Mini Project 1
Kathryn Young, Gianna Bousaleh, Lindsay Butts
2026-03-04
Question 1
data(cars)
head(cars)## speed dist
## 1 4 2
## 2 4 10
## 3 7 4
## 4 7 22
## 5 8 16
## 6 9 10median(cars[,1])## [1] 15The median of the first column (speed) is 15.
Question 2
url_btc <- "https://min-api.cryptocompare.com/data/v2/histoday?fsym=BTC&tsym=USD&limit=100"
btc_data <- fromJSON(url_btc)
btc_prices <- btc_data$Data$Data
head(btc_prices)## time high low open volumefrom volumeto close
## 1 1763942400 89227.26 85242.01 86823.45 44709.41 3899541726 88288.33
## 2 1764028800 88494.81 86089.70 88288.33 32065.82 2799155557 87340.82
## 3 1764115200 90634.17 86298.47 87340.82 30484.49 2694221351 90487.28
## 4 1764201600 91934.77 90083.46 90487.28 21381.51 1949917850 91327.26
## 5 1764288000 93116.85 90242.43 91327.26 28364.69 2595318230 90917.53
## 6 1764374400 91201.70 90211.19 90917.53 9605.76 871610719 90842.76
## conversionType conversionSymbol
## 1 direct
## 2 direct
## 3 direct
## 4 direct
## 5 direct
## 6 directmax(btc_prices$close)## [1] 96945.09The maximum daily closing price of BTC in the last 100 days is shown above.
Question 3
Research Questions
- Do higher tuition universities have higher graduation outcomes?
- Do private and public universities differ in tuition and outcomes?
- What is the relationship between tuition and graduation rate?
Data Source
U.S. College Scorecard
https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/
Load Data
college <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selva86/datasets/master/College.csv")
head(college)## Private Apps Accept Enroll Top10perc Top25perc F.Undergrad P.Undergrad
## 1 Yes 1660 1232 721 23 52 2885 537
## 2 Yes 2186 1924 512 16 29 2683 1227
## 3 Yes 1428 1097 336 22 50 1036 99
## 4 Yes 417 349 137 60 89 510 63
## 5 Yes 193 146 55 16 44 249 869
## 6 Yes 587 479 158 38 62 678 41
## Outstate Room.Board Books Personal PhD Terminal S.F.Ratio perc.alumni Expend
## 1 7440 3300 450 2200 70 78 18.1 12 7041
## 2 12280 6450 750 1500 29 30 12.2 16 10527
## 3 11250 3750 400 1165 53 66 12.9 30 8735
## 4 12960 5450 450 875 92 97 7.7 37 19016
## 5 7560 4120 800 1500 76 72 11.9 2 10922
## 6 13500 3335 500 675 67 73 9.4 11 9727
## Grad.Rate
## 1 60
## 2 56
## 3 54
## 4 59
## 5 15
## 6 55Data Preparation
college_clean <- college %>%
select(Private, Outstate, Grad.Rate, Top10perc, Room.Board) %>%
rename(
institution_type = Private,
tuition = Outstate,
grad_rate = Grad.Rate,
top10_percent = Top10perc,
room_board = Room.Board
) %>%
filter(!is.na(tuition), !is.na(grad_rate)) %>%
mutate(
institution_type = ifelse(institution_type == "Yes", "Private", "Public")
)
head(college_clean, 10)## institution_type tuition grad_rate top10_percent room_board
## 1 Private 7440 60 23 3300
## 2 Private 12280 56 16 6450
## 3 Private 11250 54 22 3750
## 4 Private 12960 59 60 5450
## 5 Private 7560 15 16 4120
## 6 Private 13500 55 38 3335
## 7 Private 13290 63 17 5720
## 8 Private 13868 73 37 4826
## 9 Private 15595 80 30 4400
## 10 Private 10468 52 21 3380summary(college_clean)## institution_type tuition grad_rate top10_percent
## Length:777 Min. : 2340 Min. : 10.00 Min. : 1.00
## Class :character 1st Qu.: 7320 1st Qu.: 53.00 1st Qu.:15.00
## Mode :character Median : 9990 Median : 65.00 Median :23.00
## Mean :10441 Mean : 65.46 Mean :27.56
## 3rd Qu.:12925 3rd Qu.: 78.00 3rd Qu.:35.00
## Max. :21700 Max. :118.00 Max. :96.00
## room_board
## Min. :1780
## 1st Qu.:3597
## Median :4200
## Mean :4358
## 3rd Qu.:5050
## Max. :8124Correlation Between Tuition and Graduation Rate
cor(college_clean$tuition, college_clean$grad_rate)## [1] 0.5712899Answer: Higher tuition universities tend to have slightly higher graduation rates, showing a positive relationship between tuition and outcomes.
Average Tuition and Graduation Rate by Institution Type
college_clean %>%
group_by(institution_type) %>%
summarise(
n = n(),
average_tuition = mean(tuition),
average_grad_rate = mean(grad_rate)
)## # A tibble: 2 × 4
## institution_type n average_tuition average_grad_rate
## <chr> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Private 565 11802. 69.0
## 2 Public 212 6813. 56.0Answer: Private universities generally have higher tuition and slightly higher graduation rates compared to public universities.
Tuition vs Graduation Rate Visualization
ggplot(college_clean, aes(x = tuition, y = grad_rate)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm") +
labs(
title = "Tuition vs Graduation Rate",
x = "Out-of-State Tuition",
y = "Graduation Rate"
)
Answer: The visualization shows a positive trend, meaning schools with higher tuition often have higher graduation rates.
Data Preview
head(college_clean, 20)## institution_type tuition grad_rate top10_percent room_board
## 1 Private 7440 60 23 3300
## 2 Private 12280 56 16 6450
## 3 Private 11250 54 22 3750
## 4 Private 12960 59 60 5450
## 5 Private 7560 15 16 4120
## 6 Private 13500 55 38 3335
## 7 Private 13290 63 17 5720
## 8 Private 13868 73 37 4826
## 9 Private 15595 80 30 4400
## 10 Private 10468 52 21 3380
## 11 Private 16548 73 37 5406
## 12 Private 17080 76 44 4440
## 13 Private 9690 74 38 4785
## 14 Private 12572 68 44 4552
## 15 Private 8352 55 23 3640
## 16 Private 8700 69 9 4780
## 17 Private 19760 100 83 5300
## 18 Private 10100 59 19 3520
## 19 Private 9996 46 14 3090
## 20 Public 5130 34 24 3592