2.1	0.4
Purchase Packaged powder	6.8 (5.7)		0.82	-1.2, 2.9	0.4
Non-vegetarian food consumption		182
No	6.4 (4.6)		—	—
Yes	6.6 (5.9)		0.12	-1.4, 1.7	0.9
Packaged salted snacks consumption		182
No	5.5 (4.5)		—	—
Yes	7.2 (5.6)		1.7	0.17, 3.2	0.030
Biscuits/cookies consumption		182
No	6.0 (4.8)		—	—
Yes	6.7 (5.4)		0.73	-0.97, 2.4	0.4
Noodles/instant mixes consumption		182
No	6.4 (5.6)		—	—
Yes	6.7 (4.4)		0.31	-1.3, 1.9	0.7
Colored candies consumption		182
No	5.1 (3.9)		—	—
Yes	7.6 (5.8)		2.5	1.0, 4.0	<0.001
Chocolate/cocoa products consumption		182
No	6.4 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	6.6 (5.3)		0.21	-1.6, 2.0	0.8
Ice cream/frozen colored desserts consumption		182
No	5.4 (4.3)		—	—
Yes	6.9 (5.5)		1.5	-0.22, 3.2	0.088
Canned/tinned foods or pickles consumption		182
No	5.1 (3.9)		—	—
Yes	8.4 (6.1)		3.4	1.9, 4.8	<0.001
Meals from Anganwadi/mid-day meal/community kitchen (>5/week)		179
No	6.1 (4.7)		—	—
Yes	8.0 (6.9)		1.9	0.00, 3.9	0.050
Formula milk consumption (infancy)		182
No	6.2 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	10.0 (3.5)		3.8	0.84, 6.7	0.012
Fresh animal milk consumption		182
No	6.1 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	7.2 (5.1)		1.0	-0.56, 2.6	0.2
Packaged animal milk consumption		182
No	6.3 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	9.1 (4.9)		2.7	-0.62, 6.1	0.11
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

K. Utensils & Utensils recoded

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Cooking utensil: non-stick		182
No	6.3 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	8.9 (6.2)		2.6	-1.1, 6.3	0.2
Cooking utensil: stainless steel		182
No	6.2 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	6.6 (5.3)		0.41	-1.2, 2.0	0.6
Cooking utensil: iron		182
No	6.4 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	6.7 (4.4)		0.23	-2.3, 2.8	0.9
Cooking utensil: copper/brass		182
No	6.5 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	5.2 (3.5)		-1.3	-6.5, 3.9	0.6
Cooking utensil: aluminium		182
No	7.6 (5.5)		—	—
Yes	6.2 (5.2)		-1.4	-3.3, 0.61	0.2
Cooking utensil: non-glazed earthenware		182
No	6.5 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	4.2 (1.5)		-2.3	-7.5, 2.9	0.4
Storage/eating cooked food: stainless steel utensil		179
No	7.1 (6.2)		—	—
Yes	6.4 (5.0)		-0.76	-2.8, 1.3	0.5
Storage/eating cooked food: aluminium utensil		179
No	6.5 (4.9)		—	—
Yes	6.4 (5.6)		-0.10	-1.7, 1.5	>0.9
Storage/eating cooked food: iron utensil		179
No	6.5 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	4.5 (2.4)		-2.0	-8.1, 4.0	0.5
Storage/eating cooked food: copper/brass utensil		179
No	6.6 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	4.0 (3.1)		-2.5	-7.8, 2.7	0.3
Storage/eating cooked food: plastic utensil		179
No	6.2 (5.1)		—	—
Yes	12.9 (4.1)		6.6	2.8, 11	<0.001
Storage/eating cooked food: glazed earthenware		179
No	6.5 (5.4)		—	—
Yes	6.1 (3.8)		-0.47	-3.5, 2.5	0.8
Storage/eating cooked food: non-glazed earthenware		179
No	6.6 (5.5)		—	—
Yes	5.9 (3.3)		-0.71	-2.9, 1.5	0.5
Storage uncooked food: stainless steel utensil		127
No	5.7 (4.5)		—	—
Yes	6.1 (4.3)		0.39	-2.4, 3.2	0.8
Storage uncooked food: aluminium utensil		127
No	5.5 (4.5)		—	—
Yes	6.5 (4.7)		0.98	-1.0, 3.0	0.3
Storage uncooked food: iron utensil		127
No	5.6 (4.5)		—	—
Yes	9.5 (5.9)		3.8	-1.3, 9.0	0.15
Storage uncooked food: copper/brass utensil		127
No	5.8 (4.5)		—	—
Yes	3.1 (NA)		-2.7	-12, 6.3	0.6
Storage uncooked food: plastic utensil		127
No	8.0 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	5.4 (4.3)		-2.5	-4.9, -0.10	0.042
Storage uncooked food: glazed earthenware		127
No	5.8 (4.6)		—	—
Yes	4.3 (2.0)		-1.5	-5.6, 2.6	0.5
utensil_nonstick		183
No	6.4 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	8.9 (6.2)		2.6	-1.2, 6.3	0.2
utensil_ss		183
No	7.6 (6.5)		—	—
Yes	6.3 (5.0)		-1.3	-3.5, 0.96	0.3
utensil_aluminium		183
No	7.6 (5.5)		—	—
Yes	6.3 (5.2)		-1.3	-3.6, 1.0	0.3
utensil_iron		183
No	6.4 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	6.9 (4.4)		0.51	-1.8, 2.8	0.7
utensil_copper_brass		183
No	6.6 (5.3)		—	—
Yes	4.3 (2.7)		-2.2	-6.2, 1.7	0.3
utensil_plastic		183
No	7.8 (6.0)		—	—
Yes	5.7 (4.5)		-2.0	-3.6, -0.47	0.011
utensil_glazed_earthenware		183
No	6.5 (5.4)		—	—
Yes	5.9 (3.6)		-0.68	-3.4, 2.0	0.6
utensil_non_glazed_earthenware		183
No	6.6 (5.5)		—	—
Yes	5.8 (3.2)		-0.78	-2.9, 1.3	0.5
utensil_earthenware_combined		183
No	6.6 (5.6)		—	—
Yes	6.0 (3.4)		-0.61	-2.5, 1.3	0.5
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

K2. Utensils interaction effects for the most common types

term	Mean Diff (β)	std.error	statistic	p-value	conf.low	conf.high
Linear Regression: Utensil Interaction Effects on Blood Pb
(Intercept)	14.179	6.116	2.318	0.02158897	2.108	26.250
aluminium	−2.699	5.844	−0.462	0.64470256	−14.232	8.833
ss	−6.458	5.803	−1.113	0.26730056	−17.912	4.995
plastic	−4.571	3.362	−1.360	0.17559204	−11.206	2.063
aluminium:ss	2.168	5.469	0.396	0.69229023	−8.626	12.962
aluminium:plastic	−1.443	2.531	−0.570	0.56937814	−6.437	3.552
ss:plastic	4.275	2.389	1.790	0.07517520	−0.438	8.989

K3. Utensils detailed exploration

Characteristic	N = 185¹	Mean Diff (β)	95% CI	p-value
utensil_type_detailed
aluminium	11.5 (6.8)	—	—
aluminium + copper_brass + glazed_earthenware + non_glazed_earthenware + plastic + ss	7.8 (NA)	-3.7	-15, 7.2	0.5
aluminium + copper_brass + plastic + ss	3.3 (0.2)	-8.2	-15, -1.3	0.021
aluminium + copper_brass + ss	2.8 (NA)	-8.7	-20, 2.2	0.12
aluminium + glazed_earthenware + iron + non_glazed_earthenware + plastic + ss	4.8 (2.3)	-6.7	-15, 1.4	0.11
aluminium + glazed_earthenware + iron + plastic + ss	3.4 (NA)	-8.1	-19, 2.8	0.14
aluminium + glazed_earthenware + non_glazed_earthenware + plastic	3.8 (NA)	-7.6	-18, 3.2	0.2
aluminium + glazed_earthenware + non_glazed_earthenware + plastic + ss	2.9 (0.3)	-8.5	-17, -0.45	0.039
aluminium + glazed_earthenware + non_glazed_earthenware + ss	10.0 (NA)	-1.4	-12, 9.4	0.8
aluminium + glazed_earthenware + plastic + ss	8.4 (7.1)	-3.1	-10, 3.9	0.4
aluminium + glazed_earthenware + ss	6.0 (2.0)	-5.5	-12, 0.80	0.087
aluminium + iron + non_glazed_earthenware + plastic + ss	9.4 (3.0)	-2.1	-10, 6.0	0.6
aluminium + iron + non_glazed_earthenware + ss	6.0 (NA)	-5.5	-16, 5.4	0.3
aluminium + iron + plastic + ss	6.1 (4.5)	-5.4	-10, -0.62	0.027
aluminium + iron + ss	5.6 (2.8)	-5.9	-13, 1.1	0.10
aluminium + non_glazed_earthenware + plastic + ss	3.7 (2.2)	-7.8	-13, -2.5	0.004
aluminium + non_glazed_earthenware + ss	6.9 (5.0)	-4.5	-11, 1.7	0.2
aluminium + nonstick + plastic + ss	12.6 (1.0)	1.1	-5.8, 8.1	0.7
aluminium + plastic	5.6 (5.9)	-5.9	-10, -1.4	0.010
aluminium + plastic + ss	5.0 (4.3)	-6.4	-10, -2.5	0.001
aluminium + ss	7.5 (6.3)	-3.9	-7.9, 0.04	0.052
copper_brass + nonstick + plastic + ss	4.9 (5.1)	-6.6	-15, 1.5	0.11
glazed_earthenware + non_glazed_earthenware + plastic + ss	3.8 (NA)	-7.7	-19, 3.1	0.2
iron + non_glazed_earthenware + ss	11.6 (NA)	0.16	-11, 11	>0.9
iron + nonstick + plastic + ss	18.3 (NA)	6.8	-4.1, 18	0.2
iron + ss	7.2 (NA)	-4.3	-15, 6.6	0.4
non_glazed_earthenware + nonstick + plastic + ss	3.3 (NA)	-8.2	-19, 2.6	0.14
non_glazed_earthenware + plastic + ss	7.1 (0.8)	-4.4	-11, 1.9	0.2
nonstick + ss	2.2 (NA)	-9.3	-20, 1.6	0.093
plastic	9.6 (NA)	-1.9	-13, 9.0	0.7
plastic + ss	8.1 (4.5)	-3.4	-9.2, 2.4	0.3
ss	8.2 (10.2)	-3.2	-9.5, 3.0	0.3
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

L. Behavioral factors

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Pica behavious in last 6 months		183
No	4.4 (3.2)		—	—
Yes	10.4 (6.0)		6.0	4.7, 7.4	<0.001
Past history of pica behaviour		183
No	3.5 (2.3)		—	—
Yes	9.4 (5.6)		6.0	4.7, 7.2	<0.001
Child uses kajal/kohl/surma		183
No	5.9 (4.8)		—	—
Yes	7.0 (5.6)		1.1	-0.40, 2.6	0.15
Kajal use: current or infancy		91
Current	7.2 (5.9)		—	—
Infancy	6.8 (5.1)		-0.42	-2.9, 2.1	0.7
Child uses skin-care products		181
No	6.6 (5.4)		—	—
Yes	6.5 (5.2)		-0.11	-1.7, 1.5	0.9
Use of lipstick/sindoor/red-orange paint		180
No	6.5 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	6.7 (6.7)		0.25	-2.9, 3.4	0.9
Consumption of silver foil		130
No	5.0 (3.9)		—	—
Yes	7.9 (5.3)		2.9	1.2, 4.6	<0.001
Ayurvedic/herbal supplement use		182
No	6.1 (4.8)		—	—
Yes	9.8 (7.6)		3.7	1.2, 6.2	0.004
Calcium/Iron/Vitamin supplement use		182
No	6.3 (5.2)		—	—
Yes	10.0 (5.4)		3.7	0.25, 7.2	0.036
Consumption of food colours		130
No	4.8 (3.8)		—	—
Yes	8.3 (5.2)		3.5	1.8, 5.1	<0.001
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

M. Lead in environmental sample

Characteristic	r	p (cor)	N	β (95% CI)	p-value
Water lead concentration (ppm)	-0.054	0.4683	183	-55.5 (-206, 95.2)	0.5
Rice lead concentration (mg/kg)	-0.103	0.1948	160	-0.479 (-1.20, 0.247)	0.2
Wheat lead concentration (mg/kg)	-0.037	0.6689	134	-0.165 (-0.927, 0.597)	0.7
Turmeric lead level (µg/kg)	0.166	0.0259	180	0.010 (0.001, 0.019)	0.026
Chilli lead level (µg/kg)	0.124	0.1085	170	0.240 (-0.054, 0.533)	0.11
Coriander lead level (µg/kg)	0.032	0.7091	141	0.066 (-0.282, 0.414)	0.7
Kajal lead level (mg/kg)	0.102	0.4460	58	0.041 (-0.066, 0.147)	0.4
Soil/dust lead concentration (µg/kg)	0.031	0.7121	147	0.005 (-0.020, 0.030)	0.7
Wall paint lead level (mg/kg)	0.107	0.2667	109	0.039 (-0.031, 0.109)	0.3
Toy lead level (mg/kg)	0.050	0.6927	64	0.000 (-0.002, 0.003)	0.7
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Risk Factor	Pb Levels (µg/dL)	Univariate Regression
Risk Factor	N = 185¹	N	Mean Diff. (β)	95% CI	p-value
Water lead level		183
BLD/ Normal	6.4 (5.2)		—	—
High	8.1 (5.3)		1.7	-3.5, 6.9	0.5
Rice lead category		160
BLD/ Normal	6.1 (4.7)		—	—
High	7.1 (5.9)		1.0	-0.63, 2.7	0.2
Wheat lead category		134
BLD/ Normal	6.4 (5.3)		—	—
High	5.9 (4.3)		-0.53	-2.3, 1.3	0.6
Turmeric lead category		180
BLD/ Normal	6.3 (5.1)		—	—
High	8.6 (6.7)		2.2	-0.65, 5.1	0.13
Chilli lead category		170
BLD/ Normal	6.5 (5.2)		—	—
High	16.0 (NA)		9.5	-0.82, 20	0.071
Coriander lead category		141
BLD/ Normal	6.8 (5.4)		—	—
High	4.7 (3.1)		-2.1	-9.7, 5.5	0.6
Kajal lead category		58
BLD/ Normal	6.9 (5.5)		—	—
High	7.9 (7.4)		0.97	-2.8, 4.8	0.6
Wall paint lead category		109
BLD/ Normal	7.1 (5.7)		—	—
High	6.5 (5.0)		-0.59	-8.6, 7.4	0.9
Toy lead category		64
BLD/ Normal	7.8 (6.1)		—	—
High	6.5 (3.8)		-1.3	-4.8, 2.2	0.5
Number of samples exceeding lead cutoff		183
0 sources	6.1 (5.0)		—	—
1 source	6.4 (5.0)		0.36	-1.4, 2.1	0.7
2 sources	7.2 (6.6)		1.1	-1.2, 3.5	0.3
3/4 sources	7.2 (4.7)		1.2	-2.5, 4.8	0.5
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

N.Brands of diet and cosmetics

Characteristic	N = 185¹
rice_market_brand
ABIS GOLD	3.0 (3.0, 3.0)
Dawat	10.1 (2.4, 17.7)
Indiagate	11.5 (11.5, 11.5)
Lakhdatar Sona Masuri	14.1 (14.1, 14.1)
wheat_market_brand
Amol atta	10.0 (10.0, 10.0)
Ashriwad	3.9 (3.9, 3.9)
Fortune Multigrain Atta	17.7 (17.7, 17.7)
kalash atta	2.4 (2.4, 2.4)
Kesar gold atta	3.3 (3.3, 3.3)
Lalgulab Atta	3.0 (3.0, 3.0)
NATWAL GOLD ATTA	2.7 (2.7, 2.7)
Tulsi Atta	6.1 (6.1, 6.1)
turmeric_brand
basant	2.7 (2.7, 2.7)
Dhamya	13.2 (6.7, 19.7)
Everest	3.5 (3.5, 3.5)
GOLDIE	7.5 (7.5, 7.5)
Haldiram	3.3 (3.3, 3.3)
JMD	2.5 (2.1, 3.2)
Khatri	6.7 (2.6, 14.1)
MDH	3.0 (3.0, 3.0)
Neelam	8.1 (6.5, 9.6)
NR Brand	2.5 (2.4, 3.5)
Om masala	2.7 (2.7, 2.7)
PUSH	7.3 (7.3, 7.3)
Rakshadeep	2.7 (2.7, 2.7)
Ramdev	3.3 (3.3, 3.3)
Ramnagar	22.6 (22.6, 22.6)
Rawal Das	18.3 (18.3, 18.3)
Sarda	2.0 (2.0, 2.0)
Sardar	2.1 (1.3, 2.9)
Sourabh	3.7 (3.7, 3.7)
Sundar	7.2 (6.0, 8.0)
Suresh masala	1.9 (1.9, 1.9)
Suruchi	2.8 (2.6, 3.3)
TEJA	4.6 (1.3, 7.8)
Zoff	7.0 (7.0, 7.0)
chilli_brand
Dhamya	13.2 (6.7, 19.7)
Everest	6.8 (3.5, 10.0)
GOLDIE	7.5 (7.5, 7.5)
JMD	2.5 (2.1, 3.2)
Khatri	6.6 (3.0, 10.8)
Maharaja	2.8 (2.8, 2.8)
MDH	3.0 (3.0, 3.0)
Neelam	5.0 (3.2, 8.1)
NR Brand	3.5 (2.5, 6.1)
Ramnagar	22.6 (22.6, 22.6)
Rawal Das	18.3 (18.3, 18.3)
Sardar	1.3 (1.3, 1.3)
Sourabh	3.1 (2.4, 3.7)
Sundar	7.2 (6.0, 8.0)
Suresh masala	1.9 (1.9, 1.9)
Suruchi	2.8 (2.6, 3.3)
TEJA	7.3 (1.3, 7.8)
Zoff	7.0 (7.0, 7.0)
coriander_brand
basant	2.7 (2.7, 2.7)
Dhamya	13.2 (6.7, 19.7)
Everest	5.9 (1.8, 10.0)
GOLDIE	7.5 (7.5, 7.5)
JMD	2.5 (2.1, 3.2)
Khatri	6.6 (3.0, 6.9)
MDH	3.0 (3.0, 3.0)
Neelam	3.6 (2.7, 6.5)
NR Brand	3.5 (2.5, 6.1)
Om masala	2.7 (2.7, 2.7)
Ramnagar	22.6 (22.6, 22.6)
Rawal Das	18.3 (18.3, 18.3)
Sardar	1.3 (1.3, 1.3)
Sourabh	3.1 (2.4, 3.7)
Sundar	7.2 (6.0, 8.0)
Suresh masala	1.9 (1.9, 1.9)
Suruchi	2.8 (2.6, 3.3)
TEJA	4.6 (1.3, 7.8)
Zoff	7.0 (7.0, 7.0)
kajal_brand
Homemde	9.0 (6.0, 14.4)
Jyoh	7.8 (7.8, 7.8)
Jyoti	NA (NA, NA)
Local	3.5 (2.7, 8.1)
pantanjali	14.3 (14.3, 14.3)
SURMA Local	2.7 (2.7, 2.7)
cosmetics_brand
Baby lips lipstick	2.0 (2.0, 2.0)
Boroline, Ponds	18.3 (18.3, 18.3)
Denim, Ponds	7.2 (7.2, 7.2)
Dermicool	3.5 (2.6, 6.6)
Domi	6.0 (6.0, 6.0)
Dove	10.4 (6.2, 14.6)
Himalaya	3.5 (3.0, 3.6)
Himalaya Body Cream	12.4 (12.4, 12.4)
Johnson	9.0 (9.0, 9.0)
Johnson baby	3.3 (3.3, 3.3)
Johnson powder	6.5 (6.2, 8.1)
Local brands & ponds	9.9 (3.3, 16.4)
Lotus Jet powder	3.6 (3.6, 3.6)
Nycil	1.9 (1.8, 8.2)
Ponds	6.0 (2.8, 8.1)
Ponds Cold cream	3.6 (3.6, 3.6)
Ponds dermicool	2.8 (2.8, 2.8)
Ponds powder	2.9 (2.9, 2.9)
Ponds powder, Himalaya Lip balm	8.4 (2.1, 14.7)
Ponds Powder,Local brand lipstick	2.4 (2.4, 2.4)
Ponds, baby lip balm	15.5 (6.9, 24.1)
Ponds, fair lovely	3.7 (3.7, 3.7)
Ponds, Johnson	7.9 (7.9, 7.9)
Ponds, lipbalm	3.0 (3.0, 3.0)
Powder	3.1 (3.1, 3.1)
Spinz	4.9 (1.3, 8.5)
¹ Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Median (Q1, Q3)

Part 3. Multivariable analysis for adjusted associations with risk factors

A. Household construction characteristics

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Years of construction of current house	180
Less than 10 years		—	—
More than 10 years		0.64	-0.91, 2.2	0.4
PSU Rural/Urban	180
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.7	0.75, 4.6	0.007
Wealth Index	180
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.4	-4.4, 1.7	0.4
Middle		-0.99	-3.9, 1.9	0.5
Lower		-0.59	-3.3, 2.2	0.7
Lowest		0.00	-2.5, 2.5	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index. Beta represents change in µg/dL.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Visible peeling paint in current house	179
No		—	—
Yes		-0.09	-1.8, 1.6	0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	179
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.8	0.81, 4.8	0.006
Wealth Index	179
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.6	-4.6, 1.4	0.3
Middle		-1.1	-4.0, 1.9	0.5
Lower		-0.46	-3.2, 2.3	0.7
Lowest		-0.04	-2.6, 2.5	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index. Beta represents change in µg/dL.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
paint_type_current_hh	181
No paint/Cement paint		—	—
Distemper		1.6	-0.77, 4.0	0.2
Chuna or similar		1.4	-0.85, 3.6	0.2
Emulsion		3.2	-0.03, 6.5	0.052
PSU Rural/Urban	181
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.3	0.30, 4.3	0.025
Wealth Index	181
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.0	-4.1, 2.0	0.5
Middle		-0.52	-3.5, 2.5	0.7
Lower		0.06	-2.7, 2.8	0.9
Lowest		0.71	-2.0, 3.4	0.6
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index. Beta represents change in µg/dL.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Primary flooring type in household	96
Non-soil-contact		—	—
Soil-contact		2.8	0.40, 5.2	0.023
PSU Rural/Urban	96
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.4	-1.1, 5.8	0.2
Wealth Index	96
Highest		—	—
Higher		-4.6	-12, 2.8	0.2
Middle		-3.7	-9.5, 2.1	0.2
Lower		-3.6	-9.5, 2.2	0.2
Lowest		-3.8	-9.3, 1.8	0.2
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index. Beta represents change in µg/dL.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Smoking inside household	182
No		—	—
Yes		0.82	-0.72, 2.4	0.3
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.7	0.85, 4.6	0.005
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.6	-4.5, 1.4	0.3
Middle		-1.2	-4.1, 1.8	0.4
Lower		-0.62	-3.4, 2.1	0.7
Lowest		-0.20	-2.7, 2.3	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index. Beta represents change in µg/dL.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Car/machine repair activity near household	179
No		—	—
Yes		-0.38	-3.9, 3.2	0.8
PSU Rural/Urban	179
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.8	0.88, 4.7	0.004
Wealth Index	179
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.8	-4.8, 1.2	0.2
Middle		-1.3	-4.2, 1.7	0.4
Lower		-0.59	-3.4, 2.2	0.7
Lowest		-0.26	-2.8, 2.3	0.8
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index. Beta represents change in µg/dL.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Presence of old metal pipes	180
No		—	—
Yes		3.8	1.6, 6.1	0.001
PSU Rural/Urban	180
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.3	0.44, 4.1	0.015
Wealth Index	180
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.2	-5.1, 0.76	0.14
Middle		-1.4	-4.2, 1.4	0.3
Lower		-0.65	-3.3, 2.0	0.6
Lowest		-0.24	-2.7, 2.2	0.8
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index. Beta represents change in µg/dL.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

B. Drinking water source (Sampada data)

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Drinking water source	183
Bore well		—	—
Open well		-2.3	-5.5, 0.92	0.2
Tap water		-0.26	-2.1, 1.6	0.8
Water tanker		0.98	-3.0, 5.0	0.6
Others		0.42	-2.0, 2.8	0.7
Type of House	183
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.28	-1.8, 2.3	0.8
Kutcha		-0.04	-2.3, 2.2	>0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	183
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.6	0.52, 4.7	0.014
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.6	-4.7, 1.4	0.3
Middle		-1.0	-4.2, 2.1	0.5
Lower		-0.50	-3.4, 2.4	0.7
Lowest		0.09	-2.8, 3.0	>0.9
¹ Adjusted for type of house, rural/urban, and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

C. Cooking water source (Sampada data)

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Cooking water source	183
Bore well		—	—
Open well		-2.2	-5.3, 0.91	0.2
Tap water		-0.17	-2.1, 1.7	0.9
Water tanker		0.99	-3.0, 5.0	0.6
Others		0.07	-2.4, 2.5	>0.9
Type of House	183
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.29	-1.8, 2.3	0.8
Kutcha		0.01	-2.2, 2.3	>0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	183
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.5	0.41, 4.6	0.020
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.8	-4.9, 1.3	0.3
Middle		-1.2	-4.3, 2.0	0.5
Lower		-0.62	-3.6, 2.3	0.7
Lowest		-0.03	-2.9, 2.8	>0.9
¹ Adjusted for type of house, rural/urban, and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

D-G. Malnutrition status

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Stunting status	144
No Stunting		—	—
Stunting		-0.69	-2.9, 1.5	0.5
Severe Stunting		-0.32	-2.7, 2.1	0.8
Age group	144
1-2		—	—
2-3		-2.0	-4.9, 0.81	0.2
3-4		-1.3	-4.0, 1.4	0.3
4-5		-2.8	-5.6, -0.10	0.042
Hemoglobin	144	-0.16	-0.73, 0.40	0.6
Type of House	144
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.03	-2.4, 2.4	0.9
Kutcha		-0.12	-2.7, 2.4	0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	144
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.8	0.59, 5.0	0.013
Wealth Index	144
Highest		—	—
Higher		-0.96	-4.8, 2.9	0.6
Middle		0.22	-3.8, 4.3	0.9
Lower		-0.17	-3.8, 3.4	0.9
Lowest		1.4	-2.1, 4.9	0.4
¹ Adjusted for age, hemoglobin, and socio-economic factors
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Wasting status	143
No Wasting		—	—
Wasting		1.7	-0.95, 4.4	0.2
Severe Wasting		-1.0	-7.1, 5.1	0.7
Age group	143
1-2		—	—
2-3		-1.9	-4.7, 0.94	0.2
3-4		-1.0	-3.7, 1.6	0.5
4-5		-2.5	-5.2, 0.17	0.067
Hemoglobin	143	-0.17	-0.73, 0.40	0.6
Type of House	143
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.13	-2.3, 2.5	0.9
Kutcha		-0.10	-2.7, 2.5	0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	143
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.8	0.57, 5.0	0.014
Wealth Index	143
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.2	-5.1, 2.7	0.5
Middle		0.15	-3.8, 4.2	0.9
Lower		-0.41	-4.0, 3.2	0.8
Lowest		1.0	-2.6, 4.6	0.6
¹ Adjusted for age, hemoglobin, and socio-economic factors
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Underweight status	145
No Underweight		—	—
Underweight		0.96	-1.2, 3.1	0.4
Severe Underweight		0.75	-2.2, 3.7	0.6
Age group	145
1-2		—	—
2-3		-2.1	-4.9, 0.64	0.13
3-4		-1.3	-3.9, 1.4	0.3
4-5		-2.7	-5.4, -0.10	0.042
Hemoglobin	145	-0.15	-0.71, 0.41	0.6
Type of House	145
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.11	-2.2, 2.4	0.9
Kutcha		-0.12	-2.6, 2.4	0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	145
Rural		—	—
Urban		3.0	0.80, 5.2	0.008
Wealth Index	145
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.1	-4.9, 2.7	0.6
Middle		0.03	-3.9, 4.0	0.9
Lower		-0.14	-3.7, 3.4	0.9
Lowest		1.4	-2.1, 5.0	0.4
¹ Adjusted for age, hemoglobin, and socio-economic factors
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
MUAC Group	146
Normal		—	—
severewasting		-0.70	-5.5, 4.1	0.8
Age group	146
1-2		—	—
2-3		-2.1	-4.8, 0.71	0.14
3-4		-1.3	-3.9, 1.3	0.3
4-5		-2.7	-5.4, -0.06	0.045
Hemoglobin	146	-0.19	-0.74, 0.37	0.5
Type of House	146
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.01	-2.3, 2.3	0.9
Kutcha		-0.08	-2.6, 2.4	0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	146
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.9	0.72, 5.1	0.010
Wealth Index	146
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.0	-4.8, 2.8	0.6
Middle		0.00	-3.9, 3.9	0.9
Lower		-0.21	-3.8, 3.4	0.9
Lowest		1.4	-2.1, 4.8	0.4
¹ Adjusted for age, hemoglobin, and socio-economic factors
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

H. Anemia

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Anemia status	183
No Anemia		—	—
Any Anemia		0.48	-1.1, 2.1	0.6
¹ Adjusted for age, gender, rural/urban, and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

I. Micronutrient intake

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Thiamine (B1) Intake (mg/day)	144	-5.0	-7.8, -2.2	<0.001
Gender	144
Male		—	—
Female		-0.88	-2.5, 0.73	0.3
PSU Rural/Urban	144
Rural		—	—
Urban		3.7	1.6, 5.7	<0.001
Wealth Index	144
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.3	-5.4, 0.85	0.2
Middle		-1.9	-5.1, 1.2	0.2
Lower		-0.96	-3.7, 1.8	0.5
Lowest		-0.51	-3.1, 2.1	0.7
¹ Adjusted for gender, rural/urban, and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Riboflavin (B2) Intake (mg/day)	144	-1.3	-3.9, 1.3	0.3
Gender	144
Male		—	—
Female		-0.84	-2.5, 0.85	0.3
PSU Rural/Urban	144
Rural		—	—
Urban		3.1	1.0, 5.2	0.004
Wealth Index	144
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.1	-5.4, 1.2	0.2
Middle		-2.5	-5.7, 0.81	0.14
Lower		-1.0	-3.9, 1.9	0.5
Lowest		-0.87	-3.6, 1.9	0.5
¹ Adjusted for gender, rural/urban, and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Niacin (B3) Intake (mg/day)	144	-0.50	-0.80, -0.21	<0.001
Gender	144
Male		—	—
Female		-0.78	-2.4, 0.84	0.3
PSU Rural/Urban	144
Rural		—	—
Urban		3.4	1.4, 5.4	0.001
Wealth Index	144
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.6	-5.8, 0.50	0.10
Middle		-2.1	-5.3, 1.1	0.2
Lower		-0.92	-3.7, 1.9	0.5
Lowest		-0.70	-3.3, 1.9	0.6
¹ Adjusted for gender, rural/urban, and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Vitamin B12 Intake (ug/day)	144	-1.1	-4.4, 2.2	0.5
Gender	144
Male		—	—
Female		-0.71	-2.4, 0.97	0.4
PSU Rural/Urban	144
Rural		—	—
Urban		3.1	0.99, 5.2	0.004
Wealth Index	144
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.0	-5.2, 1.3	0.2
Middle		-2.5	-5.8, 0.78	0.13
Lower		-0.85	-3.8, 2.1	0.6
Lowest		-0.65	-3.4, 2.1	0.6
¹ Adjusted for gender, rural/urban, and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

J. Past pica behaviour

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Past history of pica behaviour	183
No		—	—
Yes		5.9	4.6, 7.1	<0.001
Age group	183
1-2		—	—
2-3		-1.8	-3.9, 0.19	0.075
3-4		-1.4	-3.4, 0.56	0.2
4-5		-1.9	-3.9, 0.13	0.067
Hemoglobin	183	-0.08	-0.50, 0.33	0.7
¹ Adjusted for age and hemoglobin (micronutrient marker)
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

K. Kajal use and conusmption of certain food types

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Child uses kajal/kohl/surma	183
No		—	—
Yes		1.1	-0.42, 2.6	0.2
PSU Rural/Urban	183
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.7	0.86, 4.6	0.004
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.5	-4.4, 1.5	0.3
Middle		-0.96	-3.8, 1.9	0.5
Lower		-0.37	-3.1, 2.3	0.8
Lowest		0.11	-2.4, 2.6	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Non-vegetarian food consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		0.38	-1.2, 1.9	0.6
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.7	0.86, 4.6	0.005
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.6	-4.6, 1.4	0.3
Middle		-1.1	-4.0, 1.8	0.5
Lower		-0.41	-3.1, 2.3	0.8
Lowest		-0.02	-2.6, 2.5	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Packaged salted snacks consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		1.4	-0.09, 3.0	0.064
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.6	0.69, 4.4	0.007
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.5	-4.4, 1.5	0.3
Middle		-0.78	-3.7, 2.1	0.6
Lower		-0.38	-3.1, 2.3	0.8
Lowest		0.12	-2.4, 2.6	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Biscuits/cookies consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		0.62	-1.1, 2.3	0.5
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.7	0.78, 4.5	0.006
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.6	-4.6, 1.4	0.3
Middle		-1.1	-4.0, 1.8	0.4
Lower		-0.43	-3.1, 2.3	0.8
Lowest		0.03	-2.5, 2.6	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Noodles/instant mixes consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		-0.06	-1.7, 1.6	0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.7	0.82, 4.6	0.005
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.5	-4.5, 1.4	0.3
Middle		-1.1	-4.0, 1.8	0.5
Lower		-0.41	-3.1, 2.3	0.8
Lowest		0.04	-2.5, 2.6	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Colored candies consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		2.6	1.1, 4.1	<0.001
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.6	0.73, 4.4	0.006
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.9	-4.8, 0.96	0.2
Middle		-1.3	-4.2, 1.5	0.3
Lower		-0.44	-3.1, 2.2	0.7
Lowest		-0.35	-2.8, 2.1	0.8
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Chocolate/cocoa products consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		0.35	-1.4, 2.1	0.7
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.7	0.86, 4.6	0.005
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.5	-4.5, 1.5	0.3
Middle		-1.0	-3.9, 1.9	0.5
Lower		-0.40	-3.1, 2.3	0.8
Lowest		0.09	-2.4, 2.6	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Ice cream/frozen colored desserts consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		1.5	-0.23, 3.2	0.089
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.7	0.85, 4.6	0.005
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.4	-4.3, 1.6	0.4
Middle		-1.0	-3.9, 1.9	0.5
Lower		-0.30	-3.0, 2.4	0.8
Lowest		0.26	-2.3, 2.8	0.8
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Canned/tinned foods or pickles consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		3.1	1.7, 4.6	<0.001
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.3	0.54, 4.1	0.011
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.3	-4.1, 1.6	0.4
Middle		-1.0	-3.8, 1.7	0.5
Lower		-0.70	-3.3, 1.9	0.6
Lowest		-0.01	-2.4, 2.4	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Meals from Anganwadi/mid-day meal/community kitchen (>5/week)	179
No		—	—
Yes		1.9	-0.01, 3.9	0.051
PSU Rural/Urban	179
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.8	0.89, 4.7	0.004
Wealth Index	179
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.5	-4.5, 1.5	0.3
Middle		-1.1	-4.0, 1.8	0.5
Lower		-0.65	-3.4, 2.1	0.6
Lowest		-0.05	-2.6, 2.5	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Formula milk consumption (infancy)	182
No		—	—
Yes		2.1	-1.3, 5.6	0.2
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.1	-0.06, 4.2	0.056
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.4	-4.3, 1.6	0.4
Middle		-0.83	-3.7, 2.1	0.6
Lower		-0.26	-3.0, 2.5	0.9
Lowest		0.27	-2.3, 2.8	0.8
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Fresh animal milk consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		0.89	-0.72, 2.5	0.3
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.6	0.75, 4.5	0.006
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.4	-4.4, 1.6	0.4
Middle		-1.0	-3.9, 1.9	0.5
Lower		-0.20	-2.9, 2.5	0.9
Lowest		0.30	-2.3, 2.9	0.8
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Packaged animal milk consumption	182
No		—	—
Yes		0.25	-3.5, 4.0	0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.6	0.55, 4.7	0.014
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.5	-4.5, 1.5	0.3
Middle		-1.1	-4.0, 1.9	0.5
Lower		-0.40	-3.1, 2.3	0.8
Lowest		0.05	-2.5, 2.6	0.9
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Consumption of silver foil	130
No		—	—
Yes		2.5	0.77, 4.2	0.005
PSU Rural/Urban	130
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.0	0.10, 3.9	0.039
Wealth Index	130
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.5	-4.5, 1.4	0.3
Middle		-1.4	-4.3, 1.6	0.4
Lower		-0.08	-2.8, 2.7	0.9
Lowest		-0.83	-3.4, 1.7	0.5
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Ayurvedic/herbal supplement use	182
No		—	—
Yes		3.5	0.92, 6.0	0.008
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.7	0.87, 4.6	0.004
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-0.64	-3.6, 2.4	0.7
Middle		-0.41	-3.3, 2.5	0.8
Lower		0.04	-2.6, 2.7	0.9
Lowest		0.71	-1.8, 3.2	0.6
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Calcium/Iron/Vitamin supplement use	182
No		—	—
Yes		3.1	-0.37, 6.7	0.080
PSU Rural/Urban	182
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.5	0.57, 4.3	0.011
Wealth Index	182
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.7	-4.7, 1.3	0.3
Middle		-1.2	-4.1, 1.6	0.4
Lower		-0.61	-3.3, 2.1	0.7
Lowest		-0.26	-2.8, 2.3	0.8
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Consumption of food colours	130
No		—	—
Yes		3.0	1.4, 4.7	<0.001
PSU Rural/Urban	130
Rural		—	—
Urban		1.8	-0.02, 3.7	0.052
Wealth Index	130
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.7	-4.6, 1.2	0.3
Middle		-1.3	-4.2, 1.6	0.4
Lower		-0.30	-3.0, 2.4	0.8
Lowest		-0.80	-3.3, 1.7	0.5
¹ Adjusted for rural/urban and wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

L. Utensils

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
utensil_nonstick	183
No		—	—
Yes		2.5	-1.3, 6.4	0.2
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.8	-4.8, 1.2	0.2
Middle		-1.4	-4.4, 1.5	0.3
Lower		-0.58	-3.3, 2.2	0.7
Lowest		-0.58	-3.1, 1.9	0.6
¹ Adjusted for wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
utensil_ss	183
No		—	—
Yes		-1.4	-3.7, 0.90	0.2
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.0	-5.0, 1.0	0.2
Middle		-1.8	-4.7, 1.1	0.2
Lower		-0.79	-3.5, 2.0	0.6
Lowest		-1.2	-3.7, 1.3	0.4
¹ Adjusted for wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
utensil_aluminium	183
No		—	—
Yes		-1.2	-3.6, 1.2	0.3
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.7	-4.8, 1.3	0.3
Middle		-1.5	-4.5, 1.4	0.3
Lower		-0.69	-3.4, 2.1	0.6
Lowest		-0.66	-3.2, 1.9	0.6
¹ Adjusted for wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
utensil_iron	183
No		—	—
Yes		0.32	-2.0, 2.7	0.8
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.9	-4.9, 1.2	0.2
Middle		-1.6	-4.6, 1.3	0.3
Lower		-0.75	-3.5, 2.0	0.6
Lowest		-0.92	-3.4, 1.6	0.5
¹ Adjusted for wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
utensil_copper_brass	183
No		—	—
Yes		-2.5	-6.5, 1.5	0.2
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.2	-5.2, 0.89	0.2
Middle		-1.7	-4.6, 1.2	0.2
Lower		-0.86	-3.6, 1.9	0.5
Lowest		-1.1	-3.6, 1.4	0.4
¹ Adjusted for wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
utensil_plastic	183
No		—	—
Yes		-2.0	-3.6, -0.39	0.015
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.6	-4.6, 1.3	0.3
Middle		-1.3	-4.2, 1.6	0.4
Lower		-0.49	-3.2, 2.2	0.7
Lowest		-0.53	-3.0, 1.9	0.7
¹ Adjusted for wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
utensil_glazed_earthenware	183
No		—	—
Yes		-0.89	-3.6, 1.9	0.5
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.0	-5.0, 1.1	0.2
Middle		-1.8	-4.8, 1.1	0.2
Lower		-0.86	-3.6, 1.9	0.5
Lowest		-1.0	-3.5, 1.5	0.4
¹ Adjusted for wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
utensil_non_glazed_earthenware	183
No		—	—
Yes		-0.72	-2.9, 1.4	0.5
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.9	-4.9, 1.2	0.2
Middle		-1.6	-4.6, 1.3	0.3
Lower		-0.74	-3.5, 2.0	0.6
Lowest		-0.85	-3.3, 1.6	0.5
¹ Adjusted for wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
utensil_earthenware_combined	183
No		—	—
Yes		-0.61	-2.6, 1.3	0.5
Wealth Index	183
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.9	-4.9, 1.1	0.2
Middle		-1.7	-4.6, 1.2	0.2
Lower		-0.81	-3.6, 1.9	0.6
Lowest		-0.92	-3.4, 1.6	0.5
¹ Adjusted for wealth index
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

M-T. Environmental lead levels

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Water lead level	180
BLD/ Normal		—	—
High		1.8	-3.4, 7.0	0.5
Type of House	180
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.43	-1.5, 2.4	0.7
Kutcha		0.35	-1.8, 2.5	0.7
PSU Rural/Urban	180
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.4	0.48, 4.3	0.015
Wealth Index	180
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.1	-5.2, 0.90	0.2
Middle		-1.5	-4.5, 1.6	0.3
Lower		-0.80	-3.6, 2.0	0.6
Lowest		-0.32	-3.1, 2.5	0.8
Presence of old metal pipes	180
No		—	—
Yes		3.9	1.6, 6.2	0.001
¹ Beta represents the increase in Blood Pb (µg/dL) compared to BDL/Normal levels.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Rice lead category	160
BLD/ Normal		—	—
High		1.0	-0.65, 2.7	0.2
Type of House	160
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.47	-1.7, 2.7	0.7
Kutcha		0.72	-1.7, 3.1	0.6
PSU Rural/Urban	160
Rural		—	—
Urban		3.1	1.0, 5.1	0.004
Wealth Index	160
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.9	-5.1, 1.4	0.3
Middle		-2.1	-5.4, 1.2	0.2
Lower		-1.1	-4.2, 2.0	0.5
Lowest		-0.79	-3.9, 2.3	0.6
¹ Beta represents the increase in Blood Pb (µg/dL) compared to BDL/Normal levels.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Wheat lead category	134
BLD/ Normal		—	—
High		-0.67	-2.5, 1.2	0.5
Type of House	134
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		-0.04	-2.2, 2.2	0.9
Kutcha		0.59	-1.9, 3.1	0.6
PSU Rural/Urban	134
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.5	0.38, 4.6	0.021
Wealth Index	134
Highest		—	—
Higher		-1.2	-4.6, 2.3	0.5
Middle		-0.42	-3.9, 3.1	0.8
Lower		-0.44	-3.7, 2.8	0.8
Lowest		-0.70	-3.8, 2.4	0.7
¹ Beta represents the increase in Blood Pb (µg/dL) compared to BDL/Normal levels.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Turmeric lead category	180
BLD/ Normal		—	—
High		2.3	-0.60, 5.2	0.12
Type of House	180
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.37	-1.7, 2.4	0.7
Kutcha		0.14	-2.1, 2.4	0.9
PSU Rural/Urban	180
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.8	0.81, 4.7	0.006
Wealth Index	180
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.0	-5.0, 1.1	0.2
Middle		-1.4	-4.6, 1.7	0.4
Lower		-0.92	-3.9, 2.0	0.5
Lowest		-0.43	-3.3, 2.5	0.8
¹ Beta represents the increase in Blood Pb (µg/dL) compared to BDL/Normal levels.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Coriander lead category	141
BLD/ Normal		—	—
High		-2.6	-10, 5.3	0.5
Type of House	141
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.79	-1.7, 3.3	0.5
Kutcha		0.80	-1.9, 3.5	0.6
PSU Rural/Urban	141
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.2	-0.09, 4.4	0.060
Wealth Index	141
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.6	-6.1, 0.95	0.2
Middle		-2.0	-5.7, 1.8	0.3
Lower		-1.3	-4.7, 2.2	0.5
Lowest		-1.0	-4.3, 2.3	0.5
¹ Beta represents the increase in Blood Pb (µg/dL) compared to BDL/Normal levels.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Kajal lead category	58
BLD/ Normal		—	—
High		0.91	-3.2, 5.0	0.7
Type of House	58
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		3.6	-0.88, 8.0	0.11
Kutcha		1.3	-3.4, 5.9	0.6
PSU Rural/Urban	58
Rural		—	—
Urban		3.8	-0.50, 8.1	0.082
Wealth Index	58
Highest		—	—
Higher		-4.8	-12, 2.0	0.2
Middle		-2.9	-9.2, 3.5	0.4
Lower		-2.9	-9.3, 3.6	0.4
Lowest		-3.6	-9.9, 2.8	0.3
¹ Beta represents the increase in Blood Pb (µg/dL) compared to BDL/Normal levels.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Wall paint lead category	109
BLD/ Normal		—	—
High		-1.4	-9.7, 6.8	0.7
Type of House	109
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		0.17	-2.7, 3.1	0.9
Kutcha		1.0	-2.2, 4.2	0.5
PSU Rural/Urban	109
Rural		—	—
Urban		2.3	-0.23, 4.8	0.075
Wealth Index	109
Highest		—	—
Higher		-2.5	-6.8, 1.7	0.2
Middle		-1.5	-5.8, 2.7	0.5
Lower		-1.3	-5.2, 2.7	0.5
Lowest		-0.83	-4.7, 3.0	0.7
¹ Beta represents the increase in Blood Pb (µg/dL) compared to BDL/Normal levels.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Characteristic	N	Adj. β (95% CI)¹	95% CI	p-value
Toy lead category	64
BLD/ Normal		—	—
High		-1.0	-4.7, 2.7	0.6
Type of House	64
Pucca		—	—
Semi-pucca		1.7	-2.0, 5.4	0.3
Kutcha		2.2	-2.5, 6.8	0.4
PSU Rural/Urban	64
Rural		—	—
Urban		1.2	-1.9, 4.3	0.4
Wealth Index	64
Highest		—	—
Higher		-6.3	-12, -0.98	0.021
Middle		-6.5	-12, -0.75	0.027
Lower		-4.1	-9.4, 1.2	0.13
Lowest		-3.7	-9.2, 1.9	0.2
¹ Beta represents the increase in Blood Pb (µg/dL) compared to BDL/Normal levels.
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval

Part 4. Comparison of lead levels in different sources of water/brands of food items

A. Water lead levels by source of water

Source Category	Samples (N)	Mean ± SD	Median (Min–Max)	90th Centile
Lead Concentration by Source: source_water_tested
Dugwell	13	1.31 ± 0.96	1.11 (0.11–2.69)	2.63
Piped GW	25	3.03 ± 8.16	1.47 (0.11–41.92)	2.73
Piped SW	28	1.39 ± 1.26	1.23 (0.07–4.51)	3.02
Tubewell	114	2.15 ± 5.14	1.30 (0.03–51.32)	3.26
Tubewell & Piped SW	4	2.36 ± 0.33	2.43 (1.90–2.68)	2.61
Tubewell & Tanker	1	0.07 ± NA	0.07 (0.07–0.07)	0.07

B. Rice lead levels by source of rice

Source Category	Samples (N)	Mean ± SD	Median (Min–Max)	90th Centile
Lead Concentration by Source: source_rice
Same village farm	58	0.35 ± 0.48	0.14 (0.00–1.99)	1.19
Other farm	16	0.12 ± 0.13	0.07 (0.00–0.43)	0.27
PDS	37	0.63 ± 1.18	0.10 (0.00–5.00)	1.79
Market loose	43	0.77 ± 1.71	0.14 (0.00–8.29)	1.40
Market packaged: ABIS GOLD	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged: Dawat	2	0.40 ± 0.37	0.40 (0.14–0.66)	0.61
Market packaged: Lakhdatar Sona Masuri	1	0.21 ± NA	0.21 (0.21–0.21)	0.21
Market packaged: NA	2	2.07 ± 1.11	2.07 (1.28–2.86)	2.70
—	1	1.47 ± NA	1.47 (1.47–1.47)	1.47

C. Wheat lead levels by source of wheat

Source Category	Samples (N)	Mean ± SD	Median (Min–Max)	90th Centile
Lead Concentration by Source: source_wheat
Same village farm	49	0.52 ± 1.30	0.00 (0.00–5.99)	1.84
Other farm	3	0.05 ± 0.05	0.05 (0.00–0.09)	0.08
PDS	19	0.67 ± 0.90	0.11 (0.00–2.90)	1.76
Market loose	51	0.67 ± 1.11	0.12 (0.00–4.58)	1.88
Market packaged: Amol atta	1	0.04 ± NA	0.04 (0.04–0.04)	0.04
Market packaged: Ashriwad	1	1.99 ± NA	1.99 (1.99–1.99)	1.99
Market packaged: Fortune Multigrain Atta	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged: kalash atta	1	2.93 ± NA	2.93 (2.93–2.93)	2.93
Market packaged: Kesar gold atta	1	0.54 ± NA	0.54 (0.54–0.54)	0.54
Market packaged: Lalgulab Atta	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged: Tulsi Atta	1	0.12 ± NA	0.12 (0.12–0.12)	0.12
Market packaged: NA	2	0.42 ± 0.36	0.42 (0.16–0.67)	0.62
—	5	0.07 ± 0.11	0.00 (0.00–0.23)	0.19

D. Turmeric lead levels by source of turmeric

Source Category	Samples (N)	Mean ± SD	Median (Min–Max)	90th Centile
Lead Concentration by Source: source_turmeric
Grind whole at home	60	7.86 ± 30.30	0.52 (0.00–167.36)	8.91
Grind whole at mill	19	26.93 ± 113.32	0.35 (0.00–494.83)	2.83
Market loose powder	11	0.32 ± 0.60	0.00 (0.00–1.94)	0.78
Market packaged powder: basant	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Dhamya	2	1.30 ± 0.00	1.30 (1.30–1.30)	1.30
Market packaged powder: Everest	1	2.14 ± NA	2.14 (2.14–2.14)	2.14
Market packaged powder: GOLDIE	1	1.20 ± NA	1.20 (1.20–1.20)	1.20
Market packaged powder: Haldiram	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: JMD	4	1.09 ± 1.12	0.92 (0.00–2.53)	2.19
Market packaged powder: Khatri	22	0.93 ± 1.94	0.00 (0.00–7.90)	3.35
Market packaged powder: MDH	1	0.25 ± NA	0.25 (0.25–0.25)	0.25
Market packaged powder: Neelam	2	0.06 ± 0.01	0.06 (0.06–0.07)	0.07
Market packaged powder: NR Brand	2	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Om masala	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: PUSH	1	0.09 ± NA	0.09 (0.09–0.09)	0.09
Market packaged powder: Rakshadeep	1	299.23 ± NA	299.23 (299.23–299.23)	299.23
Market packaged powder: Ramdev	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Ramnagar	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Rawal Das	1	1.35 ± NA	1.35 (1.35–1.35)	1.35
Market packaged powder: Sarda	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Sardar	2	1.23 ± 0.87	1.23 (0.61–1.84)	1.72
Market packaged powder: Sourabh	1	0.24 ± NA	0.24 (0.24–0.24)	0.24
Market packaged powder: Sundar	3	0.49 ± 0.51	0.46 (0.00–1.03)	0.91
Market packaged powder: Suresh masala	1	0.45 ± NA	0.45 (0.45–0.45)	0.45
Market packaged powder: Suruchi	3	0.94 ± 0.92	0.90 (0.04–1.88)	1.68
Market packaged powder: TEJA	2	0.66 ± 0.33	0.66 (0.43–0.89)	0.85
Market packaged powder: Zoff	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: NA	35	58.48 ± 157.29	0.64 (0.00–775.64)	204.64
—	0	NaN ± NA	NA (Inf–-Inf)	NA

E. Chilli lead levels by source of chilli

Source Category	Samples (N)	Mean ± SD	Median (Min–Max)	90th Centile
Lead Concentration by Source: source_chilli
Grind whole at home	51	1.21 ± 4.79	0.10 (0.00–33.90)	1.78
Grind whole at mill	13	0.28 ± 0.58	0.00 (0.00–2.06)	0.60
Market loose powder	6	0.40 ± 0.28	0.35 (0.11–0.77)	0.71
Market packaged powder: Dhamya	2	0.48 ± 0.00	0.48 (0.48–0.48)	0.48
Market packaged powder: Everest	2	0.12 ± 0.16	0.12 (0.00–0.23)	0.21
Market packaged powder: GOLDIE	1	0.50 ± NA	0.50 (0.50–0.50)	0.50
Market packaged powder: JMD	3	2.03 ± 1.76	3.04 (0.00–3.05)	3.04
Market packaged powder: Khatri	25	0.19 ± 0.29	0.06 (0.00–1.06)	0.49
Market packaged powder: Maharaja	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: MDH	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Neelam	4	1.06 ± 0.94	0.98 (0.15–2.14)	1.96
Market packaged powder: NR Brand	5	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Ramnagar	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Rawal Das	1	0.43 ± NA	0.43 (0.43–0.43)	0.43
Market packaged powder: Sardar	1	0.44 ± NA	0.44 (0.44–0.44)	0.44
Market packaged powder: Sourabh	2	2.17 ± 0.73	2.17 (1.65–2.68)	2.58
Market packaged powder: Sundar	3	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Suresh masala	1	0.15 ± NA	0.15 (0.15–0.15)	0.15
Market packaged powder: Suruchi	3	0.56 ± 0.97	0.00 (0.00–1.67)	1.34
Market packaged powder: TEJA	3	0.73 ± 0.87	0.50 (0.00–1.70)	1.46
Market packaged powder: Zoff	1	0.05 ± NA	0.05 (0.05–0.05)	0.05
Market packaged powder: NA	33	0.44 ± 1.03	0.00 (0.00–4.22)	1.06
—	9	0.10 ± 0.03	0.09 (0.05–0.15)	0.14

F. Coriander lead levels by source of coriander

Source Category	Samples (N)	Mean ± SD	Median (Min–Max)	90th Centile
Lead Concentration by Source: source_coriander
Grind whole at home	31	0.43 ± 0.67	0.00 (0.00–2.32)	1.55
Grind whole at mill	9	0.16 ± 0.26	0.00 (0.00–0.61)	0.58
Market loose powder	7	0.48 ± 0.32	0.49 (0.11–0.93)	0.83
Market packaged powder: basant	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Dhamya	2	0.48 ± 0.00	0.48 (0.48–0.48)	0.48
Market packaged powder: Everest	2	0.78 ± 0.19	0.78 (0.64–0.91)	0.89
Market packaged powder: GOLDIE	1	0.50 ± NA	0.50 (0.50–0.50)	0.50
Market packaged powder: JMD	3	2.03 ± 1.76	3.04 (0.00–3.05)	3.04
Market packaged powder: Khatri	18	0.18 ± 0.32	0.04 (0.00–1.06)	0.53
Market packaged powder: Neelam	3	1.28 ± 1.02	1.55 (0.15–2.14)	2.02
Market packaged powder: NR Brand	4	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Om masala	0	NaN ± NA	NA (Inf–-Inf)	NA
Market packaged powder: Ramnagar	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Rawal Das	1	0.43 ± NA	0.43 (0.43–0.43)	0.43
Market packaged powder: Sourabh	2	2.17 ± 0.73	2.17 (1.65–2.68)	2.58
Market packaged powder: Sundar	3	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Market packaged powder: Suresh masala	1	0.15 ± NA	0.15 (0.15–0.15)	0.15
Market packaged powder: Suruchi	3	0.56 ± 0.97	0.00 (0.00–1.67)	1.34
Market packaged powder: TEJA	2	0.25 ± 0.35	0.25 (0.00–0.50)	0.45
Market packaged powder: Zoff	1	0.05 ± NA	0.05 (0.05–0.05)	0.05
Market packaged powder: NA	38	0.67 ± 1.44	0.07 (0.00–4.99)	2.77
—	39	1.08 ± 5.41	0.10 (0.00–33.90)	0.57

G. Kajal lead levels by source of kajal

Source Category	Samples (N)	Mean ± SD	Median (Min–Max)	90th Centile
Lead Concentration by Source: kajal_brand_clean
Homemade	10	2.86 ± 5.31	0.26 (0.00–14.49)	11.35
Local	37	9.78 ± 16.07	2.81 (0.00–68.14)	31.60
Patanjali	1	0.00 ± NA	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00
Jyoti	2	2.30 ± 1.62	2.30 (1.15–3.44)	3.22
—	9	8.76 ± 18.05	2.12 (0.00–55.90)	20.73

H. Wall paint levels by source of wallpaint

Source Category	Samples (N)	Mean ± SD	Median (Min–Max)	90th Centile
Lead Concentration by Source: paint_type_current_hh
No paint/Cement paint	8	3.54 ± 3.41	3.44 (0.00–9.92)	6.75
Distemper	41	9.14 ± 16.05	4.15 (0.00–99.18)	19.53
Chuna or similar	48	8.87 ± 10.27	4.58 (0.00–42.24)	24.21
Emulsion	14	13.85 ± 27.17	6.58 (0.00–107.17)	13.75
—	0	NaN ± NA	NA (Inf–-Inf)	NA

Data preprocessing

Part 2. Bivariate analysis of risk factors

A. Demographic

B. Household characteristics

C. Household assets

D. Blood micro-nutrient levels

E. Anthropometric indicators

F. Dietary nutrient intake

G. CBC parameters

Additional variables collected in the case-control study

H. Environmental factors in places other than current household

I. Water practices (newly collected)

J. Diet practices (newly collected)

K. Utensils & Utensils recoded

K2. Utensils interaction effects for the most common types

K3. Utensils detailed exploration

L. Behavioral factors

M. Lead in environmental sample

N.Brands of diet and cosmetics

Part 3. Multivariable analysis for adjusted associations with risk factors

A. Household construction characteristics

B. Drinking water source (Sampada data)

C. Cooking water source (Sampada data)

D-G. Malnutrition status

H. Anemia

I. Micronutrient intake

J. Past pica behaviour

K. Kajal use and conusmption of certain food types

L. Utensils

M-T. Environmental lead levels

Part 4. Comparison of lead levels in different sources of water/brands of food items

A. Water lead levels by source of water

B. Rice lead levels by source of rice

C. Wheat lead levels by source of wheat

D. Turmeric lead levels by source of turmeric

E. Chilli lead levels by source of chilli

F. Coriander lead levels by source of coriander

G. Kajal lead levels by source of kajal

H. Wall paint levels by source of wallpaint