Introduction to Rh Factor

This document explores the Rhesus (Rh) factor, its biological significance, and its implications in medicine.

1. Definition

The Rhesus (Rh) factor is a protein (antigen) found on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) in some people.

2. Discovery of Rh Factor

The Rh factor was discovered in 1940 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener during experiments on rhesus monkeys.

3. Rh Blood Groups

Rh Type Description
Rh⁺ (Positive) Red blood cells have Rh antigen
Rh⁻ (Negative) Red blood cells lack Rh antigen

4. Importance in Blood Transfusion

5. Rh Factor and Pregnancy (Rh Incompatibility)

What is Rh incompatibility?

It occurs when: - Mother is Rh⁻ - Father is Rh⁺ - Baby is Rh⁺

What happens?

During childbirth or miscarriage, the mother’s blood may mix with the baby’s blood. The mother produces anti-Rh antibodies. In future pregnancies, these antibodies can destroy the baby’s red blood cells.

Condition caused:

Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN): Leads to anaemia, jaundice, or death of the baby if untreated.

6. Prevention of Rh Incompatibility

Rh⁻ mothers are given an injection called Anti-D (Rh immunoglobulin). This prevents the formation of anti-Rh antibodies.

7. Differences Between ABO Blood Group and Rh Factor

ABO System Rh System
Groups: A, B, AB, O Groups: Rh⁺ and Rh⁻
Discovered in 1901 Discovered in 1940
Antibodies occur naturally Antibodies form after exposure

8. Importance of Rh Factor

  1. Safe blood transfusion
  2. Safe pregnancy and childbirth
  3. Prevention of blood reactions and infant deaths

9. Summary