Week Two Assignment
Dr. Maxine Harlemon
2026-01-21
library(caret)## Loading required package: ggplot2## Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 4.5.2## Loading required package: latticelibrary(klaR)## Loading required package: MASSDATA <- read.csv(
"/Users/maxineharlemon/AIOpt/mushroom_dataset/agaricus-lepiota.data",
header = FALSE,
stringsAsFactors = TRUE
)
str(DATA)## 'data.frame': 8124 obs. of 23 variables:
## $ V1 : Factor w/ 2 levels "e","p": 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 ...
## $ V2 : Factor w/ 6 levels "b","c","f","k",..: 6 6 1 6 6 6 1 1 6 1 ...
## $ V3 : Factor w/ 4 levels "f","g","s","y": 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 ...
## $ V4 : Factor w/ 10 levels "b","c","e","g",..: 5 10 9 9 4 10 9 9 9 10 ...
## $ V5 : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 ...
## $ V6 : Factor w/ 9 levels "a","c","f","l",..: 7 1 4 7 6 1 1 4 7 1 ...
## $ V7 : Factor w/ 2 levels "a","f": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
## $ V8 : Factor w/ 2 levels "c","w": 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ V9 : Factor w/ 2 levels "b","n": 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 ...
## $ V10: Factor w/ 12 levels "b","e","g","h",..: 5 5 6 6 5 6 3 6 8 3 ...
## $ V11: Factor w/ 2 levels "e","t": 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ V12: Factor w/ 5 levels "?","b","c","e",..: 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 ...
## $ V13: Factor w/ 4 levels "f","k","s","y": 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ V14: Factor w/ 4 levels "f","k","s","y": 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ V15: Factor w/ 9 levels "b","c","e","g",..: 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ...
## $ V16: Factor w/ 9 levels "b","c","e","g",..: 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ...
## $ V17: Factor w/ 1 level "p": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ V18: Factor w/ 4 levels "n","o","w","y": 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ V19: Factor w/ 3 levels "n","o","t": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
## $ V20: Factor w/ 5 levels "e","f","l","n",..: 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 ...
## $ V21: Factor w/ 9 levels "b","h","k","n",..: 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 ...
## $ V22: Factor w/ 6 levels "a","c","n","s",..: 4 3 3 4 1 3 3 4 5 4 ...
## $ V23: Factor w/ 7 levels "d","g","l","m",..: 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 ...# Assign proper column names (UCI Mushroom dataset)
colnames(DATA) <- c(
"class", "cap_shape", "cap_surface", "cap_color", "bruises",
"odor", "gill_attachment", "gill_spacing", "gill_size",
"gill_color", "stalk_shape", "stalk_root",
"stalk_surface_above_ring", "stalk_surface_below_ring",
"stalk_color_above_ring", "stalk_color_below_ring",
"veil_type", "veil_color", "ring_number", "ring_type",
"spore_print_color", "population", "habitat"
)
# Ensure response variable is a factor
DATA$class <- as.factor(DATA$class)
# Confirm two classes exist
table(DATA$class)##
## e p
## 4208 3916# Set seed for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# Create 80% stratified training index
train_index <- createDataPartition(DATA$class, p = 0.80, list = FALSE)
# Split the data
train_DATA <- DATA[train_index, ]
test_DATA <- DATA[-train_index, ]
# Verify split
dim(train_DATA)## [1] 6500 23dim(test_DATA)## [1] 1624 23# Check class balance
prop.table(table(train_DATA$class))##
## e p
## 0.518 0.482prop.table(table(test_DATA$class))##
## e p
## 0.5178571 0.4821429library(caret)
library(klaR)
library(randomForest)## randomForest 4.7-1.2## Type rfNews() to see new features/changes/bug fixes.##
## Attaching package: 'randomForest'## The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
##
## margin# Read the uploaded Agaricus–Lepiota dataset (no header)
DATA <- read.csv(
"/Users/maxineharlemon/AIOpt/mushroom_dataset/agaricus-lepiota.data",
header = FALSE,
stringsAsFactors = TRUE
)
# Assign column names
colnames(DATA) <- c(
"class", "cap_shape", "cap_surface", "cap_color", "bruises",
"odor", "gill_attachment", "gill_spacing", "gill_size",
"gill_color", "stalk_shape", "stalk_root",
"stalk_surface_above_ring", "stalk_surface_below_ring",
"stalk_color_above_ring", "stalk_color_below_ring",
"veil_type", "veil_color", "ring_number", "ring_type",
"spore_print_color", "population", "habitat"
)
# Ensure response variable is a factor
DATA$class <- as.factor(DATA$class)
# Set seed
set.seed(123)
# 80/20 stratified split
train_index <- createDataPartition(DATA$class, p = 0.80, list = FALSE)
train_DATA <- DATA[train_index, ]
test_DATA <- DATA[-train_index, ]
# -------------------------------
# Naive Bayes Model (kLaR)
# -------------------------------
nzv <- caret::nearZeroVar(train_DATA)
train_NB <- train_DATA[, -nzv]
test_NB <- test_DATA[, -nzv]
# Naive Bayes (klaR)
nb_model <- klaR::NaiveBayes(class ~ ., data = train_NB)
nb_pred <- predict(nb_model, test_NB)$class## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
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## observation 289## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 290## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 293## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 294## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 296## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 297## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 298## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 299## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 300## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 302## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 305## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 306## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 307## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 309## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 310## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 311## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 312## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 314## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 317## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 318## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 319## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 320## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 321## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 322## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 323## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 324## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 325## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 326## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 327## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 329## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 330## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 332## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 334## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 335## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 338## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 339## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 340## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 342## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 343## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 344## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 346## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 347## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 348## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 349## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 351## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 352## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 353## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 354## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 355## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 356## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 357## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 358## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 360## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 362## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 363## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 364## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 365## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 367## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 369## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 370## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 374## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 375## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 380## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 385## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 386## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 387## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 389## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 391## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 393## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 394## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 395## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 397## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 399## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 403## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 404## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 405## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 406## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 407## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 409## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 410## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 412## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 413## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 414## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 420## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 421## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 427## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 428## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 441## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 466## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 467## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 478## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 501## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 512## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 548## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 583## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 606## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 609## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 612## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 617## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 618## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 620## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 623## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 628## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 635## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 638## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 640## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 644## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 645## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 646## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 649## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 658## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 662## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 663## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 664## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 668## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 669## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 671## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 674## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 677## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 681## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 685## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 686## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 687## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 688## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 695## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 697## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 699## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 701## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 706## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 709## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 712## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 713## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 714## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 715## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 718## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 719## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 724## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 729## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 730## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 732## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 738## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 740## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 750## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 754## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 756## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 758## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 760## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 763## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 766## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 767## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 769## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 774## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 775## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 776## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 777## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 779## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 780## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 783## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 784## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 785## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 786## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 787## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 789## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 790## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 795## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 796## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 797## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 800## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 802## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 803## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 804## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 805## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 806## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 811## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 812## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 815## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 816## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 818## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 821## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 822## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 824## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 825## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 826## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 827## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 829## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 831## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 832## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 833## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 834## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 835## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 836## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 837## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 838## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 839## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 841## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 844## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 845## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 846## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 847## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 848## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 849## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 852## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 854## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 855## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 857## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 860## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 861## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 863## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 864## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 865## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 866## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 867## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 869## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 870## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 871## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 872## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 873## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 875## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 876## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 877## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 878## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 879## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 882## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 884## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 885## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 886## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 887## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 888## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 889## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 890## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 891## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 892## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 894## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 895## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 896## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 898## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 899## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 900## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 902## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 903## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 904## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 905## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 906## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 907## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 910## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 911## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 912## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 913## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 914## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 915## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 916## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 917## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 919## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 920## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 921## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 922## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 923## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 925## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 926## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 927## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 928## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 930## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 931## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 932## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 934## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 935## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 936## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 938## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 939## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 941## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 942## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 943## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 944## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 945## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 947## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 948## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 949## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 952## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 953## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 954## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 955## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 956## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 957## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 959## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 960## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 961## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 962## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 963## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 964## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 965## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 966## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 967## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 968## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 969## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 971## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 972## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 973## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 976## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 977## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 979## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 980## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 981## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 983## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 984## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 985## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 987## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 988## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 989## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 990## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 991## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 993## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 994## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 995## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 996## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 998## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1001## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1002## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1003## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1004## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1005## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1006## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1007## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1008## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1009## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1012## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1013## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1015## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1017## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1018## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1022## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1023## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1026## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1027## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1028## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1029## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1030## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1031## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1032## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1033## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1034## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1038## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1040## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1041## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1043## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1044## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1045## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1046## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1047## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1048## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1050## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1051## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1052## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1053## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1054## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1055## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1056## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1058## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1059## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1060## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1061## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1062## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1064## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1065## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1066## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1067## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1068## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1070## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1073## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1074## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1075## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1076## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1077## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1080## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1081## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1082## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1084## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1086## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1087## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1090## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1091## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1092## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1093## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1094## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1095## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1096## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1097## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1098## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1099## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1100## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1101## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1103## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1105## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1106## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1107## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1108## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1109## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1111## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1112## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1113## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1115## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1116## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1117## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1119## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1121## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1122## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1124## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1125## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1126## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1129## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1130## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1133## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1134## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1135## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1136## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1138## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1139## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1140## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1141## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1142## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1143## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1144## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1145## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1146## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1147## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1148## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1149## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1150## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1151## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1152## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1153## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1154## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1155## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1157## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1158## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1160## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1161## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1191## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1253## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1267## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1311## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1316## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1319## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1336## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1341## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1356## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1361## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1364## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1365## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1367## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1369## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1370## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1374## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1376## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1377## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1384## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1386## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1387## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1390## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1396## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1401## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1408## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1410## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1413## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1416## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1417## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1418## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1419## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1420## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1422## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1424## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1429## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1431## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1432## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1433## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1436## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1437## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1438## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1439## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1441## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1443## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1444## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1446## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1448## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1450## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1451## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1452## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1454## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1455## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1457## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1458## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1461## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1462## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1465## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1468## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1469## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1471## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1472## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1473## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1474## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1479## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1484## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1485## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1486## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1487## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1488## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1490## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1496## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1498## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1501## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1506## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1509## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1510## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1511## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1512## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1513## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1514## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1517## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1518## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1520## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1521## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1524## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1528## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1529## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1533## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1535## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1536## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1538## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1539## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1540## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1541## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1544## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1545## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1546## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1550## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1554## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1559## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1561## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1563## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1564## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1565## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1570## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1571## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1572## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1577## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1579## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1581## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1583## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1584## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1585## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1589## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1590## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1592## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1593## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1595## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1596## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1597## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1598## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1600## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1603## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1604## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1605## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1607## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1608## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1609## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1611## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1612## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1613## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1614## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1616## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1617## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1618## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1619## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1620## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1621## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1622## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): Numerical 0 probability for all classes with
## observation 1624nb_cm <- caret::confusionMatrix(nb_pred, test_NB$class)
nb_cm## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
##
## Reference
## Prediction e p
## e 835 92
## p 6 691
##
## Accuracy : 0.9397
## 95% CI : (0.9269, 0.9507)
## No Information Rate : 0.5179
## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2.2e-16
##
## Kappa : 0.8787
##
## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : < 2.2e-16
##
## Sensitivity : 0.9929
## Specificity : 0.8825
## Pos Pred Value : 0.9008
## Neg Pred Value : 0.9914
## Prevalence : 0.5179
## Detection Rate : 0.5142
## Detection Prevalence : 0.5708
## Balanced Accuracy : 0.9377
##
## 'Positive' Class : e
## # -------------------------------
# Random Forest Model
# -------------------------------
rf_model <- randomForest(
class ~ .,
data = train_DATA,
ntree = 500,
importance = TRUE
)
rf_pred <- predict(rf_model, test_DATA)
# Confusion Matrix for Random Forest
rf_cm <- confusionMatrix(rf_pred, test_DATA$class)
rf_cm## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
##
## Reference
## Prediction e p
## e 841 0
## p 0 783
##
## Accuracy : 1
## 95% CI : (0.9977, 1)
## No Information Rate : 0.5179
## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2.2e-16
##
## Kappa : 1
##
## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : NA
##
## Sensitivity : 1.0000
## Specificity : 1.0000
## Pos Pred Value : 1.0000
## Neg Pred Value : 1.0000
## Prevalence : 0.5179
## Detection Rate : 0.5179
## Detection Prevalence : 0.5179
## Balanced Accuracy : 1.0000
##
## 'Positive' Class : e
## # -------------------------------
# Accuracy Comparison
# -------------------------------
nb_accuracy <- nb_cm$overall["Accuracy"]
rf_accuracy <- rf_cm$overall["Accuracy"]
accuracy_comparison <- data.frame(
Model = c("Naive Bayes", "Random Forest"),
Accuracy = c(nb_accuracy, rf_accuracy)
)
accuracy_comparison## Model Accuracy
## 1 Naive Bayes 0.9396552
## 2 Random Forest 1.0000000# -------------------------------
# Variable Importance (Random Forest)
# -------------------------------
varImpPlot(rf_model)
Interpretation of the Naive Bayes Model
The Naive Bayes classifier performed very well in predicting mushroom edibility, achieving a high overall accuracy on the test dataset. The confusion matrix indicates that the model correctly classified the majority of both edible and poisonous mushrooms. This strong performance is notable given the model’s simplifying assumption that predictor variables are conditionally independent given the class label.
Despite this assumption being violated in practice—since many mushroom characteristics are correlated—the model still demonstrated strong predictive capability. This is largely due to the presence of highly informative predictors, such as odor, which provide substantial discriminatory power between edible and poisonous mushrooms.
However, the Naive Bayes model required additional preprocessing steps, including the removal of predictors with zero variance, in order to run successfully. This highlights a limitation of the Naive Bayes implementation when handling categorical predictors with a single level.
Conclusion: Naive Bayes serves as an effective baseline model, offering strong predictive performance with minimal computational cost, but it is less robust to data irregularities and relies on assumptions that may not hold in complex real-world data.
Interpretation of the Random Forest Model
The Random Forest classifier achieved near-perfect (and in many cases perfect) classification accuracy on the test dataset. The confusion matrix shows extremely low misclassification rates, indicating that the model is highly effective at distinguishing between edible and poisonous mushrooms.
Random Forest outperformed Naive Bayes by capturing nonlinear relationships and complex interactions among predictors without requiring restrictive assumptions. The model was also robust to predictors with single levels and did not require the same preprocessing adjustments as Naive Bayes.
The variable importance measures from the Random Forest model reveal that odor is the most influential predictor, followed by features such as spore print color, gill size, and ring type. This aligns with domain knowledge, as odor is a key indicator used to identify poisonous mushrooms.
Conclusion: Random Forest is the superior model for this dataset due to its robustness, flexibility, and higher predictive accuracy. Its ability to handle complex interactions among categorical predictors makes it particularly well-suited for the Agaricus–Lepiota dataset.
Comparative Summary Model Strengths Limitations Naive Bayes Simple, fast, strong baseline performance Independence assumption, sensitive to single-level predictors Random Forest Highest accuracy, robust, captures interactions Less interpretable, higher computational cost Final Conclusion
While both models performed well, the Random Forest classifier consistently outperformed Naive Bayes in terms of accuracy and robustness. Therefore, Random Forest is the preferred modeling approach for predicting mushroom edibility in this analysis.