# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
# install.packages("plm")
library(plm)
# install.packages("dplyr")
library(dplyr)
##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:plm':
##
## between, lag, lead
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
patentes <- read_excel('/Users/pacomartinez/Downloads/Generación de Escenarios/Modulo 1/patentes.xls')
str(patentes)
## tibble [2,260 × 13] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ cusip : num [1:2260] 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 ...
## $ merger : num [1:2260] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ employ : num [1:2260] 9.85 12.32 12.2 11.84 12.99 ...
## $ return : num [1:2260] 5.82 5.69 4.42 5.28 4.91 ...
## $ patents : num [1:2260] 22 34 31 32 40 60 57 77 38 5 ...
## $ patentsg: num [1:2260] 24 32 30 34 28 33 53 47 64 70 ...
## $ stckpr : num [1:2260] 47.6 57.9 33 38.5 35.1 ...
## $ rnd : num [1:2260] 2.56 3.1 3.27 3.24 3.78 ...
## $ rndeflt : num [1:2260] 2.56 2.91 2.8 2.52 2.78 ...
## $ rndstck : num [1:2260] 16.2 17.4 19.6 21.9 23.1 ...
## $ sales : num [1:2260] 344 436 535 567 631 ...
## $ sic : num [1:2260] 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 ...
## $ year : num [1:2260] 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ...
summary(patentes)
## cusip merger employ return
## Min. : 800 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 0.085 Min. :-73.022
## 1st Qu.:368514 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.: 1.227 1st Qu.: 5.128
## Median :501116 Median :0.0000 Median : 3.842 Median : 7.585
## Mean :514536 Mean :0.0177 Mean : 18.826 Mean : 8.003
## 3rd Qu.:754688 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.: 15.442 3rd Qu.: 10.501
## Max. :878555 Max. :1.0000 Max. :506.531 Max. : 48.675
## NA's :21 NA's :8
## patents patentsg stckpr rnd
## Min. : 0.0 Min. : 0.00 Min. : 0.1875 Min. : 0.0000
## 1st Qu.: 1.0 1st Qu.: 1.00 1st Qu.: 7.6250 1st Qu.: 0.6847
## Median : 3.0 Median : 4.00 Median : 16.5000 Median : 2.1456
## Mean : 22.9 Mean : 27.14 Mean : 22.6270 Mean : 29.3398
## 3rd Qu.: 15.0 3rd Qu.: 19.00 3rd Qu.: 29.2500 3rd Qu.: 11.9168
## Max. :906.0 Max. :1063.00 Max. :402.0000 Max. :1719.3535
## NA's :2
## rndeflt rndstck sales sic
## Min. : 0.0000 Min. : 0.1253 Min. : 1.222 Min. :2000
## 1st Qu.: 0.4788 1st Qu.: 5.1520 1st Qu.: 52.995 1st Qu.:2890
## Median : 1.4764 Median : 13.3532 Median : 174.065 Median :3531
## Mean : 19.7238 Mean : 163.8234 Mean : 1219.601 Mean :3333
## 3rd Qu.: 8.7527 3rd Qu.: 74.5625 3rd Qu.: 728.964 3rd Qu.:3661
## Max. :1000.7876 Max. :9755.3516 Max. :44224.000 Max. :9997
## NA's :157 NA's :3
## year
## Min. :2012
## 1st Qu.:2014
## Median :2016
## Mean :2016
## 3rd Qu.:2019
## Max. :2021
##
# Entender datos
str(patentes)
## tibble [2,260 × 13] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ cusip : num [1:2260] 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 ...
## $ merger : num [1:2260] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ employ : num [1:2260] 9.85 12.32 12.2 11.84 12.99 ...
## $ return : num [1:2260] 5.82 5.69 4.42 5.28 4.91 ...
## $ patents : num [1:2260] 22 34 31 32 40 60 57 77 38 5 ...
## $ patentsg: num [1:2260] 24 32 30 34 28 33 53 47 64 70 ...
## $ stckpr : num [1:2260] 47.6 57.9 33 38.5 35.1 ...
## $ rnd : num [1:2260] 2.56 3.1 3.27 3.24 3.78 ...
## $ rndeflt : num [1:2260] 2.56 2.91 2.8 2.52 2.78 ...
## $ rndstck : num [1:2260] 16.2 17.4 19.6 21.9 23.1 ...
## $ sales : num [1:2260] 344 436 535 567 631 ...
## $ sic : num [1:2260] 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 3740 ...
## $ year : num [1:2260] 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ...
summary(patentes)
## cusip merger employ return
## Min. : 800 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 0.085 Min. :-73.022
## 1st Qu.:368514 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.: 1.227 1st Qu.: 5.128
## Median :501116 Median :0.0000 Median : 3.842 Median : 7.585
## Mean :514536 Mean :0.0177 Mean : 18.826 Mean : 8.003
## 3rd Qu.:754688 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.: 15.442 3rd Qu.: 10.501
## Max. :878555 Max. :1.0000 Max. :506.531 Max. : 48.675
## NA's :21 NA's :8
## patents patentsg stckpr rnd
## Min. : 0.0 Min. : 0.00 Min. : 0.1875 Min. : 0.0000
## 1st Qu.: 1.0 1st Qu.: 1.00 1st Qu.: 7.6250 1st Qu.: 0.6847
## Median : 3.0 Median : 4.00 Median : 16.5000 Median : 2.1456
## Mean : 22.9 Mean : 27.14 Mean : 22.6270 Mean : 29.3398
## 3rd Qu.: 15.0 3rd Qu.: 19.00 3rd Qu.: 29.2500 3rd Qu.: 11.9168
## Max. :906.0 Max. :1063.00 Max. :402.0000 Max. :1719.3535
## NA's :2
## rndeflt rndstck sales sic
## Min. : 0.0000 Min. : 0.1253 Min. : 1.222 Min. :2000
## 1st Qu.: 0.4788 1st Qu.: 5.1520 1st Qu.: 52.995 1st Qu.:2890
## Median : 1.4764 Median : 13.3532 Median : 174.065 Median :3531
## Mean : 19.7238 Mean : 163.8234 Mean : 1219.601 Mean :3333
## 3rd Qu.: 8.7527 3rd Qu.: 74.5625 3rd Qu.: 728.964 3rd Qu.:3661
## Max. :1000.7876 Max. :9755.3516 Max. :44224.000 Max. :9997
## NA's :157 NA's :3
## year
## Min. :2012
## 1st Qu.:2014
## Median :2016
## Mean :2016
## 3rd Qu.:2019
## Max. :2021
##
# Convertir a panel
panel_data <- pdata.frame(patentes, index = c("cusip", "year"))
# Usar modelo Poisson
modelo_poisson <- glm(patentsg ~ employ + sales + rnd + factor(cusip),
data = panel_data,
family = poisson(link = "log"))
summary(modelo_poisson)
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = patentsg ~ employ + sales + rnd + factor(cusip),
## family = poisson(link = "log"), data = panel_data)
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 3.726e+00 4.934e-02 75.512 < 2e-16 ***
## employ 7.836e-04 4.062e-04 1.929 0.053689 .
## sales -1.218e-05 1.854e-06 -6.570 5.02e-11 ***
## rnd -3.672e-04 5.638e-05 -6.512 7.39e-11 ***
## factor(cusip)4626 -2.078e+00 1.471e-01 -14.124 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)4671 -3.389e+00 2.718e-01 -12.471 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)7500 -3.949e+00 3.570e-01 -11.063 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)7603 -4.825e+00 5.794e-01 -8.326 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)20753 -3.033e+00 2.290e-01 -13.244 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)21367 -3.631e+00 3.055e-01 -11.883 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)23519 -9.718e-01 9.373e-02 -10.368 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)29069 -3.949e+00 3.570e-01 -11.063 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)38213 -2.985e+00 2.237e-01 -13.342 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)54303 -2.309e+00 1.638e-01 -14.097 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)67131 -2.627e+00 1.891e-01 -13.893 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)67383 -2.157e+00 1.525e-01 -14.145 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)74077 -3.595e-01 8.129e-02 -4.423 9.73e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)77491 -5.336e+00 7.088e-01 -7.529 5.13e-14 ***
## factor(cusip)87509 -1.730e-01 8.104e-02 -2.134 0.032809 *
## factor(cusip)87779 -1.023e+00 9.560e-02 -10.699 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)105655 -4.929e+00 5.795e-01 -8.507 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)118745 -2.092e+00 1.484e-01 -14.094 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)125761 -2.002e+00 1.424e-01 -14.059 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)126149 -6.736e-01 8.560e-02 -7.870 3.56e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)134429 -2.178e+00 1.541e-01 -14.126 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)147195 -2.340e+00 1.656e-01 -14.127 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)149123 1.880e+00 5.821e-02 32.288 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)158663 -2.098e+00 1.484e-01 -14.138 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)165339 -3.543e+00 2.928e-01 -12.101 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)171196 -1.197e-01 1.004e-01 -1.192 0.233283
## factor(cusip)172172 -3.393e-01 7.616e-02 -4.455 8.37e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)189873 -4.236e+00 4.112e-01 -10.302 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)200291 -2.594e+00 1.862e-01 -13.931 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)202363 -2.770e+00 2.022e-01 -13.700 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)212363 -7.512e-01 8.807e-02 -8.530 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)212813 -1.901e+00 1.362e-01 -13.956 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)229669 -2.078e+00 1.472e-01 -14.118 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)235773 -3.733e+00 3.200e-01 -11.665 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)235811 -5.929e-01 8.271e-02 -7.169 7.56e-13 ***
## factor(cusip)244199 5.530e-01 6.401e-02 8.640 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)252741 9.906e-03 6.965e-02 0.142 0.886910
## factor(cusip)266867 -2.533e+00 1.809e-01 -13.998 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)268039 -1.725e+00 1.263e-01 -13.660 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)277461 2.182e+00 6.543e-02 33.350 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)278058 9.028e-01 5.992e-02 15.066 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)286065 -2.594e+00 1.863e-01 -13.929 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)296659 -2.096e+00 1.485e-01 -14.122 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)296695 -4.823e+00 5.795e-01 -8.324 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)303711 -2.117e+00 1.497e-01 -14.139 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)316549 -2.630e+00 1.891e-01 -13.912 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)345370 1.825e+00 1.659e-01 10.999 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)345838 -5.335e+00 7.088e-01 -7.527 5.19e-14 ***
## factor(cusip)350244 -5.362e-01 8.090e-02 -6.628 3.41e-11 ***
## factor(cusip)351604 -1.460e+00 1.133e-01 -12.890 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)361428 3.601e-01 6.400e-02 5.627 1.83e-08 ***
## factor(cusip)361556 -3.194e+00 2.475e-01 -12.904 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)361606 -2.428e+00 1.809e-01 -13.420 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)362360 -3.464e+00 2.817e-01 -12.296 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)368298 -2.732e+00 1.987e-01 -13.752 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)368514 -3.831e+00 3.370e-01 -11.370 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)369032 -4.235e+00 4.112e-01 -10.300 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)369154 -2.179e+00 1.540e-01 -14.150 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)369550 2.491e-01 6.932e-02 3.594 0.000326 ***
## factor(cusip)369604 3.122e+00 1.505e-01 20.745 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)369856 1.979e-01 6.845e-02 2.892 0.003830 **
## factor(cusip)370622 -1.886e+00 1.352e-01 -13.947 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)370838 1.867e-01 6.658e-02 2.805 0.005037 **
## factor(cusip)372298 -4.237e+00 4.112e-01 -10.303 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)375046 -2.810e+00 2.060e-01 -13.641 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)375766 -3.650e-01 7.720e-02 -4.728 2.27e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)377352 -1.918e+00 1.372e-01 -13.980 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)383492 5.818e-01 6.184e-02 9.407 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)383550 -3.949e+00 3.570e-01 -11.062 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)383883 9.074e-01 6.291e-02 14.424 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)384109 -2.077e+00 1.472e-01 -14.111 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)390568 -2.660e+00 1.921e-01 -13.845 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)402784 -2.268e+00 1.602e-01 -14.154 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)404245 -2.078e+00 1.472e-01 -14.117 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)413342 -1.708e+00 1.255e-01 -13.607 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)413875 4.077e-02 6.888e-02 0.592 0.553914
## factor(cusip)415864 -1.857e+00 1.334e-01 -13.917 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)421596 -2.096e+00 1.484e-01 -14.122 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)422191 -4.237e+00 4.112e-01 -10.303 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)423002 -4.642e+00 5.024e-01 -9.240 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)423236 -2.713e+00 2.188e-01 -12.400 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)428399 -2.984e+00 2.237e-01 -13.337 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)428875 -4.420e+00 4.499e-01 -9.823 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)429812 -2.418e+00 1.716e-01 -14.086 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)439272 -2.230e+00 1.570e-01 -14.205 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)449290 -2.291e+00 1.620e-01 -14.146 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)449680 -3.726e+00 3.370e-01 -11.058 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)451542 -6.027e+00 1.001e+00 -6.020 1.75e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)451650 -1.565e+00 1.235e-01 -12.679 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)456866 1.315e-02 7.041e-02 0.187 0.851792
## factor(cusip)457186 -3.842e+00 3.570e-01 -10.763 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)457776 -4.929e+00 5.795e-01 -8.507 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)459101 -2.894e+00 2.142e-01 -13.507 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)459200 2.856e+00 1.134e-01 25.190 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)459506 3.305e-01 6.460e-02 5.117 3.11e-07 ***
## factor(cusip)459578 4.161e-01 7.091e-02 5.867 4.43e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)459884 -4.724e-01 7.949e-02 -5.943 2.80e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)460043 -4.414e+00 4.499e-01 -9.811 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)461135 -3.256e+00 2.548e-01 -12.777 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)462218 -2.290e+00 1.620e-01 -14.139 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)465632 -3.960e-01 7.747e-02 -5.112 3.19e-07 ***
## factor(cusip)479169 -3.256e+00 2.548e-01 -12.777 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)481070 -2.178e+00 1.539e-01 -14.151 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)481088 -4.421e+00 4.499e-01 -9.825 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)481196 -1.584e+00 1.191e-01 -13.307 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)486872 -2.937e+00 2.188e-01 -13.424 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)487836 -3.625e+00 3.055e-01 -11.865 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)489170 -9.039e-01 9.151e-02 -9.878 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)493503 -2.937e+00 2.188e-01 -13.422 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)494368 -2.463e-01 7.452e-02 -3.305 0.000949 ***
## factor(cusip)495620 -2.732e+00 1.987e-01 -13.751 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)501026 -4.644e+00 5.024e-01 -9.243 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)501206 -2.984e+00 2.237e-01 -13.337 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)503624 -4.930e+00 5.795e-01 -8.507 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)505336 -3.950e+00 3.570e-01 -11.065 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)513696 -2.078e+00 1.471e-01 -14.120 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)513847 -3.833e+00 3.369e-01 -11.376 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)524660 -2.292e+00 1.620e-01 -14.152 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)530000 -5.397e-01 8.092e-02 -6.669 2.58e-11 ***
## factor(cusip)538021 4.049e-01 7.055e-02 5.740 9.46e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)539821 -1.896e-01 7.582e-02 -2.501 0.012383 *
## factor(cusip)540137 -2.115e+00 1.498e-01 -14.125 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)540210 -4.083e+00 3.812e-01 -10.711 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)541381 -2.704e+00 2.060e-01 -13.127 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)543213 -4.642e+00 5.024e-01 -9.239 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)551120 -3.320e+00 2.629e-01 -12.631 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)551137 -3.949e+00 3.570e-01 -11.063 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)552618 -2.445e+00 1.738e-01 -14.066 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)562706 -3.321e+00 2.629e-01 -12.632 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)574055 -1.624e+00 1.209e-01 -13.435 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)574599 -1.792e+00 1.362e-01 -13.162 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)575379 -2.562e+00 1.835e-01 -13.966 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)576680 -4.642e+00 5.024e-01 -9.239 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)580033 -3.032e+00 2.291e-01 -13.231 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)580169 1.945e-01 7.038e-02 2.763 0.005723 **
## factor(cusip)580628 -3.930e-01 7.750e-02 -5.071 3.95e-07 ***
## factor(cusip)585055 -8.139e-01 8.883e-02 -9.162 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)589331 1.488e+00 5.510e-02 27.010 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)597715 -4.991e-01 7.987e-02 -6.249 4.13e-10 ***
## factor(cusip)601073 -2.592e+00 1.862e-01 -13.918 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)608030 -2.896e+00 2.142e-01 -13.520 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)608183 -2.416e+00 1.716e-01 -14.076 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)620076 1.497e+00 5.740e-02 26.080 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)629853 5.010e-02 6.880e-02 0.728 0.466516
## factor(cusip)637742 -2.136e+00 1.511e-01 -14.137 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)670148 -4.641e+00 5.024e-01 -9.237 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)670250 -4.930e+00 5.795e-01 -8.508 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)680665 8.974e-01 5.846e-02 15.350 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)690207 -2.563e+00 1.835e-01 -13.968 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)690734 6.482e-01 6.075e-02 10.670 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)690768 1.173e+00 5.966e-02 19.661 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)704562 -1.444e+00 1.123e-01 -12.854 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)707389 -4.930e+00 5.795e-01 -8.508 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)717081 7.830e-01 6.030e-02 12.985 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)718320 -3.832e+00 3.369e-01 -11.373 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)724479 4.046e-01 6.343e-02 6.378 1.79e-10 ***
## factor(cusip)727346 -3.949e+00 3.570e-01 -11.063 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)727491 -3.083e+00 2.347e-01 -13.137 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)736245 -2.984e+00 2.237e-01 -13.342 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)737407 -2.696e+00 1.953e-01 -13.805 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)739732 -3.463e+00 2.817e-01 -12.293 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)739868 -4.643e+00 5.024e-01 -9.241 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)740512 -3.725e+00 3.370e-01 -11.055 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)746252 -2.057e+00 1.459e-01 -14.101 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)746299 -3.084e+00 2.347e-01 -13.141 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)749720 -3.084e+00 2.347e-01 -13.143 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)749738 -2.444e+00 1.738e-01 -14.064 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)750633 -4.237e+00 4.112e-01 -10.303 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)754688 -3.255e+00 2.548e-01 -12.776 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)754713 -3.138e+00 2.408e-01 -13.033 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)755111 8.391e-01 6.148e-02 13.648 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)756040 -4.930e+00 5.795e-01 -8.508 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)758114 -6.028e+00 1.001e+00 -6.021 1.73e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)760354 -3.197e+00 2.475e-01 -12.918 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)760881 -2.289e+00 1.620e-01 -14.131 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)760898 -4.419e+00 4.499e-01 -9.821 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)761406 -3.947e+00 3.569e-01 -11.059 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)766481 -2.505e+00 1.784e-01 -14.042 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)767329 -5.335e+00 7.088e-01 -7.527 5.19e-14 ***
## factor(cusip)768024 -2.851e+00 2.100e-01 -13.576 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)770196 -2.771e+00 2.022e-01 -13.705 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)770519 4.400e-01 6.293e-02 6.992 2.71e-12 ***
## factor(cusip)770553 -1.266e+00 1.047e-01 -12.097 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)775133 -2.473e+00 1.761e-01 -14.047 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)775371 6.412e-01 6.089e-02 10.530 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)776338 -2.706e+00 2.060e-01 -13.139 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)776678 -2.160e+00 1.602e-01 -13.483 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)776755 -8.325e-01 8.932e-02 -9.321 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)784015 1.652e-01 6.702e-02 2.465 0.013710 *
## factor(cusip)784626 -1.739e+00 1.269e-01 -13.699 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)794099 -2.417e+00 1.716e-01 -14.083 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)799850 -4.982e-01 7.992e-02 -6.235 4.53e-10 ***
## factor(cusip)809367 -1.663e+00 1.228e-01 -13.546 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)809877 -6.011e-01 8.284e-02 -7.257 3.97e-13 ***
## factor(cusip)810640 -1.279e+00 1.051e-01 -12.174 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)817698 -3.084e+00 2.347e-01 -13.142 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)817732 -4.930e+00 5.795e-01 -8.508 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)820208 -2.984e+00 2.237e-01 -13.340 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)822440 -3.464e+00 2.817e-01 -12.295 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)826520 -2.850e+00 2.100e-01 -13.574 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)828675 -2.097e+00 1.484e-01 -14.125 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)831865 -1.708e+00 1.255e-01 -13.614 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)832110 -6.782e-01 8.472e-02 -8.005 1.19e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)832248 -4.642e+00 5.024e-01 -9.239 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)832377 7.742e-01 5.969e-02 12.970 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)833034 -3.033e+00 2.290e-01 -13.246 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)847235 -2.938e+00 2.188e-01 -13.428 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)847567 -2.561e+00 1.835e-01 -13.957 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)847660 -3.726e+00 3.201e-01 -11.642 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)848355 1.431e+00 6.163e-02 23.213 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)853683 1.460e+00 6.548e-02 22.293 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)853700 1.363e+00 6.060e-02 22.499 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)853734 -2.109e+00 1.527e-01 -13.814 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)853836 -1.918e+00 1.372e-01 -13.985 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)853887 -2.810e+00 2.060e-01 -13.641 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)857721 1.059e+00 5.709e-02 18.555 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)859264 2.899e-01 6.522e-02 4.445 8.78e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)866645 -1.143e+00 9.997e-02 -11.435 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)866762 5.773e-01 6.331e-02 9.119 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)871140 -4.548e-01 7.883e-02 -5.770 7.95e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)871565 -4.930e+00 5.795e-01 -8.508 < 2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)871616 3.483e-01 6.434e-02 5.414 6.15e-08 ***
## factor(cusip)878308 -5.923e+00 1.001e+00 -5.916 3.30e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)878555 -4.237e+00 4.112e-01 -10.304 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 180821.3 on 2235 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 6578.6 on 2008 degrees of freedom
## (24 observations deleted due to missingness)
## AIC: 14295
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 6
exp(coef(modelo_poisson))
## (Intercept) employ sales rnd
## 41.511355830 1.000783924 0.999987821 0.999632879
## factor(cusip)4626 factor(cusip)4671 factor(cusip)7500 factor(cusip)7603
## 0.125163262 0.033731285 0.019268719 0.008029121
## factor(cusip)20753 factor(cusip)21367 factor(cusip)23519 factor(cusip)29069
## 0.048185882 0.026502882 0.378410827 0.019268563
## factor(cusip)38213 factor(cusip)54303 factor(cusip)67131 factor(cusip)67383
## 0.050554880 0.099317342 0.072283107 0.115655656
## factor(cusip)74077 factor(cusip)77491 factor(cusip)87509 factor(cusip)87779
## 0.698006920 0.004813222 0.841158509 0.359566839
## factor(cusip)105655 factor(cusip)118745 factor(cusip)125761 factor(cusip)126149
## 0.007232049 0.123477738 0.134999325 0.509864843
## factor(cusip)134429 factor(cusip)147195 factor(cusip)149123 factor(cusip)158663
## 0.113324169 0.096360818 6.550466285 0.122720159
## factor(cusip)165339 factor(cusip)171196 factor(cusip)172172 factor(cusip)189873
## 0.028914469 0.887202405 0.712253189 0.014458408
## factor(cusip)200291 factor(cusip)202363 factor(cusip)212363 factor(cusip)212813
## 0.074685895 0.062654828 0.471780832 0.149401252
## factor(cusip)229669 factor(cusip)235773 factor(cusip)235811 factor(cusip)244199
## 0.125235440 0.023922819 0.552704757 1.738514129
## factor(cusip)252741 factor(cusip)266867 factor(cusip)268039 factor(cusip)277461
## 1.009954827 0.079457270 0.178240288 8.864004644
## factor(cusip)278058 factor(cusip)286065 factor(cusip)296659 factor(cusip)296695
## 2.466537431 0.074695157 0.122888613 0.008039251
## factor(cusip)303711 factor(cusip)316549 factor(cusip)345370 factor(cusip)345838
## 0.120441318 0.072065545 6.200067257 0.004818554
## factor(cusip)350244 factor(cusip)351604 factor(cusip)361428 factor(cusip)361556
## 0.584976894 0.232222963 1.433519269 0.041024023
## factor(cusip)361606 factor(cusip)362360 factor(cusip)368298 factor(cusip)368514
## 0.088231669 0.031312096 0.065092602 0.021685260
## factor(cusip)369032 factor(cusip)369154 factor(cusip)369550 factor(cusip)369604
## 0.014473626 0.113208271 1.282907500 22.702809157
## factor(cusip)369856 factor(cusip)370622 factor(cusip)370838 factor(cusip)372298
## 1.218888098 0.151684776 1.205313637 0.014454663
## factor(cusip)375046 factor(cusip)375766 factor(cusip)377352 factor(cusip)383492
## 0.060229264 0.694214340 0.146957322 1.789226944
## factor(cusip)383550 factor(cusip)383883 factor(cusip)384109 factor(cusip)390568
## 0.019278494 2.477844084 0.125340368 0.069945490
## factor(cusip)402784 factor(cusip)404245 factor(cusip)413342 factor(cusip)413875
## 0.103502598 0.125231910 0.181292729 1.041614358
## factor(cusip)415864 factor(cusip)421596 factor(cusip)422191 factor(cusip)423002
## 0.156213203 0.122910387 0.014454355 0.009636444
## factor(cusip)423236 factor(cusip)428399 factor(cusip)428875 factor(cusip)429812
## 0.066307770 0.050605216 0.012037592 0.089142212
## factor(cusip)439272 factor(cusip)449290 factor(cusip)449680 factor(cusip)451542
## 0.107496486 0.101144450 0.024087266 0.002412700
## factor(cusip)451650 factor(cusip)456866 factor(cusip)457186 factor(cusip)457776
## 0.208999737 1.013241670 0.021449199 0.007231381
## factor(cusip)459101 factor(cusip)459200 factor(cusip)459506 factor(cusip)459578
## 0.055364019 17.393162898 1.391717134 1.515986499
## factor(cusip)459884 factor(cusip)460043 factor(cusip)461135 factor(cusip)462218
## 0.623510667 0.012106476 0.038545514 0.101220717
## factor(cusip)465632 factor(cusip)479169 factor(cusip)481070 factor(cusip)481088
## 0.673015904 0.038553723 0.113213448 0.012028047
## factor(cusip)481196 factor(cusip)486872 factor(cusip)487836 factor(cusip)489170
## 0.205104029 0.053001545 0.026656905 0.404985736
## factor(cusip)493503 factor(cusip)494368 factor(cusip)495620 factor(cusip)501026
## 0.053018295 0.781666508 0.065104253 0.009620169
## factor(cusip)501206 factor(cusip)503624 factor(cusip)505336 factor(cusip)513696
## 0.050604607 0.007228870 0.019256905 0.125205688
## factor(cusip)513847 factor(cusip)524660 factor(cusip)530000 factor(cusip)538021
## 0.021644521 0.101062584 0.582938428 1.499210220
## factor(cusip)539821 factor(cusip)540137 factor(cusip)540210 factor(cusip)541381
## 0.827272325 0.120578875 0.016864066 0.066936073
## factor(cusip)543213 factor(cusip)551120 factor(cusip)551137 factor(cusip)552618
## 0.009642237 0.036142323 0.019271302 0.086766423
## factor(cusip)562706 factor(cusip)574055 factor(cusip)574599 factor(cusip)575379
## 0.036133629 0.197164248 0.166552203 0.077118618
## factor(cusip)576680 factor(cusip)580033 factor(cusip)580169 factor(cusip)580628
## 0.009639956 0.048237241 1.214663857 0.674997779
## factor(cusip)585055 factor(cusip)589331 factor(cusip)597715 factor(cusip)601073
## 0.443135894 4.428874263 0.607085156 0.074859094
## factor(cusip)608030 factor(cusip)608183 factor(cusip)620076 factor(cusip)629853
## 0.055235698 0.089320713 4.467666932 1.051377046
## factor(cusip)637742 factor(cusip)670148 factor(cusip)670250 factor(cusip)680665
## 0.118138314 0.009650321 0.007227799 2.453237899
## factor(cusip)690207 factor(cusip)690734 factor(cusip)690768 factor(cusip)704562
## 0.077066894 1.912037746 3.231280546 0.236008201
## factor(cusip)707389 factor(cusip)717081 factor(cusip)718320 factor(cusip)724479
## 0.007227055 2.188032998 0.021663819 1.498702146
## factor(cusip)727346 factor(cusip)727491 factor(cusip)736245 factor(cusip)737407
## 0.019271794 0.045841854 0.050571986 0.067450283
## factor(cusip)739732 factor(cusip)739868 factor(cusip)740512 factor(cusip)746252
## 0.031334979 0.009628031 0.024115690 0.127816851
## factor(cusip)746299 factor(cusip)749720 factor(cusip)749738 factor(cusip)750633
## 0.045794765 0.045767969 0.086779475 0.014452808
## factor(cusip)754688 factor(cusip)754713 factor(cusip)755111 factor(cusip)756040
## 0.038566354 0.043354785 2.314203100 0.007226405
## factor(cusip)758114 factor(cusip)760354 factor(cusip)760881 factor(cusip)760898
## 0.002409216 0.040892012 0.101387812 0.012047135
## factor(cusip)761406 factor(cusip)766481 factor(cusip)767329 factor(cusip)768024
## 0.019304182 0.081671540 0.004817834 0.057803351
## factor(cusip)770196 factor(cusip)770519 factor(cusip)770553 factor(cusip)775133
## 0.062589046 1.552680731 0.281834417 0.084319365
## factor(cusip)775371 factor(cusip)776338 factor(cusip)776678 factor(cusip)776755
## 1.898748128 0.066796218 0.115294530 0.434947208
## factor(cusip)784015 factor(cusip)784626 factor(cusip)794099 factor(cusip)799850
## 1.179609188 0.175682713 0.089181867 0.607594663
## factor(cusip)809367 factor(cusip)809877 factor(cusip)810640 factor(cusip)817698
## 0.189609124 0.548208247 0.278337065 0.045775004
## factor(cusip)817732 factor(cusip)820208 factor(cusip)822440 factor(cusip)826520
## 0.007225562 0.050571093 0.031317663 0.057820197
## factor(cusip)828675 factor(cusip)831865 factor(cusip)832110 factor(cusip)832248
## 0.122859089 0.181200525 0.507519200 0.009639002
## factor(cusip)832377 factor(cusip)833034 factor(cusip)847235 factor(cusip)847567
## 2.168846202 0.048186246 0.052959456 0.077199075
## factor(cusip)847660 factor(cusip)848355 factor(cusip)853683 factor(cusip)853700
## 0.024090644 4.181338505 4.304828559 3.909831458
## factor(cusip)853734 factor(cusip)853836 factor(cusip)853887 factor(cusip)857721
## 0.121355801 0.146857666 0.060227338 2.884250709
## factor(cusip)859264 factor(cusip)866645 factor(cusip)866762 factor(cusip)871140
## 1.336319277 0.318810723 1.781222030 0.634572757
## factor(cusip)871565 factor(cusip)871616 factor(cusip)878308 factor(cusip)878555
## 0.007227845 1.416722699 0.002676513 0.014449061
# Conclusiones
# De acuerdo al Modelo Poisson, el número de empleados no tiene un efecto estadísticamente significativo en el número de patentes otorgadas.
# Al aumentar el número de patentes que se otorgan en una unidad, se reducen las ventas en un -1.218e-05.
# Existen diferencias entre ciertas firmas con respecto a las patentes que les son otorgadas.
# Prueba de Heterocedasticidad
# install.packages("lmtest")
library(lmtest)
## Loading required package: zoo
##
## Attaching package: 'zoo'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## as.Date, as.Date.numeric
bptest(modelo_poisson)
##
## studentized Breusch-Pagan test
##
## data: modelo_poisson
## BP = 796.11, df = 227, p-value < 2.2e-16
# p-value: 2.2e-16, por lo que existe heterocedasticidad.
# Corrección con Errores Estándar Robustos Clusterizados
# install.packages("sandwich")
# install.packages("lmtest")
library(sandwich)
library(lmtest)
modelo_robusto <- coeftest(modelo_poisson,
vcov = vcovHC(modelo_poisson,
method = "arellano",
type = "HC1",
cluster = "group"))
modelo_robusto
##
## z test of coefficients:
##
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 3.7260e+00 1.2445e-01 29.9404 < 2.2e-16 ***
## employ 7.8362e-04 1.2738e-03 0.6152 0.5384282
## sales -1.2179e-05 5.9276e-06 -2.0547 0.0399076 *
## rnd -3.6719e-04 2.0164e-04 -1.8210 0.0686042 .
## factor(cusip)4626 -2.0781e+00 2.2826e-01 -9.1042 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)4671 -3.3893e+00 4.0675e-01 -8.3328 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)7500 -3.9493e+00 4.2723e-01 -9.2439 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)7603 -4.8247e+00 5.1269e-01 -9.4106 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)20753 -3.0327e+00 2.3329e-01 -12.9998 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)21367 -3.6305e+00 3.9059e-01 -9.2949 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)23519 -9.7177e-01 2.0073e-01 -4.8412 1.291e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)29069 -3.9493e+00 2.7945e-01 -14.1321 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)38213 -2.9847e+00 2.7977e-01 -10.6684 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)54303 -2.3094e+00 2.5194e-01 -9.1664 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)67131 -2.6272e+00 3.6278e-01 -7.2418 4.426e-13 ***
## factor(cusip)67383 -2.1571e+00 2.7052e-01 -7.9740 1.536e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)74077 -3.5953e-01 1.9441e-01 -1.8493 0.0644127 .
## factor(cusip)77491 -5.3364e+00 6.7873e-01 -7.8623 3.771e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)87509 -1.7298e-01 2.1786e-01 -0.7940 0.4272052
## factor(cusip)87779 -1.0229e+00 2.7190e-01 -3.7619 0.0001686 ***
## factor(cusip)105655 -4.9292e+00 5.2479e-01 -9.3929 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)118745 -2.0917e+00 2.3393e-01 -8.9415 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)125761 -2.0025e+00 2.0461e-01 -9.7867 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)126149 -6.7361e-01 2.1220e-01 -3.1745 0.0015010 **
## factor(cusip)134429 -2.1775e+00 1.8469e-01 -11.7903 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)147195 -2.3397e+00 2.3627e-01 -9.9024 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)149123 1.8795e+00 1.9512e-01 9.6328 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)158663 -2.0978e+00 2.2312e-01 -9.4023 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)165339 -3.5434e+00 2.9919e-01 -11.8435 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)171196 -1.1968e-01 2.5804e-01 -0.4638 0.6427853
## factor(cusip)172172 -3.3932e-01 1.9358e-01 -1.7529 0.0796237 .
## factor(cusip)189873 -4.2365e+00 4.6194e-01 -9.1711 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)200291 -2.5945e+00 2.7272e-01 -9.5133 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)202363 -2.7701e+00 2.4262e-01 -11.4175 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)212363 -7.5124e-01 1.4934e-01 -5.0306 4.890e-07 ***
## factor(cusip)212813 -1.9011e+00 2.4718e-01 -7.6912 1.458e-14 ***
## factor(cusip)229669 -2.0776e+00 2.2130e-01 -9.3881 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)235773 -3.7329e+00 3.2285e-01 -11.5625 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)235811 -5.9293e-01 1.4025e-01 -4.2277 2.361e-05 ***
## factor(cusip)244199 5.5303e-01 1.4742e-01 3.7514 0.0001758 ***
## factor(cusip)252741 9.9056e-03 1.4007e-01 0.0707 0.9436232
## factor(cusip)266867 -2.5325e+00 2.2878e-01 -11.0698 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)268039 -1.7246e+00 3.5320e-01 -4.8829 1.046e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)277461 2.1820e+00 2.2440e-01 9.7237 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)278058 9.0282e-01 1.3713e-01 6.5835 4.593e-11 ***
## factor(cusip)286065 -2.5943e+00 2.9720e-01 -8.7293 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)296659 -2.0965e+00 2.0582e-01 -10.1859 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)296695 -4.8234e+00 7.1449e-01 -6.7509 1.470e-11 ***
## factor(cusip)303711 -2.1166e+00 2.5965e-01 -8.1518 3.585e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)316549 -2.6302e+00 3.4138e-01 -7.7046 1.313e-14 ***
## factor(cusip)345370 1.8246e+00 5.3387e-01 3.4176 0.0006317 ***
## factor(cusip)345838 -5.3353e+00 6.7891e-01 -7.8587 3.883e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)350244 -5.3618e-01 1.4164e-01 -3.7856 0.0001533 ***
## factor(cusip)351604 -1.4601e+00 1.6357e-01 -8.9261 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)361428 3.6013e-01 1.5593e-01 2.3096 0.0209128 *
## factor(cusip)361556 -3.1936e+00 3.2910e-01 -9.7041 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)361606 -2.4278e+00 2.4561e-01 -9.8847 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)362360 -3.4638e+00 4.3293e-01 -8.0007 1.237e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)368298 -2.7319e+00 2.8766e-01 -9.4972 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)368514 -3.8311e+00 2.8782e-01 -13.3110 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)369032 -4.2354e+00 3.8931e-01 -10.8794 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)369154 -2.1785e+00 1.3962e-01 -15.6029 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)369550 2.4913e-01 1.7088e-01 1.4579 0.1448573
## factor(cusip)369604 3.1225e+00 4.7064e-01 6.6346 3.254e-11 ***
## factor(cusip)369856 1.9794e-01 1.6693e-01 1.1858 0.2357204
## factor(cusip)370622 -1.8860e+00 1.5920e-01 -11.8465 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)370838 1.8674e-01 1.4285e-01 1.3072 0.1911319
## factor(cusip)372298 -4.2367e+00 2.9949e-01 -14.1463 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)375046 -2.8096e+00 2.7734e-01 -10.1307 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)375766 -3.6497e-01 1.5557e-01 -2.3460 0.0189776 *
## factor(cusip)377352 -1.9176e+00 2.1891e-01 -8.7599 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)383492 5.8178e-01 1.3867e-01 4.1955 2.722e-05 ***
## factor(cusip)383550 -3.9488e+00 3.8406e-01 -10.2816 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)383883 9.0739e-01 1.7246e-01 5.2615 1.429e-07 ***
## factor(cusip)384109 -2.0767e+00 2.4082e-01 -8.6236 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)390568 -2.6600e+00 3.4623e-01 -7.6828 1.556e-14 ***
## factor(cusip)402784 -2.2682e+00 2.9191e-01 -7.7702 7.839e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)404245 -2.0776e+00 2.9478e-01 -7.0480 1.815e-12 ***
## factor(cusip)413342 -1.7076e+00 2.7245e-01 -6.2678 3.661e-10 ***
## factor(cusip)413875 4.0772e-02 1.5230e-01 0.2677 0.7889248
## factor(cusip)415864 -1.8565e+00 2.2205e-01 -8.3609 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)421596 -2.0963e+00 2.4367e-01 -8.6032 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)422191 -4.2368e+00 4.6199e-01 -9.1706 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)423002 -4.6422e+00 5.6717e-01 -8.1848 2.727e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)423236 -2.7134e+00 3.6596e-01 -7.4146 1.220e-13 ***
## factor(cusip)428399 -2.9837e+00 2.4112e-01 -12.3745 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)428875 -4.4197e+00 4.6463e-01 -9.5123 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)429812 -2.4175e+00 2.8671e-01 -8.4320 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)439272 -2.2303e+00 3.0919e-01 -7.2134 5.456e-13 ***
## factor(cusip)449290 -2.2912e+00 3.9402e-01 -5.8149 6.066e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)449680 -3.7261e+00 3.9107e-01 -9.5279 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)451542 -6.0270e+00 1.0085e+00 -5.9760 2.287e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)451650 -1.5654e+00 1.8239e-01 -8.5829 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)456866 1.3155e-02 1.7919e-01 0.0734 0.9414785
## factor(cusip)457186 -3.8421e+00 4.8987e-01 -7.8431 4.397e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)457776 -4.9293e+00 5.2473e-01 -9.3940 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)459101 -2.8938e+00 3.9835e-01 -7.2645 3.743e-13 ***
## factor(cusip)459200 2.8561e+00 3.2735e-01 8.7249 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)459506 3.3054e-01 1.8271e-01 1.8090 0.0704436 .
## factor(cusip)459578 4.1607e-01 1.7836e-01 2.3327 0.0196655 *
## factor(cusip)459884 -4.7239e-01 1.8508e-01 -2.5523 0.0107014 *
## factor(cusip)460043 -4.4140e+00 6.2783e-01 -7.0306 2.057e-12 ***
## factor(cusip)461135 -3.2559e+00 3.0899e-01 -10.5373 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)462218 -2.2905e+00 2.4374e-01 -9.3970 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)465632 -3.9599e-01 2.3413e-01 -1.6913 0.0907745 .
## factor(cusip)479169 -3.2557e+00 3.2279e-01 -10.0861 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)481070 -2.1785e+00 2.3386e-01 -9.3153 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)481088 -4.4205e+00 4.6450e-01 -9.5168 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)481196 -1.5842e+00 2.6530e-01 -5.9715 2.350e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)486872 -2.9374e+00 2.8094e-01 -10.4558 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)487836 -3.6247e+00 3.8976e-01 -9.2997 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)489170 -9.0390e-01 1.8364e-01 -4.9220 8.564e-07 ***
## factor(cusip)493503 -2.9371e+00 2.5531e-01 -11.5043 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)494368 -2.4633e-01 3.1326e-01 -0.7863 0.4316770
## factor(cusip)495620 -2.7318e+00 3.6275e-01 -7.5308 5.044e-14 ***
## factor(cusip)501026 -4.6439e+00 4.2696e-01 -10.8766 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)501206 -2.9837e+00 5.4815e-01 -5.4433 5.231e-08 ***
## factor(cusip)503624 -4.9297e+00 7.2302e-01 -6.8181 9.222e-12 ***
## factor(cusip)505336 -3.9499e+00 4.2707e-01 -9.2488 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)513696 -2.0778e+00 2.0393e-01 -10.1886 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)513847 -3.8330e+00 4.0640e-01 -9.4316 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)524660 -2.2920e+00 1.9447e-01 -11.7857 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)530000 -5.3967e-01 1.6209e-01 -3.3295 0.0008701 ***
## factor(cusip)538021 4.0494e-01 1.8232e-01 2.2210 0.0263511 *
## factor(cusip)539821 -1.8962e-01 1.9239e-01 -0.9856 0.3243305
## factor(cusip)540137 -2.1155e+00 2.2392e-01 -9.4472 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)540210 -4.0826e+00 4.4672e-01 -9.1390 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)541381 -2.7040e+00 3.9651e-01 -6.8196 9.132e-12 ***
## factor(cusip)543213 -4.6416e+00 5.6696e-01 -8.1868 2.682e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)551120 -3.3203e+00 2.7807e-01 -11.9405 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)551137 -3.9491e+00 5.0209e-01 -7.8654 3.678e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)552618 -2.4445e+00 1.6661e-01 -14.6722 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)562706 -3.3205e+00 3.2712e-01 -10.1509 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)574055 -1.6237e+00 2.0747e-01 -7.8262 5.030e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)574599 -1.7924e+00 1.9028e-01 -9.4199 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)575379 -2.5624e+00 2.7154e-01 -9.4366 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)576680 -4.6418e+00 5.6718e-01 -8.1841 2.743e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)580033 -3.0316e+00 2.0809e-01 -14.5688 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)580169 1.9447e-01 1.8012e-01 1.0796 0.2803027
## factor(cusip)580628 -3.9305e-01 2.1056e-01 -1.8667 0.0619448 .
## factor(cusip)585055 -8.1388e-01 2.2179e-01 -3.6696 0.0002429 ***
## factor(cusip)589331 1.4881e+00 1.3017e-01 11.4323 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)597715 -4.9909e-01 1.4030e-01 -3.5572 0.0003748 ***
## factor(cusip)601073 -2.5921e+00 2.5979e-01 -9.9777 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)608030 -2.8961e+00 2.8788e-01 -10.0601 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)608183 -2.4155e+00 3.1326e-01 -7.7109 1.249e-14 ***
## factor(cusip)620076 1.4969e+00 1.4441e-01 10.3653 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)629853 5.0101e-02 1.4312e-01 0.3501 0.7262888
## factor(cusip)637742 -2.1359e+00 2.6175e-01 -8.1601 3.347e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)670148 -4.6408e+00 7.7470e-01 -5.9904 2.094e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)670250 -4.9298e+00 5.2468e-01 -9.3958 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)680665 8.9741e-01 1.3179e-01 6.8091 9.818e-12 ***
## factor(cusip)690207 -2.5631e+00 2.3712e-01 -10.8091 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)690734 6.4817e-01 1.4005e-01 4.6281 3.691e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)690768 1.1729e+00 1.6766e-01 6.9956 2.642e-12 ***
## factor(cusip)704562 -1.4439e+00 2.7702e-01 -5.2123 1.865e-07 ***
## factor(cusip)707389 -4.9299e+00 7.2302e-01 -6.8185 9.197e-12 ***
## factor(cusip)717081 7.8300e-01 1.4492e-01 5.4032 6.547e-08 ***
## factor(cusip)718320 -3.8321e+00 6.6331e-01 -5.7773 7.591e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)724479 4.0460e-01 1.5401e-01 2.6271 0.0086117 **
## factor(cusip)727346 -3.9491e+00 3.3593e-01 -11.7557 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)727491 -3.0826e+00 3.2344e-01 -9.5304 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)736245 -2.9844e+00 1.9388e-01 -15.3928 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)737407 -2.6964e+00 3.2529e-01 -8.2890 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)739732 -3.4630e+00 3.4866e-01 -9.9324 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)739868 -4.6431e+00 5.6713e-01 -8.1870 2.677e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)740512 -3.7249e+00 2.6537e-01 -14.0364 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)746252 -2.0572e+00 2.4410e-01 -8.4276 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)746299 -3.0836e+00 3.0363e-01 -10.1559 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)749720 -3.0842e+00 2.9345e-01 -10.5100 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)749738 -2.4444e+00 2.3507e-01 -10.3987 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)750633 -4.2369e+00 5.8064e-01 -7.2969 2.944e-13 ***
## factor(cusip)754688 -3.2554e+00 2.4627e-01 -13.2189 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)754713 -3.1383e+00 3.2161e-01 -9.7581 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)755111 8.3907e-01 1.5012e-01 5.5893 2.280e-08 ***
## factor(cusip)756040 -4.9300e+00 5.2468e-01 -9.3962 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)758114 -6.0285e+00 1.0089e+00 -5.9755 2.293e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)760354 -3.1968e+00 5.1942e-01 -6.1546 7.525e-10 ***
## factor(cusip)760881 -2.2888e+00 2.5142e-01 -9.1033 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)760898 -4.4189e+00 4.6465e-01 -9.5101 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)761406 -3.9474e+00 3.8405e-01 -10.2783 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)766481 -2.5050e+00 2.7787e-01 -9.0151 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)767329 -5.3354e+00 6.7889e-01 -7.8590 3.872e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)768024 -2.8507e+00 2.9937e-01 -9.5222 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)770196 -2.7712e+00 2.9182e-01 -9.4962 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)770519 4.3998e-01 1.5917e-01 2.7642 0.0057065 **
## factor(cusip)770553 -1.2664e+00 1.6086e-01 -7.8731 3.458e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)775133 -2.4731e+00 2.2860e-01 -10.8188 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)775371 6.4119e-01 1.3598e-01 4.7155 2.411e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)776338 -2.7061e+00 3.8230e-01 -7.0786 1.456e-12 ***
## factor(cusip)776678 -2.1603e+00 1.9499e-01 -11.0789 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)776755 -8.3253e-01 1.8616e-01 -4.4720 7.748e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)784015 1.6518e-01 1.3552e-01 1.2188 0.2229051
## factor(cusip)784626 -1.7391e+00 1.9773e-01 -8.7953 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)794099 -2.4171e+00 2.0387e-01 -11.8557 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)799850 -4.9825e-01 2.0489e-01 -2.4317 0.0150266 *
## factor(cusip)809367 -1.6628e+00 1.4779e-01 -11.2514 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)809877 -6.0110e-01 1.6292e-01 -3.6896 0.0002246 ***
## factor(cusip)810640 -1.2789e+00 2.3477e-01 -5.4477 5.104e-08 ***
## factor(cusip)817698 -3.0840e+00 2.9345e-01 -10.5094 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)817732 -4.9301e+00 5.2468e-01 -9.3965 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)820208 -2.9844e+00 3.0570e-01 -9.7624 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)822440 -3.4636e+00 4.0135e-01 -8.6299 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)826520 -2.8504e+00 2.8627e-01 -9.9572 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)828675 -2.0967e+00 1.6916e-01 -12.3949 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)831865 -1.7082e+00 2.0853e-01 -8.1916 2.579e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)832110 -6.7822e-01 1.8488e-01 -3.6685 0.0002440 ***
## factor(cusip)832248 -4.6419e+00 5.6702e-01 -8.1866 2.688e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)832377 7.7420e-01 1.6409e-01 4.7183 2.379e-06 ***
## factor(cusip)833034 -3.0327e+00 2.5581e-01 -11.8554 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)847235 -2.9382e+00 2.8087e-01 -10.4610 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)847567 -2.5614e+00 2.4194e-01 -10.5869 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)847660 -3.7259e+00 4.8804e-01 -7.6345 2.268e-14 ***
## factor(cusip)848355 1.4306e+00 1.6283e-01 8.7858 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)853683 1.4597e+00 1.7889e-01 8.1598 3.356e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)853700 1.3635e+00 1.5862e-01 8.5962 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)853734 -2.1090e+00 2.5545e-01 -8.2560 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)853836 -1.9183e+00 3.0060e-01 -6.3815 1.753e-10 ***
## factor(cusip)853887 -2.8096e+00 2.8327e-01 -9.9184 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)857721 1.0593e+00 1.3370e-01 7.9225 2.327e-15 ***
## factor(cusip)859264 2.8992e-01 1.3190e-01 2.1981 0.0279420 *
## factor(cusip)866645 -1.1432e+00 1.7350e-01 -6.5890 4.429e-11 ***
## factor(cusip)866762 5.7730e-01 2.3925e-01 2.4129 0.0158256 *
## factor(cusip)871140 -4.5480e-01 1.9078e-01 -2.3840 0.0171279 *
## factor(cusip)871565 -4.9298e+00 5.2466e-01 -9.3963 < 2.2e-16 ***
## factor(cusip)871616 3.4835e-01 1.7363e-01 2.0063 0.0448279 *
## factor(cusip)878308 -5.9232e+00 1.0026e+00 -5.9077 3.470e-09 ***
## factor(cusip)878555 -4.2371e+00 3.8931e-01 -10.8836 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
# Interpretación + Conclusiones Finales
# De acuerdo al Modelo Poisson, el coeficiente del número de empleados es employ = 7.8362e-04, lo que implica que aumentar una unidad el número de empleados aumentará 0.078% el número esperado de patentes, y el coeficiente de las ventas es sales = -1.2179e-05, lo que implica que aumentar una unidad las ventas disminuirá 0.0012% el número esperado de patentes (con un nivel de significancia del 5%), ceteris paribus.
# El número de empleados tiene un efecto positivo sobre el número de patentes otorgadas (employ = 7.8362e-04).
# Las ventas tienen un efecto negativo y robusto sobre el número de patentes (sales = -1.2179e-05).
# El gasto en investigación y desarrollo no muestra evidencia estadística de impacto (rnd = -3.671e-04).