Contents:
Initial data-munging was done using a series of SQL queries. For direct further education entrants we took those who indicated that they had finished year 12 the year before and indicated that they were currently undertaking some form of teriary study. Gap year students were derived by taking those who had completed year 12 the year before and indicated that they had defered further education and/or confirmed the following year that they had defered further education in the year previous.
Further education drop-outs were taking by exploring if in any of the years under investigation they indicated they had withdrawn from their teriary education course. Gap-year returners composed those who had, at any time during the period of investigation indicated that they currently undertaking teriary education. SQL queries underlying theis subsetting are in .Rmd file associated with this file.
## Loading required package: DBI
## [1] "META1995" "META1998" "META2003" "Student1995" "Student1998"
## [6] "Student2003"
The number of adolescence who directly entered university after high-school was 2259. The number of adolescents that took a gap-year (offered further education but defered) was 645. Of the direct entrants, those who withdraw from further education in the direct entrant group were 81. For ther gap-year group, those who eventually returned to further education were 461.
The PISA database consistst on individuals who are the same age but may be in a veriety of year in school grades. In the current research we wanted to compare individuals in terms of years since high-school graduation rather than age in years. As such, we needed to rearrange the data.
The Satisfaction Items are (How satisfied are you with):
Items in bold are the ones used in the analysis.
Group Parameters significant for Life Satisfaction so this model is plotted at the end of this section.
## chisq df cfi tli rmsea
## [1,] 46.608 10 0.9873 0.9873 0.03563
## [2,] 1.615 6 1.0000 1.0025 0.00000
## Chi Square Difference Test
##
## Df AIC BIC Chisq Chisq diff Df diff Pr(>Chisq)
## fitQ 6 15879 15963 1.61
## fitL 10 15916 15976 46.61 45 4 4e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## lavaan (0.5-15) converged normally after 87 iterations
##
## Number of observations 2883
##
## Number of missing patterns 14
##
## Estimator ML
## Minimum Function Test Statistic 1.615
## Degrees of freedom 6
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.952
##
## Parameter estimates:
##
## Information Observed
## Standard Errors Standard
##
## Estimate Std.err Z-value P(>|z|)
## Latent variables:
## i =~
## W1LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W2LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W3LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W4LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W5LIFE.SAT 1.000
## s =~
## W1LIFE.SAT 0.000
## W2LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W3LIFE.SAT 2.000
## W4LIFE.SAT 3.000
## W5LIFE.SAT 4.000
## q =~
## W1LIFE.SAT 0.000
## W2LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W3LIFE.SAT 4.000
## W4LIFE.SAT 9.000
## W5LIFE.SAT 16.000
##
## Covariances:
## i ~~
## s -0.002 0.009 -0.192 0.848
## q 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.999
## s ~~
## q -0.004 0.002 -1.833 0.067
##
## Intercepts:
## W1LIFE.SAT 0.000
## W2LIFE.SAT 0.000
## W3LIFE.SAT 0.000
## W4LIFE.SAT 0.000
## W5LIFE.SAT 0.000
## i 3.538 0.009 387.455 0.000
## s 0.033 0.009 3.845 0.000
## q -0.013 0.002 -5.965 0.000
##
## Variances:
## W1LIFE.SAT 0.146 0.010
## W2LIFE.SAT 0.146 0.005
## W3LIFE.SAT 0.140 0.005
## W4LIFE.SAT 0.137 0.005
## W5LIFE.SAT 0.134 0.011
## i 0.109 0.010
## s 0.015 0.009
## q 0.001 0.000
## lavaan (0.5-15) converged normally after 82 iterations
##
## Number of observations 2883
##
## Number of missing patterns 14
##
## Estimator ML
## Minimum Function Test Statistic 5.165
## Degrees of freedom 8
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.740
##
## Parameter estimates:
##
## Information Observed
## Standard Errors Standard
##
## Estimate Std.err Z-value P(>|z|)
## Latent variables:
## i =~
## W1LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W2LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W3LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W4LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W5LIFE.SAT 1.000
## s =~
## W1LIFE.SAT 0.000
## W2LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W3LIFE.SAT 2.000
## W4LIFE.SAT 3.000
## W5LIFE.SAT 4.000
## q =~
## W1LIFE.SAT 0.000
## W2LIFE.SAT 1.000
## W3LIFE.SAT 4.000
## W4LIFE.SAT 9.000
## W5LIFE.SAT 16.000
##
## Regressions:
## i ~
## group 0.037 0.011 3.383 0.001
## s ~
## group (g1) -0.017 0.011 -1.606 0.108
## q ~
## group (g2) 0.002 0.003 0.680 0.496
##
## Covariances:
## i ~~
## s -0.002 0.009 -0.234 0.815
## q 0.000 0.002 0.060 0.952
## s ~~
## q -0.004 0.002 -1.884 0.060
##
## Intercepts:
## s (b) 0.024 0.011 2.270 0.023
## q (c) -0.012 0.003 -4.516 0.000
## W1LIFE.SA 0.000
## W2LIFE.SA 0.000
## W3LIFE.SA 0.000
## W4LIFE.SA 0.000
## W5LIFE.SA 0.000
## i 3.559 0.011 323.532 0.000
##
## Variances:
## W1LIFE.SAT 0.145 0.010
## W2LIFE.SAT 0.146 0.005
## W3LIFE.SAT 0.140 0.005
## W4LIFE.SAT 0.137 0.005
## W5LIFE.SAT 0.134 0.011
## i 0.109 0.010
## s 0.016 0.009
## q 0.001 0.000
##
## Defined parameters:
## tpG1 1.508 0.135 11.190 0.000
## tpG2 0.350 0.782 0.447 0.655
## Percentage Missing:
## W1LIFE.SAT W2LIFE.SAT W3LIFE.SAT W4LIFE.SAT W5LIFE.SAT
## 0.001779 0.076957 0.126335 0.190836 0.250445
## W1LIFE.SAT W2LIFE.SAT W3LIFE.SAT W4LIFE.SAT W5LIFE.SAT
## 0.00000 0.08819 0.16063 0.20630 0.31496
Group Parameters not significant for Life Satisfaction so pooled model is plotted at the end of this section.
## chisq df cfi tli rmsea
## [1,] 112.85 10 0.9470 0.9470 0.05973
## [2,] 26.67 6 0.9894 0.9823 0.03457
## Chi Square Difference Test
##
## Df AIC BIC Chisq Chisq diff Df diff Pr(>Chisq)
## fitQ 6 19933 20016 26.7
## fitL 10 20011 20071 112.8 86.2 4 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## lavaan (0.5-15) converged normally after 64 iterations
##
## Number of observations 2883
##
## Number of missing patterns 22
##
## Estimator ML
## Minimum Function Test Statistic 26.671
## Degrees of freedom 6
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.000
##
## Parameter estimates:
##
## Information Observed
## Standard Errors Standard
##
## Estimate Std.err Z-value P(>|z|)
## Latent variables:
## i =~
## W1CAREER.PROS 1.000
## W2CAREER.PROS 1.000
## W3CAREER.PROS 1.000
## W4CAREER.PROS 1.000
## W5CAREER.PROS 1.000
## s =~
## W1CAREER.PROS 0.000
## W2CAREER.PROS 1.000
## W3CAREER.PROS 2.000
## W4CAREER.PROS 3.000
## W5CAREER.PROS 4.000
## q =~
## W1CAREER.PROS 0.000
## W2CAREER.PROS 1.000
## W3CAREER.PROS 4.000
## W4CAREER.PROS 9.000
## W5CAREER.PROS 16.000
##
## Covariances:
## i ~~
## s -0.026 0.012 -2.159 0.031
## q 0.003 0.002 1.328 0.184
## s ~~
## q -0.012 0.003 -4.230 0.000
##
## Intercepts:
## s (b) 0.064 0.010 6.082 0.000
## q (c) -0.019 0.003 -7.112 0.000
## W1CAREER. 0.000
## W2CAREER. 0.000
## W3CAREER. 0.000
## W4CAREER. 0.000
## W5CAREER. 0.000
## i 3.360 0.010 327.455 0.000
##
## Variances:
## W1CAREER.PROS 0.169 0.014
## W2CAREER.PROS 0.194 0.007
## W3CAREER.PROS 0.196 0.008
## W4CAREER.PROS 0.227 0.008
## W5CAREER.PROS 0.164 0.017
## i 0.147 0.014
## s 0.051 0.013
## q 0.003 0.001
##
## Defined parameters:
## tpG2 1.715 0.096 17.844 0.000
## Percentage Missing:
## W1CAREER.PROS W2CAREER.PROS W3CAREER.PROS W4CAREER.PROS W5CAREER.PROS
## 0.01157 0.08274 0.13390 0.19395 0.25445
## W1CAREER.PROS W2CAREER.PROS W3CAREER.PROS W4CAREER.PROS W5CAREER.PROS
## 0.006299 0.097638 0.170079 0.211024 0.319685
Group Parameters not significant for Life Satisfaction so pooled model is plotted at the end of this section.
## chisq df cfi tli rmsea
## [1,] 38.4351 10 0.9861 0.9861 0.03141
## [2,] 0.8288 6 1.0000 1.0042 0.00000
## Chi Square Difference Test
##
## Df AIC BIC Chisq Chisq diff Df diff Pr(>Chisq)
## fitQ 6 17426 17509 0.83
## fitL 10 17456 17515 38.44 37.6 4 1.4e-07 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## lavaan (0.5-15) converged normally after 79 iterations
##
## Used Total
## Number of observations 2882 2883
##
## Number of missing patterns 23
##
## Estimator ML
## Minimum Function Test Statistic 0.829
## Degrees of freedom 6
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.991
##
## Parameter estimates:
##
## Information Observed
## Standard Errors Standard
##
## Estimate Std.err Z-value P(>|z|)
## Latent variables:
## i =~
## W1FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W2FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W3FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W4FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W5FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## s =~
## W1FUTURE.PROS 0.000
## W2FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W3FUTURE.PROS 2.000
## W4FUTURE.PROS 3.000
## W5FUTURE.PROS 4.000
## q =~
## W1FUTURE.PROS 0.000
## W2FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W3FUTURE.PROS 4.000
## W4FUTURE.PROS 9.000
## W5FUTURE.PROS 16.000
##
## Covariances:
## i ~~
## s -0.009 0.010 -0.838 0.402
## q 0.000 0.002 0.196 0.845
## s ~~
## q -0.006 0.002 -2.773 0.006
##
## Intercepts:
## s (b) 0.042 0.010 4.420 0.000
## q (c) -0.010 0.002 -4.272 0.000
## W1FUTURE. 0.000
## W2FUTURE. 0.000
## W3FUTURE. 0.000
## W4FUTURE. 0.000
## W5FUTURE. 0.000
## i 3.396 0.009 358.685 0.000
##
## Variances:
## W1FUTURE.PROS 0.161 0.012
## W2FUTURE.PROS 0.168 0.006
## W3FUTURE.PROS 0.180 0.007
## W4FUTURE.PROS 0.158 0.006
## W5FUTURE.PROS 0.143 0.013
## i 0.111 0.012
## s 0.028 0.011
## q 0.002 0.001
##
## Defined parameters:
## tpG2 2.099 0.153 13.711 0.000
## lavaan (0.5-15) converged normally after 79 iterations
##
## Used Total
## Number of observations 2882 2883
##
## Number of missing patterns 23
##
## Estimator ML
## Minimum Function Test Statistic 0.829
## Degrees of freedom 6
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.991
##
## Parameter estimates:
##
## Information Observed
## Standard Errors Standard
##
## Estimate Std.err Z-value P(>|z|)
## Latent variables:
## i =~
## W1FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W2FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W3FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W4FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W5FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## s =~
## W1FUTURE.PROS 0.000
## W2FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W3FUTURE.PROS 2.000
## W4FUTURE.PROS 3.000
## W5FUTURE.PROS 4.000
## q =~
## W1FUTURE.PROS 0.000
## W2FUTURE.PROS 1.000
## W3FUTURE.PROS 4.000
## W4FUTURE.PROS 9.000
## W5FUTURE.PROS 16.000
##
## Covariances:
## i ~~
## s -0.009 0.010 -0.838 0.402
## q 0.000 0.002 0.196 0.845
## s ~~
## q -0.006 0.002 -2.773 0.006
##
## Intercepts:
## s (b) 0.042 0.010 4.420 0.000
## q (c) -0.010 0.002 -4.272 0.000
## W1FUTURE. 0.000
## W2FUTURE. 0.000
## W3FUTURE. 0.000
## W4FUTURE. 0.000
## W5FUTURE. 0.000
## i 3.396 0.009 358.685 0.000
##
## Variances:
## W1FUTURE.PROS 0.161 0.012
## W2FUTURE.PROS 0.168 0.006
## W3FUTURE.PROS 0.180 0.007
## W4FUTURE.PROS 0.158 0.006
## W5FUTURE.PROS 0.143 0.013
## i 0.111 0.012
## s 0.028 0.011
## q 0.002 0.001
##
## Defined parameters:
## tpG2 2.099 0.153 13.711 0.000
## Percentage Missing:
## W1FUTURE.PROS W2FUTURE.PROS W3FUTURE.PROS W4FUTURE.PROS W5FUTURE.PROS
## 0.01068 0.08185 0.13390 0.19573 0.25578
## W1FUTURE.PROS W2FUTURE.PROS W3FUTURE.PROS W4FUTURE.PROS W5FUTURE.PROS
## 0.006299 0.092913 0.166929 0.207874 0.318110
