Part 3. Multivariable analysis for adjusted associations with risk factors
The causal graph of risk factors for high blood lead levels is complex with multiple interrelated factors (shown below). We will build a multivariable model to identify the risk factors for blood lead levels, while adjusting for potential confounders.
A. Household construction characteristics
|
Characteristic
|
N
|
Adjusted OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
% exposed cases
|
PAF (%)
|
|
Years of construction of current house
|
174
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than 10 years
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
More than 10 years
|
|
1.52
|
0.81, 2.88
|
0.2
|
57.1
|
19.7
|
|
PSU Rural/Urban
|
174
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
|
3.96
|
1.78, 9.33
|
0.001
|
|
|
|
Wealth Index
|
174
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Highest
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Higher
|
|
0.58
|
0.16, 2.08
|
0.4
|
|
|
|
Middle
|
|
0.46
|
0.13, 1.58
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
Lower
|
|
0.72
|
0.22, 2.37
|
0.6
|
|
|
|
Lowest
|
|
0.87
|
0.29, 2.56
|
0.8
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
|
|
Characteristic
|
N
|
Adjusted OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
% exposed cases
|
PAF (%)
|
|
Visible peeling paint in current house
|
173
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
|
0.98
|
0.48, 1.97
|
0.9
|
40.5
|
-1
|
|
PSU Rural/Urban
|
173
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
|
4.35
|
1.90, 10.6
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
Wealth Index
|
173
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Highest
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Higher
|
|
0.46
|
0.12, 1.65
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
Middle
|
|
0.45
|
0.13, 1.56
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
Lower
|
|
0.81
|
0.24, 2.65
|
0.7
|
|
|
|
Lowest
|
|
0.89
|
0.29, 2.66
|
0.8
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
|
|
Characteristic
|
N
|
Adjusted OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
% exposed cases
|
PAF (%)
|
|
paint_type_current_hh
|
175
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No paint/Cement paint
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Distemper
|
|
1.26
|
0.46, 3.53
|
0.7
|
29.8
|
6.2
|
|
Chuna or similar
|
|
1.55
|
0.63, 4.00
|
0.4
|
39.3
|
13.9
|
|
Emulsion
|
|
4.88
|
1.17, 23.4
|
0.036
|
16.7
|
13.2
|
|
PSU Rural/Urban
|
175
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
|
3.89
|
1.66, 9.66
|
0.002
|
|
|
|
Wealth Index
|
175
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Highest
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Higher
|
|
0.57
|
0.15, 2.15
|
0.4
|
|
|
|
Middle
|
|
0.53
|
0.14, 1.95
|
0.3
|
|
|
|
Lower
|
|
1.00
|
0.29, 3.44
|
0.9
|
|
|
|
Lowest
|
|
1.20
|
0.38, 3.84
|
0.8
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
|
|
Characteristic
|
N
|
Adjusted OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
% exposed cases
|
PAF (%)
|
|
Primary flooring type in household
|
93
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-soil-contact
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Soil-contact
|
|
3.91
|
1.61, 10.1
|
0.003
|
35.7
|
26.6
|
|
PSU Rural/Urban
|
93
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
|
3.16
|
0.85, 13.3
|
0.10
|
|
|
|
Wealth Index
|
93
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Highest
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Higher
|
|
0.91
|
0.05, 15.1
|
0.9
|
|
|
|
Middle
|
|
0.93
|
0.11, 9.27
|
0.9
|
|
|
|
Lower
|
|
1.71
|
0.19, 18.0
|
0.6
|
|
|
|
Lowest
|
|
1.06
|
0.14, 9.85
|
0.9
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
|
|
Characteristic
|
N
|
Adjusted OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
% exposed cases
|
PAF (%)
|
|
Smoking inside household
|
176
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
|
1.79
|
0.95, 3.45
|
0.076
|
56
|
24.7
|
|
PSU Rural/Urban
|
176
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
|
4.25
|
1.91, 10.1
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
Wealth Index
|
176
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Highest
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Higher
|
|
0.52
|
0.14, 1.84
|
0.3
|
|
|
|
Middle
|
|
0.40
|
0.11, 1.42
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
Lower
|
|
0.76
|
0.23, 2.49
|
0.7
|
|
|
|
Lowest
|
|
0.78
|
0.26, 2.33
|
0.7
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
|
|
Characteristic
|
N
|
Adjusted OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
% exposed cases
|
PAF (%)
|
|
Car/machine repair activity near household
|
173
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
|
1.62
|
0.36, 7.60
|
0.5
|
6
|
2.3
|
|
PSU Rural/Urban
|
173
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
|
4.53
|
2.01, 11.0
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
Wealth Index
|
173
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Highest
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Higher
|
|
0.44
|
0.12, 1.58
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
Middle
|
|
0.35
|
0.09, 1.25
|
0.11
|
|
|
|
Lower
|
|
0.78
|
0.22, 2.61
|
0.7
|
|
|
|
Lowest
|
|
0.78
|
0.25, 2.39
|
0.7
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
|
|
Characteristic
|
N
|
Adjusted OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
% exposed cases
|
PAF (%)
|
|
Presence of old metal pipes
|
174
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
|
4.03
|
1.41, 13.5
|
0.014
|
19
|
14.3
|
|
PSU Rural/Urban
|
174
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
|
3.70
|
1.65, 8.76
|
0.002
|
|
|
|
Wealth Index
|
174
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Highest
|
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
Higher
|
|
0.36
|
0.09, 1.35
|
0.14
|
|
|
|
Middle
|
|
0.39
|
0.11, 1.39
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
Lower
|
|
0.76
|
0.23, 2.49
|
0.6
|
|
|
|
Lowest
|
|
0.83
|
0.27, 2.47
|
0.7
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
|