Part 1. Bivariate analysis of blood lead levels
A. Demographic
|
Descriptive (Mean/SD) |
Univariate Linear Regression |
| Characteristic |
N = 4,306 |
N |
Mean Difference (β) |
95% CI |
p-value |
| PSU Rural/Urban |
|
4,306 |
|
|
|
| Rural |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Urban |
4.9 (3.9) |
|
0.24 |
-0.01, 0.49 |
0.063 |
| Gender |
|
4,306 |
|
|
|
| Female |
4.6 (3.8) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Male |
4.9 (4.0) |
|
0.34 |
0.10, 0.57 |
0.005 |
| age_gp |
|
4,306 |
|
|
|
| 1-2 |
5.2 (4.5) |
|
— |
— |
|
| 2-3 |
4.6 (3.5) |
|
-0.60 |
-0.99, -0.21 |
0.002 |
| 3-4 |
4.8 (4.1) |
|
-0.38 |
-0.76, -0.01 |
0.047 |
| 4-5 |
4.6 (3.8) |
|
-0.53 |
-0.90, -0.16 |
0.005 |
| Caste |
|
4,288 |
|
|
|
| Other Caste |
4.3 (3.3) |
|
— |
— |
|
| SC |
4.9 (3.8) |
|
0.60 |
0.24, 0.95 |
0.001 |
| ST |
4.0 (3.4) |
|
-0.22 |
-0.59, 0.15 |
0.2 |
| OBC |
5.3 (4.5) |
|
1.1 |
0.74, 1.4 |
<0.001 |
| Not known |
4.2 (2.6) |
|
-0.03 |
-1.1, 1.0 |
>0.9 |
| Religion |
|
4,287 |
|
|
|
| Hindu |
5.1 (4.1) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Muslim |
4.1 (3.5) |
|
-0.93 |
-1.4, -0.51 |
<0.001 |
| Christian |
3.6 (2.4) |
|
-1.5 |
-1.9, -1.1 |
<0.001 |
| Others |
3.1 (2.3) |
|
-2.0 |
-2.5, -1.4 |
<0.001 |
|
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
|
1 Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD) |
B. Household Characteristics
|
Descriptive (Mean/SD) |
Univariate Linear Regression |
| Characteristic |
N = 4,306 |
N |
Mean Difference (β) |
95% CI |
p-value |
| Type of Family |
|
4,288 |
|
|
|
| Extended |
4.5 (3.5) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Joint |
4.7 (4.1) |
|
0.28 |
-0.13, 0.70 |
0.2 |
| Nuclear |
4.8 (3.9) |
|
0.33 |
-0.03, 0.69 |
0.073 |
| Ownership of house |
|
4,272 |
|
|
|
| Own House |
4.7 (4.0) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Rented/Other |
4.7 (3.2) |
|
-0.07 |
-0.43, 0.29 |
0.7 |
| Type of House |
|
4,286 |
|
|
|
| Pucca |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Semi-pucca |
4.8 (3.8) |
|
0.11 |
-0.16, 0.39 |
0.4 |
| Kutcha |
5.0 (4.4) |
|
0.32 |
-0.03, 0.67 |
0.074 |
| No of rooms in house |
|
4,276 |
|
|
|
| >1 |
4.6 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| 0-1 |
5.5 (3.9) |
|
0.87 |
0.49, 1.3 |
<0.001 |
| Separate Kitchen |
|
4,284 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
4.6 (3.8) |
|
— |
— |
|
| No |
5.0 (4.2) |
|
0.43 |
0.17, 0.69 |
0.001 |
| Cooking fuel |
|
4,306 |
|
|
|
| Firewood |
4.8 (4.1) |
|
— |
— |
|
| LPG |
4.7 (3.8) |
|
-0.15 |
-0.40, 0.10 |
0.2 |
| Others |
6.1 (5.0) |
|
1.3 |
0.47, 2.2 |
0.003 |
| Drinking Water |
|
4,285 |
|
|
|
| Bore well |
4.8 (4.4) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Open well |
4.3 (3.6) |
|
-0.56 |
-1.1, -0.05 |
0.032 |
| Others |
5.2 (4.7) |
|
0.42 |
-0.17, 1.0 |
0.2 |
| RO/Bottled/Purchased water |
5.1 (3.7) |
|
0.32 |
-0.10, 0.73 |
0.13 |
| Surface/Spring water |
4.3 (2.8) |
|
-0.47 |
-1.1, 0.15 |
0.13 |
| Tap water |
4.6 (3.7) |
|
-0.21 |
-0.50, 0.08 |
0.15 |
| Water tanker |
5.4 (4.0) |
|
0.58 |
-0.17, 1.3 |
0.13 |
| Cooking water |
|
4,284 |
|
|
|
| Bore well |
4.8 (4.4) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Open well |
4.3 (3.6) |
|
-0.51 |
-1.0, 0.00 |
0.051 |
| Others |
5.2 (5.0) |
|
0.41 |
-0.17, 0.99 |
0.2 |
| RO/Bottled/Purchased water |
4.9 (3.3) |
|
0.08 |
-0.42, 0.58 |
0.8 |
| Surface/Spring water |
4.4 (2.9) |
|
-0.40 |
-1.0, 0.22 |
0.2 |
| Tap water |
4.7 (3.7) |
|
-0.14 |
-0.42, 0.15 |
0.3 |
| Water tanker |
5.5 (4.0) |
|
0.66 |
-0.08, 1.4 |
0.080 |
| Water purification method |
|
4,287 |
|
|
|
| Water filter/ E. Purifier |
3.9 (3.6) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Boiling |
3.9 (2.8) |
|
-0.04 |
-0.57, 0.49 |
0.9 |
| Strain through a cloth |
4.9 (3.6) |
|
0.99 |
0.37, 1.6 |
0.002 |
| Add bleach/chlorine tablets |
6.0 (4.3) |
|
2.1 |
0.78, 3.3 |
0.002 |
| None |
5.1 (4.3) |
|
1.2 |
0.71, 1.7 |
<0.001 |
| Others/Multiple |
4.1 (3.0) |
|
0.11 |
-0.47, 0.70 |
0.7 |
| Latrine type |
|
4,306 |
|
|
|
| Present and using |
4.7 (3.8) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Others |
4.0 (2.8) |
|
-0.71 |
-1.3, -0.17 |
0.011 |
| Open Defecation |
5.8 (4.8) |
|
1.1 |
0.74, 1.5 |
<0.001 |
|
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
|
1 Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD) |
C. Household Assets
|
Descriptive (Mean/SD) |
Univariate Linear Regression |
| Characteristic |
N = 4,306 |
N |
Mean Difference (β) |
95% CI |
p-value |
| Electricity Available |
|
4,285 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.2 (2.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
0.53 |
-1.1, 2.2 |
0.5 |
| Electric Fan |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.4 (4.0) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.8 (3.9) |
|
0.41 |
0.03, 0.79 |
0.034 |
| Black and White Television |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
5.2 (4.1) |
|
0.46 |
-0.01, 0.94 |
0.056 |
| Colour Television |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.0 (4.6) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.6 (3.6) |
|
-0.46 |
-0.71, -0.21 |
<0.001 |
| Radio/Transistor |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.8 (4.0) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
3.9 (2.7) |
|
-0.86 |
-1.3, -0.40 |
<0.001 |
| Pressure Cooker |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.5 (4.8) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.5 (3.6) |
|
-1.0 |
-1.3, -0.73 |
<0.001 |
| Cot/Bed |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.4 (4.2) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.6 (3.9) |
|
-0.72 |
-1.1, -0.38 |
<0.001 |
| Mattress |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.7 (4.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.4 (3.6) |
|
-1.3 |
-1.5, -1.0 |
<0.001 |
| Chair |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.4 (4.1) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
-0.69 |
-1.1, -0.30 |
<0.001 |
| Table |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.3 (4.3) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.5 (3.7) |
|
-0.85 |
-1.1, -0.60 |
<0.001 |
| Mobile Phone |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.1 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
-0.39 |
-0.92, 0.14 |
0.2 |
| Landline Phone |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.3 (3.1) |
|
-0.44 |
-1.2, 0.31 |
0.3 |
| Watch/Clock |
|
4,253 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.9 (4.1) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
-0.21 |
-0.46, 0.05 |
0.11 |
| Washing Machine |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.8 (4.0) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.4 (3.8) |
|
-0.40 |
-0.67, -0.13 |
0.003 |
| Refrigerator |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.0 (4.1) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.5 (3.7) |
|
-0.48 |
-0.71, -0.25 |
<0.001 |
| Computer |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.8 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.2 (3.3) |
|
-0.54 |
-1.1, -0.02 |
0.041 |
| Internet |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.9 (4.1) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.6 (3.7) |
|
-0.39 |
-0.63, -0.16 |
0.001 |
| Sewing Machine |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.7 (3.8) |
|
-0.06 |
-0.38, 0.26 |
0.7 |
| Air Conditioner/Cooler |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.9 (4.1) |
|
0.20 |
-0.11, 0.51 |
0.2 |
| Bicycle |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.8 (4.2) |
|
0.05 |
-0.20, 0.29 |
0.7 |
| Motorcycle/Scooter |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (4.1) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.8 (3.8) |
|
0.13 |
-0.11, 0.36 |
0.3 |
| Car/Four Wheeler |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.8 (4.0) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
3.9 (3.3) |
|
-0.98 |
-1.3, -0.61 |
<0.001 |
| Animal Drawn Cart |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.8 (4.0) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.2 (3.2) |
|
-0.55 |
-1.1, -0.02 |
0.043 |
| Water Pump |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.7 (4.3) |
|
0.01 |
-0.33, 0.35 |
>0.9 |
| Tractor |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
5.0 (4.2) |
|
0.29 |
-0.37, 0.96 |
0.4 |
| Thresher/Seed Removal Machine |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.9 (4.5) |
|
0.12 |
-0.96, 1.2 |
0.8 |
| Home Theatre |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.6 (2.9) |
|
-0.16 |
-0.92, 0.61 |
0.7 |
| Vacuum Cleaner |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.8 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
3.5 (2.5) |
|
-1.2 |
-2.1, -0.37 |
0.005 |
| Microwave/Electric Oven |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.8 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
3.4 (3.4) |
|
-1.4 |
-2.1, -0.61 |
<0.001 |
| Treadmill/Exercise Equipment |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
5.1 (2.3) |
|
0.38 |
-1.6, 2.4 |
0.7 |
| Type of PDS/Ration Card |
|
4,282 |
|
|
|
| APL |
4.5 (4.0) |
|
— |
— |
|
| No card |
4.8 (3.8) |
|
0.31 |
-0.05, 0.68 |
0.095 |
| BPL/AAY/TPDS |
4.8 (3.9) |
|
0.32 |
0.03, 0.62 |
0.032 |
| Any Woman Enrolled in a Self-Help Group |
|
4,267 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.9 (4.0) |
|
0.17 |
-0.09, 0.42 |
0.2 |
| Any Household Member with Disability |
|
4,279 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.8) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.9 (4.4) |
|
0.19 |
-0.08, 0.47 |
0.2 |
| Household Covered by Insurance |
|
4,283 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.9 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.6 (4.0) |
|
-0.25 |
-0.49, -0.02 |
0.037 |
| Household Owns Agricultural Land |
|
4,192 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.6 (3.8) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
5.0 (4.2) |
|
0.46 |
0.20, 0.72 |
<0.001 |
| Owns Livestock |
|
4,130 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.7 (3.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.9 (4.5) |
|
0.28 |
0.00, 0.55 |
0.048 |
| Cows/Bulls/Buffaloes/Yaks |
|
936 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.1 (5.1) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
5.0 (4.4) |
|
-0.16 |
-0.92, 0.61 |
0.7 |
| Camels |
|
692 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.8 (4.4) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.7 (1.9) |
|
-0.08 |
-4.4, 4.3 |
>0.9 |
| Horses/Donkeys/Mules |
|
687 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.8 (4.4) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
5.4 (2.3) |
|
0.62 |
-4.4, 5.6 |
0.8 |
| Goats/Sheep |
|
798 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.6 (4.0) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
5.2 (4.9) |
|
0.62 |
0.00, 1.2 |
0.048 |
| Pigs |
|
700 |
|
|
|
| No |
4.9 (4.4) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.4 (5.2) |
|
-0.49 |
-1.7, 0.71 |
0.4 |
| Chickens/Ducks |
|
788 |
|
|
|
| No |
5.0 (4.3) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Yes |
4.6 (4.7) |
|
-0.44 |
-1.1, 0.20 |
0.2 |
| Wealth Index |
|
4,290 |
|
|
|
| Highest |
4.3 (3.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Higher |
4.6 (3.8) |
|
0.32 |
-0.06, 0.69 |
0.10 |
| Middle |
4.4 (3.2) |
|
0.09 |
-0.28, 0.47 |
0.6 |
| Lower |
4.6 (3.7) |
|
0.29 |
-0.08, 0.66 |
0.13 |
| Lowest |
5.7 (4.9) |
|
1.4 |
1.0, 1.7 |
<0.001 |
|
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
|
1 Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD) |
D. Blood micro-nutrient levels
|
Descriptive (Mean/SD) |
Univariate Linear Regression |
| Characteristic |
N = 4,306 |
N |
Mean Difference (β) |
95% CI |
p-value |
| Anemia status |
|
4,306 |
|
|
|
| No Anemia |
4.5 (3.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Any Anemia |
5.1 (4.2) |
|
0.54 |
0.30, 0.79 |
<0.001 |
| Anaemia Status (Any, New) |
|
4,306 |
|
|
|
| No Anemia |
4.5 (3.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Mild Anemia |
4.9 (4.2) |
|
0.39 |
0.09, 0.69 |
0.011 |
| Moder+Sev Anemia |
5.3 (4.2) |
|
0.73 |
0.41, 1.1 |
<0.001 |
| iron_def_adj |
|
881 |
|
|
|
| No Iron Deficiency |
4.2 (3.5) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Iron Deficiency |
4.8 (3.7) |
|
0.58 |
0.10, 1.1 |
0.018 |
| Anaemia Adjusted for Iron |
|
912 |
|
|
|
| No Anemia + Iron Deficiency |
3.6 (2.1) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Anemia + No Iron Deficiency |
4.4 (3.3) |
|
0.86 |
-0.32, 2.0 |
0.2 |
| No Anemia + No Iron Deficiency |
4.7 (4.0) |
|
1.1 |
-0.04, 2.2 |
0.059 |
| Anemia + Iron Deficiency |
5.1 (3.4) |
|
1.5 |
-0.09, 3.1 |
0.065 |
| Vitamin B12 Status |
|
875 |
|
|
|
| Normal (≥203 pg/mL) |
4.5 (3.6) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Deficient (<203 pg/mL) |
4.6 (3.9) |
|
0.07 |
-0.44, 0.58 |
0.8 |
| Serum Folate Status |
|
874 |
|
|
|
| Normal (≥4 ng/mL) |
4.6 (3.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Deficient (<4 ng/mL) |
4.4 (3.7) |
|
-0.24 |
-0.96, 0.48 |
0.5 |
| Vitamin D Status |
|
871 |
|
|
|
| Normal (≥12 ng/mL) |
4.5 (3.4) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Deficient (<12 ng/mL) |
4.9 (4.8) |
|
0.33 |
-0.32, 0.98 |
0.3 |
|
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
|
1 Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD) |
E. Inflammation
|
Descriptive (Mean/SD) |
Univariate Linear Regression |
| Characteristic |
N = 4,306 |
N |
Mean Difference (β) |
95% CI |
p-value |
| CRP Status |
|
923 |
|
|
|
| Inflammation |
3.8 (2.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| No Inflammation |
4.6 (3.7) |
|
0.88 |
-0.03, 1.8 |
0.058 |
| AGP Status |
|
921 |
|
|
|
| Inflammation |
4.2 (2.8) |
|
— |
— |
|
| No Inflammation |
4.6 (3.8) |
|
0.46 |
-0.25, 1.2 |
0.2 |
| Inflammation Status |
|
922 |
|
|
|
| Inflammation |
4.0 (2.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| No Inflammation |
4.7 (3.8) |
|
0.73 |
0.08, 1.4 |
0.028 |
|
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
|
1 Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD) |
F. Anthropometry
|
Descriptive (Mean/SD) |
Univariate Linear Regression |
| Characteristic |
N = 4,306 |
N |
Mean Difference (β) |
95% CI |
p-value |
| Stunting status |
|
3,526 |
|
|
|
| No Stunting |
4.6 (3.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Stunting |
5.0 (4.1) |
|
0.46 |
0.13, 0.80 |
0.006 |
| Severe Stunting |
5.7 (4.8) |
|
1.2 |
0.74, 1.6 |
<0.001 |
| Wasting status |
|
3,493 |
|
|
|
| No Wasting |
4.7 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Wasting |
5.0 (4.4) |
|
0.29 |
-0.13, 0.70 |
0.2 |
| Severe Wasting |
4.9 (3.4) |
|
0.16 |
-0.64, 0.95 |
0.7 |
| Underweight status |
|
3,552 |
|
|
|
| No Underweight |
4.6 (3.7) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Underweight |
5.3 (4.4) |
|
0.71 |
0.38, 1.0 |
<0.001 |
| Severe Underweight |
5.4 (4.2) |
|
0.81 |
0.30, 1.3 |
0.002 |
| MUAC Group |
|
3,559 |
|
|
|
| Normal |
4.8 (3.9) |
|
— |
— |
|
| severewasting |
5.0 (3.0) |
|
0.26 |
-0.57, 1.1 |
0.5 |
|
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
|
1 Blood Pb Levels (μg/dL): Mean (SD) |
G. Dietary nutrient intake
| Energy Intake (kcal/day) |
-0.003 |
-0.005 |
-0.001 |
0.0126 |
| Protein Intake (g/day) |
-0.132 |
-0.196 |
-0.068 |
0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate Intake (g/day) |
-0.010 |
-0.022 |
0.002 |
0.1025 |
| Total Fat Intake (g/day) |
-0.095 |
-0.164 |
-0.026 |
0.0070 |
| Iron Intake (mg/day) |
-0.313 |
-0.523 |
-0.103 |
0.0035 |
| Zinc Intake (mg/day) |
-0.493 |
-0.829 |
-0.156 |
0.0041 |
| Calcium Intake (mg/day) |
-0.012 |
-0.017 |
-0.006 |
0.0000 |
| Thiamine (B1) Intake (mg/day) |
-3.274 |
-5.581 |
-0.967 |
0.0054 |
| Riboflavin (B2) Intake (mg/day) |
-7.723 |
-11.557 |
-3.890 |
0.0001 |
| Niacin (B3) Intake (mg/day) |
-0.438 |
-0.746 |
-0.130 |
0.0053 |
| Total Folate (B9) Intake (ug/day) |
-0.045 |
-0.063 |
-0.027 |
0.0000 |
| Vitamin C Intake (mg/day) |
-0.057 |
-0.099 |
-0.016 |
0.0072 |
| Vitamin A Intake (ug/day) |
-0.013 |
-0.021 |
-0.004 |
0.0027 |
| Vitamin B12 Intake (ug/day) |
-0.479 |
-2.170 |
1.211 |
0.5782 |
| Birth Weight (grams) |
0.003 |
-0.005 |
0.010 |
0.4864 |
H. CBC parameters
| WBC Count |
0.749 |
0.436 |
1.063 |
0.0000 |
| Lymphocytes (%) |
0.107 |
0.009 |
0.205 |
0.0330 |
| Monocytes (%) |
-0.380 |
-0.746 |
-0.014 |
0.0421 |
| Granulocytes (%) |
-0.075 |
-0.171 |
0.020 |
0.1229 |
| Lymphocytes (Absolute Count) |
1.753 |
1.170 |
2.336 |
0.0000 |
| Monocytes (Absolute Count) |
0.843 |
-1.122 |
2.809 |
0.4003 |
| Granulocytes (Absolute Count) |
0.550 |
0.030 |
1.070 |
0.0380 |
| Red Blood Cell Count |
7.231 |
5.244 |
9.217 |
0.0000 |
| Hemoglobin |
-1.978 |
-2.700 |
-1.256 |
0.0000 |
| Hematocrit |
-0.450 |
-0.712 |
-0.187 |
0.0008 |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume |
-0.585 |
-0.703 |
-0.467 |
0.0000 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width (CV) |
2.255 |
1.690 |
2.821 |
0.0000 |
| Platelet Count |
0.044 |
0.034 |
0.054 |
0.0000 |
Part 2. Adjusted Linear Regression
The below analysis are adjusted for age, gender, type of house, urban/rural and wealth index
A. Drinking water source
| Drinking Water |
4,283 |
|
|
|
| Bore well |
|
— |
— |
|
| Open well |
|
-0.39 |
-0.91, 0.12 |
0.13 |
| Others |
|
0.36 |
-0.23, 0.95 |
0.2 |
| RO/Bottled/Purchased water |
|
0.55 |
0.12, 0.98 |
0.012 |
| Surface/Spring water |
|
-0.52 |
-1.1, 0.10 |
0.10 |
| Tap water |
|
-0.11 |
-0.40, 0.19 |
0.5 |
| Water tanker |
|
0.55 |
-0.20, 1.3 |
0.2 |
| Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
B. Micronutrient deficiency
| Anemia status |
4,286 |
|
|
|
| No Anemia |
|
— |
— |
|
| Any Anemia |
|
0.44 |
0.20, 0.69 |
<0.001 |
| Anaemia Status (Any, New) |
4,286 |
|
|
|
| No Anemia |
|
— |
— |
|
| Mild Anemia |
|
0.32 |
0.02, 0.61 |
0.039 |
| Moder+Sev Anemia |
|
0.61 |
0.28, 0.94 |
<0.001 |
| iron_def_adj |
875 |
|
|
|
| No Iron Deficiency |
|
— |
— |
|
| Iron Deficiency |
|
0.47 |
-0.02, 0.95 |
0.062 |
| Anaemia Adjusted for Iron |
906 |
|
|
|
| No Anemia + Iron Deficiency |
|
— |
— |
|
| Anemia + No Iron Deficiency |
|
0.81 |
-0.39, 2.0 |
0.2 |
| No Anemia + No Iron Deficiency |
|
1.1 |
-0.06, 2.2 |
0.064 |
| Anemia + Iron Deficiency |
|
1.5 |
-0.14, 3.1 |
0.072 |
| Vitamin B12 Status |
869 |
|
|
|
| Normal (≥203 pg/mL) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Deficient (<203 pg/mL) |
|
-0.08 |
-0.59, 0.43 |
0.7 |
| Serum Folate Status |
868 |
|
|
|
| Normal (≥4 ng/mL) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Deficient (<4 ng/mL) |
|
-0.25 |
-0.98, 0.48 |
0.5 |
| Vitamin D Status |
865 |
|
|
|
| Normal (≥12 ng/mL) |
|
— |
— |
|
| Deficient (<12 ng/mL) |
|
0.27 |
-0.39, 0.93 |
0.4 |
| Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
C. Malnutrition status
| Stunting status |
3,513 |
|
|
|
| No Stunting |
|
— |
— |
|
| Stunting |
|
0.37 |
0.04, 0.70 |
0.029 |
| Severe Stunting |
|
0.96 |
0.53, 1.4 |
<0.001 |
| Wasting status |
3,480 |
|
|
|
| No Wasting |
|
— |
— |
|
| Wasting |
|
0.18 |
-0.23, 0.59 |
0.4 |
| Severe Wasting |
|
0.07 |
-0.72, 0.86 |
0.9 |
| Underweight status |
3,538 |
|
|
|
| No Underweight |
|
— |
— |
|
| Underweight |
|
0.57 |
0.23, 0.90 |
<0.001 |
| Severe Underweight |
|
0.63 |
0.12, 1.1 |
0.015 |
| MUAC Group |
3,545 |
|
|
|
| Normal |
|
— |
— |
|
| severewasting |
|
0.16 |
-0.67, 0.99 |
0.7 |
| Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
D. Dietary poor in micronutrients
Adjusted Linear Regression: Effect of 10-unit Nutrient Increase on Blood Pb
| Energy Intake (kcal/day) |
-0.002 |
-0.004 |
0.000 |
0.0670 |
| Protein Intake (g/day) |
-0.103 |
-0.168 |
-0.037 |
0.0021 |
| Carbohydrate Intake (g/day) |
-0.008 |
-0.020 |
0.005 |
0.2253 |
| Total Fat Intake (g/day) |
-0.070 |
-0.142 |
0.002 |
0.0557 |
| Iron Intake (mg/day) |
-0.268 |
-0.480 |
-0.057 |
0.0129 |
| Zinc Intake (mg/day) |
-0.414 |
-0.753 |
-0.075 |
0.0168 |
| Calcium Intake (mg/day) |
-0.009 |
-0.015 |
-0.004 |
0.0012 |
| Thiamine (B1) Intake (mg/day) |
-2.972 |
-5.291 |
-0.653 |
0.0120 |
| Riboflavin (B2) Intake (mg/day) |
-6.205 |
-10.118 |
-2.293 |
0.0019 |
| Niacin (B3) Intake (mg/day) |
-0.378 |
-0.690 |
-0.065 |
0.0178 |
| Total Folate (B9) Intake (ug/day) |
-0.037 |
-0.056 |
-0.019 |
0.0001 |
| Vitamin C Intake (mg/day) |
-0.049 |
-0.091 |
-0.007 |
0.0235 |
| Vitamin A Intake (ug/day) |
-0.011 |
-0.019 |
-0.002 |
0.0159 |
| Vitamin B12 Intake (ug/day) |
-0.324 |
-2.003 |
1.355 |
0.7052 |
| Birth Weight (grams) |
0.003 |
-0.004 |
0.011 |
0.3937 |
| Note: |
|
|
|
|
| Adjusted for age, gender, house type, rural/urban, and wealth index |
|
|
|
|