<Data Dive : Week-2>
Data Dive
Week 2
Load required packages
library(readr)
library(tidyverse)## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
## ✔ dplyr 1.1.4 ✔ purrr 1.0.4
## ✔ forcats 1.0.0 ✔ stringr 1.5.1
## ✔ ggplot2 3.5.2 ✔ tibble 3.2.1
## ✔ lubridate 1.9.4 ✔ tidyr 1.3.1
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errorsLoad the World Bank Dataset
#fill '..' values in numerical columns with NA.
world_bank <- read_csv("C:/Users/SP KHALID/Downloads/WDI- World Bank Dataset.csv" , na = c('..')) ## Rows: 1675 Columns: 19
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Delimiter: ","
## chr (5): Time Code, Country Name, Country Code, Region, Income Group
## dbl (14): Time, GDP (constant 2015 US$), GDP growth (annual %), GDP (current...
##
## ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.world_bank## # A tibble: 1,675 × 19
## Time `Time Code` `Country Name` `Country Code` Region `Income Group`
## <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
## 1 2000 YR2000 Brazil BRA Latin America… Upper middle …
## 2 2000 YR2000 China CHN East Asia & P… Upper middle …
## 3 2000 YR2000 France FRA Europe & Cent… High income
## 4 2000 YR2000 Germany DEU Europe & Cent… High income
## 5 2000 YR2000 India IND South Asia Lower middle …
## 6 2000 YR2000 Indonesia IDN East Asia & P… Upper middle …
## 7 2000 YR2000 Italy ITA Europe & Cent… High income
## 8 2000 YR2000 Japan JPN East Asia & P… High income
## 9 2000 YR2000 Korea, Rep. KOR East Asia & P… High income
## 10 2000 YR2000 Mexico MEX Latin America… Upper middle …
## # ℹ 1,665 more rows
## # ℹ 13 more variables: `GDP (constant 2015 US$)` <dbl>,
## # `GDP growth (annual %)` <dbl>, `GDP (current US$)` <dbl>,
## # `Unemployment, total (% of total labor force)` <dbl>,
## # `Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)` <dbl>, `Labor force, total` <dbl>,
## # `Population, total` <dbl>,
## # `Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)` <dbl>, …dim(world_bank)## [1] 1675 19# Check column data types
glimpse(world_bank)## Rows: 1,675
## Columns: 19
## $ Time <dbl> 2000, 20…
## $ `Time Code` <chr> "YR2000"…
## $ `Country Name` <chr> "Brazil"…
## $ `Country Code` <chr> "BRA", "…
## $ Region <chr> "Latin A…
## $ `Income Group` <chr> "Upper m…
## $ `GDP (constant 2015 US$)` <dbl> 1.18642e…
## $ `GDP growth (annual %)` <dbl> 4.387949…
## $ `GDP (current US$)` <dbl> 6.554482…
## $ `Unemployment, total (% of total labor force)` <dbl> NA, 3.70…
## $ `Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)` <dbl> 7.044141…
## $ `Labor force, total` <dbl> 80295093…
## $ `Population, total` <dbl> 17401828…
## $ `Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)` <dbl> 10.18805…
## $ `Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)` <dbl> 12.45171…
## $ `General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)` <dbl> 18.76784…
## $ `Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)` <dbl> 5.033917…
## $ `Gross savings (% of GDP)` <dbl> 13.99170…
## $ `Current account balance (% of GDP)` <dbl> -4.04774…# Convert Time column to integer
world_bank$Time <- as.integer(world_bank$Time)# Verify Datatypes
glimpse(world_bank)## Rows: 1,675
## Columns: 19
## $ Time <int> 2000, 20…
## $ `Time Code` <chr> "YR2000"…
## $ `Country Name` <chr> "Brazil"…
## $ `Country Code` <chr> "BRA", "…
## $ Region <chr> "Latin A…
## $ `Income Group` <chr> "Upper m…
## $ `GDP (constant 2015 US$)` <dbl> 1.18642e…
## $ `GDP growth (annual %)` <dbl> 4.387949…
## $ `GDP (current US$)` <dbl> 6.554482…
## $ `Unemployment, total (% of total labor force)` <dbl> NA, 3.70…
## $ `Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)` <dbl> 7.044141…
## $ `Labor force, total` <dbl> 80295093…
## $ `Population, total` <dbl> 17401828…
## $ `Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)` <dbl> 10.18805…
## $ `Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)` <dbl> 12.45171…
## $ `General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)` <dbl> 18.76784…
## $ `Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)` <dbl> 5.033917…
## $ `Gross savings (% of GDP)` <dbl> 13.99170…
## $ `Current account balance (% of GDP)` <dbl> -4.04774…Summary of all numerical columns
world_bank |>
select(where(is.numeric)) |>
summary()## Time GDP (constant 2015 US$) GDP growth (annual %)
## Min. :2000 Min. :1.649e+09 Min. :-30.145
## 1st Qu.:2006 1st Qu.:3.376e+10 1st Qu.: 1.888
## Median :2012 Median :2.160e+11 Median : 3.950
## Mean :2012 Mean :9.444e+11 Mean : 3.899
## 3rd Qu.:2018 3rd Qu.:7.585e+11 3rd Qu.: 6.050
## Max. :2024 Max. :2.257e+13 Max. : 34.466
## NA's :1 NA's :2
## GDP (current US$) Unemployment, total (% of total labor force)
## Min. :6.359e+08 Min. : 0.200
## 1st Qu.:2.468e+10 1st Qu.: 3.741
## Median :1.915e+11 Median : 5.600
## Mean :9.409e+11 Mean : 6.826
## 3rd Qu.:7.091e+11 3rd Qu.: 8.711
## Max. :2.875e+13 Max. :34.007
## NA's :1 NA's :414
## Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) Labor force, total Population, total
## Min. : -8.975 Min. : 1277880 Min. :2.402e+06
## 1st Qu.: 1.851 1st Qu.: 4932834 1st Qu.:1.109e+07
## Median : 3.826 Median : 11764216 Median :2.930e+07
## Mean : 6.367 Mean : 41128373 Mean :8.904e+07
## 3rd Qu.: 7.849 3rd Qu.: 30480443 3rd Qu.:7.070e+07
## Max. :219.884 Max. :781187865 Max. :1.451e+09
## NA's :61
## Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
## Min. : 3.401
## 1st Qu.: 18.479
## Median : 27.923
## Mean : 33.755
## 3rd Qu.: 39.495
## Max. :228.994
## NA's :82
## Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
## Min. : 9.099
## 1st Qu.: 23.173
## Median : 29.879
## Mean : 35.846
## 3rd Qu.: 39.961
## Max. :208.333
## NA's :82
## General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)
## Min. : 4.766
## 1st Qu.:11.162
## Median :14.756
## Mean :14.919
## 3rd Qu.:18.543
## Max. :28.915
## NA's :100
## Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) Gross savings (% of GDP)
## Min. :-32.151 Min. :-9.492
## 1st Qu.: 1.014 1st Qu.:17.092
## Median : 2.348 Median :22.641
## Mean : 3.831 Mean :23.644
## 3rd Qu.: 4.051 3rd Qu.:29.646
## Max. :103.337 Max. :52.752
## NA's :1 NA's :192
## Current account balance (% of GDP)
## Min. :-59.996
## 1st Qu.: -4.557
## Median : -1.595
## Mean : -1.336
## 3rd Qu.: 2.151
## Max. : 33.679
## NA's :126Summary of categorical columns
library(dplyr)
world_bank |>
summarise(
across(
where(~ is.character(.) | is.factor(.)),
~ n_distinct(.)
)
)## # A tibble: 1 × 5
## `Time Code` `Country Name` `Country Code` Region `Income Group`
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int>
## 1 25 67 67 7 4Number of Countries in each Income Group
income_group_summary <- world_bank |>
group_by(`Country Code`) |>
slice_max(Time, n = 1, with_ties = FALSE) |>
ungroup() |>
count(`Income Group`, name = "No of Countries")
income_group_summary## # A tibble: 4 × 2
## `Income Group` `No of Countries`
## <chr> <int>
## 1 High income 24
## 2 Low income 12
## 3 Lower middle income 15
## 4 Upper middle income 16Number of Countries in each Region
region_summary <- world_bank |>
group_by(`Country Code`) |>
slice_max(Time, n = 1, with_ties = FALSE) |>
ungroup() |>
count(Region, name = "No of Countries")
region_summary## # A tibble: 7 × 2
## Region `No of Countries`
## <chr> <int>
## 1 East Asia & Pacific 11
## 2 Europe & Central Asia 18
## 3 Latin America & Caribbean 9
## 4 Middle East & North Africa 8
## 5 North America 2
## 6 South Asia 4
## 7 Sub-Saharan Africa 15Questions
Q1.Which 5 countries have the largest population, and what are their average GDP (constant 2015) and GDP growth?
Larger economies like US and China have shown considerably shown higher GDP constant values over the years due to greater capital, technology, and productivity advantages.
q1 <- world_bank |>
group_by(`Country Name`) |>
summarise(
Avg_GDP_Constant_2015_Trillion_USD = mean(`GDP (constant 2015 US$)`, na.rm = TRUE)/1e12,
Avg_GDP_Growth = mean(`GDP growth (annual %)`, na.rm = TRUE),
Avg_Population = mean(`Population, total`, na.rm = TRUE)
) |>
arrange(desc(Avg_Population)) |>
slice_head(n = 5) |>
select(`Country Name`, Avg_Population, Avg_GDP_Constant_2015_Trillion_USD, Avg_GDP_Growth)
q1## # A tibble: 5 × 4
## `Country Name` Avg_Population Avg_GDP_Constant_2015_Trillion_…¹ Avg_GDP_Growth
## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 China 1351585200 9.59 8.19
## 2 India 1270238266. 1.86 6.26
## 3 United States 312853941. 17.5 2.21
## 4 Indonesia 251600086. 0.762 4.89
## 5 Pakistan 204426074. 0.280 3.97
## # ℹ abbreviated name: ¹​Avg_GDP_Constant_2015_Trillion_USDThe five most populated countries tend to have very large GDP constants, which is expected because larger populations contribute to higher total output. However, their average GDP growth rates are not necessarily the highest. This suggests that while population size drives total economic scale, growth rates depend more on structural factors such as technological advancement, capital investment, and economic maturity.
Q2 How has the United States’ GDP (current US$) changed over time?
For instance, if we look the timely data for US, we can see direct proptionality between GDP constant and year.
q2 <- world_bank |>
filter(`Country Code` == "USA") |>
group_by(Time) |>
summarise(
Avg_GDP_Trillion_USD = mean(`GDP (current US$)`,na.rm = TRUE)/1e12,
.groups = "drop") |>
arrange(Time)
q2## # A tibble: 25 × 2
## Time Avg_GDP_Trillion_USD
## <int> <dbl>
## 1 2000 10.3
## 2 2001 10.6
## 3 2002 10.9
## 4 2003 11.5
## 5 2004 12.2
## 6 2005 13.0
## 7 2006 13.8
## 8 2007 14.5
## 9 2008 14.8
## 10 2009 14.5
## # ℹ 15 more rowsThe United States’ GDP (current US$) shows a strong upward trend over time, reflecting long-term economic expansion. However, short-term fluctuations in GDP growth rates indicate the presence of business cycles, including recessions and recovery periods.
Q3 What is the average exports of goods and services (% of GDP) for different income groups?
q3 <- world_bank |>
group_by(`Income Group`) |>
summarise(Avg_Exports_Percent_GDP = mean(`Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)`, na.rm = TRUE))
q3## # A tibble: 4 × 2
## `Income Group` Avg_Exports_Percent_GDP
## <chr> <dbl>
## 1 High income 44.4
## 2 Low income 19.1
## 3 Lower middle income 24.6
## 4 Upper middle income 34.5High income countries considerably showed high average percentage for export of goods in terms of GDP.The point to note is comparable values for upper-middle income and lower middle income countries like singapore, china and vietnam, showing potential in manufacturing sectors and export-driven industries.
Visualization
Scatter plot : Average GDP constant vs Average annual GDP growth %
# Prepare data for scatter plot- mean of columns
scatter_data <- world_bank |>
group_by(`Country Name`, `Income Group`) |>
summarise(
Avg_GDP_Growth = mean(`GDP growth (annual %)`,na.rm = TRUE),
GDP_Constant_2015 = mean(`GDP (constant 2015 US$)`,na.rm = TRUE),
Population = mean(`Population, total`, na.rm = TRUE),
.groups = 'drop')ggplot(scatter_data, aes(x = Avg_GDP_Growth, y = GDP_Constant_2015, color = `Income Group`, size = Population)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.6) +
labs(
title = "GDP Level vs Average GDP Growth",
x = "Average GDP Growth (Annual %)",
y = "GDP (Constant 2015 US$)",
size = "Population",
color = "Income Group"
) +
theme_minimal()
This scatterplot compares countries’ total GDP (constant 2015 US$) with their average annual GDP growth, colored by income group and sized by population. The United States and other high income group countries dominate global GDP but exhibit relatively modest growth rates, while many smaller economies grow faster. This illustrates how economic size and development level influence growth potential.
Line Plot : Average annual GDP growth % for US over the years
However, even with higher GDP constant values, the average annual GDP growth has fluctuated for US over the years due to business cycles, shifts in consumer demand, and changes in monetary and fiscal policy.
# Prepare US time series data
us_gdp_growth <- world_bank |>
filter(`Country Code` == "USA") |>
select(Time,`GDP growth (annual %)`) |>
arrange(Time)ggplot(us_gdp_growth, aes(x = Time,y = `GDP growth (annual %)`)) +
geom_line(linewidth = 1) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.7) +
labs(
title = "United States: GDP Growth Rate Over Time",
x = "Year",
y = "GDP Growth (Annual %)"
) +
theme_minimal()
The line plot illustrates cyclical fluctuations in U.S. GDP growth over time. Periods of sharp decline likely correspond to economic recessions, while recovery phases show positive rebounds. This visualization highlights how average GDP growth is volatile but influenced by business cycles and macroeconomic conditions.
Bar Chart : Export of Goods and services for different income groups in 2024
# Prepare export data
exports_2024 <- world_bank |>
filter(Time == 2024) |>
group_by(`Income Group`) |>
summarise(
Avg_Exports_Percent_GDP = mean(`Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)`, na.rm = TRUE))ggplot(exports_2024, aes(x = `Income Group`,y = Avg_Exports_Percent_GDP,fill = `Income Group`)) +
geom_col(alpha = 0.8) +
labs(
title = "Exports of Goods and Services by Income Group (2024)",
x = "Income Group",
y = "Average Exports (% of GDP)"
) +
theme_minimal()
The bar chart shows variation in export dependence across income groups. High and middle income countries appear to have relatively high export shares, indicating reliance on global trade. This suggests that integration into international markets plays a significant role in their economic development strategies.