Heterogeneidad
Equipo 5
Instalar paquetes y llamar librerías
#install.packages("WDI")
library(WDI)
#install.packages("wbstats")
library(wbstats)
#install.packages("tidyverse")
library(ggplot2)
#install.packages("gplots")
library(gplots)##
## ---------------------
## gplots 3.3.0 loaded:
## * Use citation('gplots') for citation info.
## * Homepage: https://talgalili.github.io/gplots/
## * Report issues: https://github.com/talgalili/gplots/issues
## * Ask questions: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/gplots
## * Suppress this message with: suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(gplots))
## ---------------------##
## Attaching package: 'gplots'## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
##
## lowess#install.packages("plm")
library(plm)Obtener la información de 1 país
PIB_MEX <- wb_data(country = "MX", indicator = "NY.GDP.PCAP.CD",
start_date=1900, end_date=2025)
summary(PIB_MEX)## iso2c iso3c country date
## Length:65 Length:65 Length:65 Min. :1960
## Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:1976
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :1992
## Mean :1992
## 3rd Qu.:2008
## Max. :2024
## NY.GDP.PCAP.CD unit obs_status footnote
## Min. : 355.1 Length:65 Length:65 Length:65
## 1st Qu.: 1465.5 Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Median : 4183.9 Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
## Mean : 5238.3
## 3rd Qu.: 9097.9
## Max. :14185.8
## last_updated
## Min. :2026-01-28
## 1st Qu.:2026-01-28
## Median :2026-01-28
## Mean :2026-01-28
## 3rd Qu.:2026-01-28
## Max. :2026-01-28ggplot(PIB_MEX, aes(x= date, y=NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)) +
geom_point () +
geom_line() +
labs(title="PIB per Capita en México (Current USD$)", x = "Año",
y = "Valor")
Obtener la información de varios paises
PIB_PANEL <- wb_data(country = c("MX","US","CA"), indicator =
"NY.GDP.PCAP.CD",
start_date=1900, end_date=2025)
summary(PIB_PANEL)## iso2c iso3c country date
## Length:195 Length:195 Length:195 Min. :1960
## Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:1976
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :1992
## Mean :1992
## 3rd Qu.:2008
## Max. :2024
## NY.GDP.PCAP.CD unit obs_status footnote
## Min. : 355.1 Length:195 Length:195 Length:195
## 1st Qu.: 4136.1 Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Median :10664.5 Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
## Mean :19606.2
## 3rd Qu.:30713.4
## Max. :84534.0
## last_updated
## Min. :2026-01-28
## 1st Qu.:2026-01-28
## Median :2026-01-28
## Mean :2026-01-28
## 3rd Qu.:2026-01-28
## Max. :2026-01-28ggplot(PIB_PANEL, aes(x= date, y=NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, color =iso3c)) +
geom_point () +
geom_line() +
labs(title="PIB per Capita en Norteamérica (Current USD$)", x = "Año",
y = "Valor")
Obtener la información de varios indicadores en varios paises
MEGAPIB<- wb_data(country = c("MX","US","CA"), indicator =
c("NY.GDP.PCAP.CD","SP.DYN.LE00.IN"), start_date=1900, end_date=2025)
summary(MEGAPIB)## iso2c iso3c country date
## Length:195 Length:195 Length:195 Min. :1960
## Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:1976
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :1992
## Mean :1992
## 3rd Qu.:2008
## Max. :2024
##
## NY.GDP.PCAP.CD SP.DYN.LE00.IN
## Min. : 355.1 Min. :53.57
## 1st Qu.: 4136.1 1st Qu.:70.78
## Median :10664.5 Median :74.24
## Mean :19606.2 Mean :73.19
## 3rd Qu.:30713.4 3rd Qu.:77.51
## Max. :84534.0 Max. :82.16
## NA's :3# HeterogeneidadVariación entre individuos
plotmeans(NY.GDP.PCAP.CD ~ country, main = "Heterogeneidad entre países",
xlab = "País", ylab = "PIB per Cápita", data=MEGAPIB)## Warning in arrows(x, li, x, pmax(y - gap, li), col = barcol, lwd = lwd, :
## zero-length arrow is of indeterminate angle and so skipped## Warning in arrows(x, ui, x, pmin(y + gap, ui), col = barcol, lwd = lwd, :
## zero-length arrow is of indeterminate angle and so skipped