Ellis - Week 1 HW
Ingrid Ellis
2026-01-09
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Exercises 1.2.5
Question 1
###```{r} install.packages(“tidyverse”) library(tidyverse) library(haven) library(ggplot2)
install.packages(“palmerpenguins”) library(palmerpenguins)
print(head(penguins)) head(penguins)
``` r
print(penguins)## species island bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass sex year
## 1 Adelie Torgersen 39.1 18.7 181 3750 male 2007
## 2 Adelie Torgersen 39.5 17.4 186 3800 female 2007
## 3 Adelie Torgersen 40.3 18.0 195 3250 female 2007
## 4 Adelie Torgersen NA NA NA NA <NA> 2007
## 5 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 19.3 193 3450 female 2007
## 6 Adelie Torgersen 39.3 20.6 190 3650 male 2007
## 7 Adelie Torgersen 38.9 17.8 181 3625 female 2007
## 8 Adelie Torgersen 39.2 19.6 195 4675 male 2007
## 9 Adelie Torgersen 34.1 18.1 193 3475 <NA> 2007
## 10 Adelie Torgersen 42.0 20.2 190 4250 <NA> 2007
## 11 Adelie Torgersen 37.8 17.1 186 3300 <NA> 2007
## 12 Adelie Torgersen 37.8 17.3 180 3700 <NA> 2007
## 13 Adelie Torgersen 41.1 17.6 182 3200 female 2007
## 14 Adelie Torgersen 38.6 21.2 191 3800 male 2007
## 15 Adelie Torgersen 34.6 21.1 198 4400 male 2007
## 16 Adelie Torgersen 36.6 17.8 185 3700 female 2007
## 17 Adelie Torgersen 38.7 19.0 195 3450 female 2007
## 18 Adelie Torgersen 42.5 20.7 197 4500 male 2007
## 19 Adelie Torgersen 34.4 18.4 184 3325 female 2007
## 20 Adelie Torgersen 46.0 21.5 194 4200 male 2007
## 21 Adelie Biscoe 37.8 18.3 174 3400 female 2007
## 22 Adelie Biscoe 37.7 18.7 180 3600 male 2007
## 23 Adelie Biscoe 35.9 19.2 189 3800 female 2007
## 24 Adelie Biscoe 38.2 18.1 185 3950 male 2007
## 25 Adelie Biscoe 38.8 17.2 180 3800 male 2007
## 26 Adelie Biscoe 35.3 18.9 187 3800 female 2007
## 27 Adelie Biscoe 40.6 18.6 183 3550 male 2007
## 28 Adelie Biscoe 40.5 17.9 187 3200 female 2007
## 29 Adelie Biscoe 37.9 18.6 172 3150 female 2007
## 30 Adelie Biscoe 40.5 18.9 180 3950 male 2007
## 31 Adelie Dream 39.5 16.7 178 3250 female 2007
## 32 Adelie Dream 37.2 18.1 178 3900 male 2007
## 33 Adelie Dream 39.5 17.8 188 3300 female 2007
## 34 Adelie Dream 40.9 18.9 184 3900 male 2007
## 35 Adelie Dream 36.4 17.0 195 3325 female 2007
## 36 Adelie Dream 39.2 21.1 196 4150 male 2007
## 37 Adelie Dream 38.8 20.0 190 3950 male 2007
## 38 Adelie Dream 42.2 18.5 180 3550 female 2007
## 39 Adelie Dream 37.6 19.3 181 3300 female 2007
## 40 Adelie Dream 39.8 19.1 184 4650 male 2007
## 41 Adelie Dream 36.5 18.0 182 3150 female 2007
## 42 Adelie Dream 40.8 18.4 195 3900 male 2007
## 43 Adelie Dream 36.0 18.5 186 3100 female 2007
## 44 Adelie Dream 44.1 19.7 196 4400 male 2007
## 45 Adelie Dream 37.0 16.9 185 3000 female 2007
## 46 Adelie Dream 39.6 18.8 190 4600 male 2007
## 47 Adelie Dream 41.1 19.0 182 3425 male 2007
## 48 Adelie Dream 37.5 18.9 179 2975 <NA> 2007
## 49 Adelie Dream 36.0 17.9 190 3450 female 2007
## 50 Adelie Dream 42.3 21.2 191 4150 male 2007
## 51 Adelie Biscoe 39.6 17.7 186 3500 female 2008
## 52 Adelie Biscoe 40.1 18.9 188 4300 male 2008
## 53 Adelie Biscoe 35.0 17.9 190 3450 female 2008
## 54 Adelie Biscoe 42.0 19.5 200 4050 male 2008
## 55 Adelie Biscoe 34.5 18.1 187 2900 female 2008
## 56 Adelie Biscoe 41.4 18.6 191 3700 male 2008
## 57 Adelie Biscoe 39.0 17.5 186 3550 female 2008
## 58 Adelie Biscoe 40.6 18.8 193 3800 male 2008
## 59 Adelie Biscoe 36.5 16.6 181 2850 female 2008
## 60 Adelie Biscoe 37.6 19.1 194 3750 male 2008
## 61 Adelie Biscoe 35.7 16.9 185 3150 female 2008
## 62 Adelie Biscoe 41.3 21.1 195 4400 male 2008
## 63 Adelie Biscoe 37.6 17.0 185 3600 female 2008
## 64 Adelie Biscoe 41.1 18.2 192 4050 male 2008
## 65 Adelie Biscoe 36.4 17.1 184 2850 female 2008
## 66 Adelie Biscoe 41.6 18.0 192 3950 male 2008
## 67 Adelie Biscoe 35.5 16.2 195 3350 female 2008
## 68 Adelie Biscoe 41.1 19.1 188 4100 male 2008
## 69 Adelie Torgersen 35.9 16.6 190 3050 female 2008
## 70 Adelie Torgersen 41.8 19.4 198 4450 male 2008
## 71 Adelie Torgersen 33.5 19.0 190 3600 female 2008
## 72 Adelie Torgersen 39.7 18.4 190 3900 male 2008
## 73 Adelie Torgersen 39.6 17.2 196 3550 female 2008
## 74 Adelie Torgersen 45.8 18.9 197 4150 male 2008
## 75 Adelie Torgersen 35.5 17.5 190 3700 female 2008
## 76 Adelie Torgersen 42.8 18.5 195 4250 male 2008
## 77 Adelie Torgersen 40.9 16.8 191 3700 female 2008
## 78 Adelie Torgersen 37.2 19.4 184 3900 male 2008
## 79 Adelie Torgersen 36.2 16.1 187 3550 female 2008
## 80 Adelie Torgersen 42.1 19.1 195 4000 male 2008
## 81 Adelie Torgersen 34.6 17.2 189 3200 female 2008
## 82 Adelie Torgersen 42.9 17.6 196 4700 male 2008
## 83 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 18.8 187 3800 female 2008
## 84 Adelie Torgersen 35.1 19.4 193 4200 male 2008
## 85 Adelie Dream 37.3 17.8 191 3350 female 2008
## 86 Adelie Dream 41.3 20.3 194 3550 male 2008
## 87 Adelie Dream 36.3 19.5 190 3800 male 2008
## 88 Adelie Dream 36.9 18.6 189 3500 female 2008
## 89 Adelie Dream 38.3 19.2 189 3950 male 2008
## 90 Adelie Dream 38.9 18.8 190 3600 female 2008
## 91 Adelie Dream 35.7 18.0 202 3550 female 2008
## 92 Adelie Dream 41.1 18.1 205 4300 male 2008
## 93 Adelie Dream 34.0 17.1 185 3400 female 2008
## 94 Adelie Dream 39.6 18.1 186 4450 male 2008
## 95 Adelie Dream 36.2 17.3 187 3300 female 2008
## 96 Adelie Dream 40.8 18.9 208 4300 male 2008
## 97 Adelie Dream 38.1 18.6 190 3700 female 2008
## 98 Adelie Dream 40.3 18.5 196 4350 male 2008
## 99 Adelie Dream 33.1 16.1 178 2900 female 2008
## 100 Adelie Dream 43.2 18.5 192 4100 male 2008
## 101 Adelie Biscoe 35.0 17.9 192 3725 female 2009
## 102 Adelie Biscoe 41.0 20.0 203 4725 male 2009
## 103 Adelie Biscoe 37.7 16.0 183 3075 female 2009
## 104 Adelie Biscoe 37.8 20.0 190 4250 male 2009
## 105 Adelie Biscoe 37.9 18.6 193 2925 female 2009
## 106 Adelie Biscoe 39.7 18.9 184 3550 male 2009
## 107 Adelie Biscoe 38.6 17.2 199 3750 female 2009
## 108 Adelie Biscoe 38.2 20.0 190 3900 male 2009
## 109 Adelie Biscoe 38.1 17.0 181 3175 female 2009
## 110 Adelie Biscoe 43.2 19.0 197 4775 male 2009
## 111 Adelie Biscoe 38.1 16.5 198 3825 female 2009
## 112 Adelie Biscoe 45.6 20.3 191 4600 male 2009
## 113 Adelie Biscoe 39.7 17.7 193 3200 female 2009
## 114 Adelie Biscoe 42.2 19.5 197 4275 male 2009
## 115 Adelie Biscoe 39.6 20.7 191 3900 female 2009
## 116 Adelie Biscoe 42.7 18.3 196 4075 male 2009
## 117 Adelie Torgersen 38.6 17.0 188 2900 female 2009
## 118 Adelie Torgersen 37.3 20.5 199 3775 male 2009
## 119 Adelie Torgersen 35.7 17.0 189 3350 female 2009
## 120 Adelie Torgersen 41.1 18.6 189 3325 male 2009
## 121 Adelie Torgersen 36.2 17.2 187 3150 female 2009
## 122 Adelie Torgersen 37.7 19.8 198 3500 male 2009
## 123 Adelie Torgersen 40.2 17.0 176 3450 female 2009
## 124 Adelie Torgersen 41.4 18.5 202 3875 male 2009
## 125 Adelie Torgersen 35.2 15.9 186 3050 female 2009
## 126 Adelie Torgersen 40.6 19.0 199 4000 male 2009
## 127 Adelie Torgersen 38.8 17.6 191 3275 female 2009
## 128 Adelie Torgersen 41.5 18.3 195 4300 male 2009
## 129 Adelie Torgersen 39.0 17.1 191 3050 female 2009
## 130 Adelie Torgersen 44.1 18.0 210 4000 male 2009
## 131 Adelie Torgersen 38.5 17.9 190 3325 female 2009
## 132 Adelie Torgersen 43.1 19.2 197 3500 male 2009
## 133 Adelie Dream 36.8 18.5 193 3500 female 2009
## 134 Adelie Dream 37.5 18.5 199 4475 male 2009
## 135 Adelie Dream 38.1 17.6 187 3425 female 2009
## 136 Adelie Dream 41.1 17.5 190 3900 male 2009
## 137 Adelie Dream 35.6 17.5 191 3175 female 2009
## 138 Adelie Dream 40.2 20.1 200 3975 male 2009
## 139 Adelie Dream 37.0 16.5 185 3400 female 2009
## 140 Adelie Dream 39.7 17.9 193 4250 male 2009
## 141 Adelie Dream 40.2 17.1 193 3400 female 2009
## 142 Adelie Dream 40.6 17.2 187 3475 male 2009
## 143 Adelie Dream 32.1 15.5 188 3050 female 2009
## 144 Adelie Dream 40.7 17.0 190 3725 male 2009
## 145 Adelie Dream 37.3 16.8 192 3000 female 2009
## 146 Adelie Dream 39.0 18.7 185 3650 male 2009
## 147 Adelie Dream 39.2 18.6 190 4250 male 2009
## 148 Adelie Dream 36.6 18.4 184 3475 female 2009
## 149 Adelie Dream 36.0 17.8 195 3450 female 2009
## 150 Adelie Dream 37.8 18.1 193 3750 male 2009
## 151 Adelie Dream 36.0 17.1 187 3700 female 2009
## 152 Adelie Dream 41.5 18.5 201 4000 male 2009
## 153 Gentoo Biscoe 46.1 13.2 211 4500 female 2007
## 154 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 16.3 230 5700 male 2007
## 155 Gentoo Biscoe 48.7 14.1 210 4450 female 2007
## 156 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 15.2 218 5700 male 2007
## 157 Gentoo Biscoe 47.6 14.5 215 5400 male 2007
## 158 Gentoo Biscoe 46.5 13.5 210 4550 female 2007
## 159 Gentoo Biscoe 45.4 14.6 211 4800 female 2007
## 160 Gentoo Biscoe 46.7 15.3 219 5200 male 2007
## 161 Gentoo Biscoe 43.3 13.4 209 4400 female 2007
## 162 Gentoo Biscoe 46.8 15.4 215 5150 male 2007
## 163 Gentoo Biscoe 40.9 13.7 214 4650 female 2007
## 164 Gentoo Biscoe 49.0 16.1 216 5550 male 2007
## 165 Gentoo Biscoe 45.5 13.7 214 4650 female 2007
## 166 Gentoo Biscoe 48.4 14.6 213 5850 male 2007
## 167 Gentoo Biscoe 45.8 14.6 210 4200 female 2007
## 168 Gentoo Biscoe 49.3 15.7 217 5850 male 2007
## 169 Gentoo Biscoe 42.0 13.5 210 4150 female 2007
## 170 Gentoo Biscoe 49.2 15.2 221 6300 male 2007
## 171 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.5 209 4800 female 2007
## 172 Gentoo Biscoe 48.7 15.1 222 5350 male 2007
## 173 Gentoo Biscoe 50.2 14.3 218 5700 male 2007
## 174 Gentoo Biscoe 45.1 14.5 215 5000 female 2007
## 175 Gentoo Biscoe 46.5 14.5 213 4400 female 2007
## 176 Gentoo Biscoe 46.3 15.8 215 5050 male 2007
## 177 Gentoo Biscoe 42.9 13.1 215 5000 female 2007
## 178 Gentoo Biscoe 46.1 15.1 215 5100 male 2007
## 179 Gentoo Biscoe 44.5 14.3 216 4100 <NA> 2007
## 180 Gentoo Biscoe 47.8 15.0 215 5650 male 2007
## 181 Gentoo Biscoe 48.2 14.3 210 4600 female 2007
## 182 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 15.3 220 5550 male 2007
## 183 Gentoo Biscoe 47.3 15.3 222 5250 male 2007
## 184 Gentoo Biscoe 42.8 14.2 209 4700 female 2007
## 185 Gentoo Biscoe 45.1 14.5 207 5050 female 2007
## 186 Gentoo Biscoe 59.6 17.0 230 6050 male 2007
## 187 Gentoo Biscoe 49.1 14.8 220 5150 female 2008
## 188 Gentoo Biscoe 48.4 16.3 220 5400 male 2008
## 189 Gentoo Biscoe 42.6 13.7 213 4950 female 2008
## 190 Gentoo Biscoe 44.4 17.3 219 5250 male 2008
## 191 Gentoo Biscoe 44.0 13.6 208 4350 female 2008
## 192 Gentoo Biscoe 48.7 15.7 208 5350 male 2008
## 193 Gentoo Biscoe 42.7 13.7 208 3950 female 2008
## 194 Gentoo Biscoe 49.6 16.0 225 5700 male 2008
## 195 Gentoo Biscoe 45.3 13.7 210 4300 female 2008
## 196 Gentoo Biscoe 49.6 15.0 216 4750 male 2008
## 197 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.9 222 5550 male 2008
## 198 Gentoo Biscoe 43.6 13.9 217 4900 female 2008
## 199 Gentoo Biscoe 45.5 13.9 210 4200 female 2008
## 200 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.9 225 5400 male 2008
## 201 Gentoo Biscoe 44.9 13.3 213 5100 female 2008
## 202 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 15.8 215 5300 male 2008
## 203 Gentoo Biscoe 46.6 14.2 210 4850 female 2008
## 204 Gentoo Biscoe 48.5 14.1 220 5300 male 2008
## 205 Gentoo Biscoe 45.1 14.4 210 4400 female 2008
## 206 Gentoo Biscoe 50.1 15.0 225 5000 male 2008
## 207 Gentoo Biscoe 46.5 14.4 217 4900 female 2008
## 208 Gentoo Biscoe 45.0 15.4 220 5050 male 2008
## 209 Gentoo Biscoe 43.8 13.9 208 4300 female 2008
## 210 Gentoo Biscoe 45.5 15.0 220 5000 male 2008
## 211 Gentoo Biscoe 43.2 14.5 208 4450 female 2008
## 212 Gentoo Biscoe 50.4 15.3 224 5550 male 2008
## 213 Gentoo Biscoe 45.3 13.8 208 4200 female 2008
## 214 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.9 221 5300 male 2008
## 215 Gentoo Biscoe 45.7 13.9 214 4400 female 2008
## 216 Gentoo Biscoe 54.3 15.7 231 5650 male 2008
## 217 Gentoo Biscoe 45.8 14.2 219 4700 female 2008
## 218 Gentoo Biscoe 49.8 16.8 230 5700 male 2008
## 219 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.4 214 4650 <NA> 2008
## 220 Gentoo Biscoe 49.5 16.2 229 5800 male 2008
## 221 Gentoo Biscoe 43.5 14.2 220 4700 female 2008
## 222 Gentoo Biscoe 50.7 15.0 223 5550 male 2008
## 223 Gentoo Biscoe 47.7 15.0 216 4750 female 2008
## 224 Gentoo Biscoe 46.4 15.6 221 5000 male 2008
## 225 Gentoo Biscoe 48.2 15.6 221 5100 male 2008
## 226 Gentoo Biscoe 46.5 14.8 217 5200 female 2008
## 227 Gentoo Biscoe 46.4 15.0 216 4700 female 2008
## 228 Gentoo Biscoe 48.6 16.0 230 5800 male 2008
## 229 Gentoo Biscoe 47.5 14.2 209 4600 female 2008
## 230 Gentoo Biscoe 51.1 16.3 220 6000 male 2008
## 231 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 13.8 215 4750 female 2008
## 232 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 16.4 223 5950 male 2008
## 233 Gentoo Biscoe 49.1 14.5 212 4625 female 2009
## 234 Gentoo Biscoe 52.5 15.6 221 5450 male 2009
## 235 Gentoo Biscoe 47.4 14.6 212 4725 female 2009
## 236 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 15.9 224 5350 male 2009
## 237 Gentoo Biscoe 44.9 13.8 212 4750 female 2009
## 238 Gentoo Biscoe 50.8 17.3 228 5600 male 2009
## 239 Gentoo Biscoe 43.4 14.4 218 4600 female 2009
## 240 Gentoo Biscoe 51.3 14.2 218 5300 male 2009
## 241 Gentoo Biscoe 47.5 14.0 212 4875 female 2009
## 242 Gentoo Biscoe 52.1 17.0 230 5550 male 2009
## 243 Gentoo Biscoe 47.5 15.0 218 4950 female 2009
## 244 Gentoo Biscoe 52.2 17.1 228 5400 male 2009
## 245 Gentoo Biscoe 45.5 14.5 212 4750 female 2009
## 246 Gentoo Biscoe 49.5 16.1 224 5650 male 2009
## 247 Gentoo Biscoe 44.5 14.7 214 4850 female 2009
## 248 Gentoo Biscoe 50.8 15.7 226 5200 male 2009
## 249 Gentoo Biscoe 49.4 15.8 216 4925 male 2009
## 250 Gentoo Biscoe 46.9 14.6 222 4875 female 2009
## 251 Gentoo Biscoe 48.4 14.4 203 4625 female 2009
## 252 Gentoo Biscoe 51.1 16.5 225 5250 male 2009
## 253 Gentoo Biscoe 48.5 15.0 219 4850 female 2009
## 254 Gentoo Biscoe 55.9 17.0 228 5600 male 2009
## 255 Gentoo Biscoe 47.2 15.5 215 4975 female 2009
## 256 Gentoo Biscoe 49.1 15.0 228 5500 male 2009
## 257 Gentoo Biscoe 47.3 13.8 216 4725 <NA> 2009
## 258 Gentoo Biscoe 46.8 16.1 215 5500 male 2009
## 259 Gentoo Biscoe 41.7 14.7 210 4700 female 2009
## 260 Gentoo Biscoe 53.4 15.8 219 5500 male 2009
## 261 Gentoo Biscoe 43.3 14.0 208 4575 female 2009
## 262 Gentoo Biscoe 48.1 15.1 209 5500 male 2009
## 263 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.2 216 5000 female 2009
## 264 Gentoo Biscoe 49.8 15.9 229 5950 male 2009
## 265 Gentoo Biscoe 43.5 15.2 213 4650 female 2009
## 266 Gentoo Biscoe 51.5 16.3 230 5500 male 2009
## 267 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.1 217 4375 female 2009
## 268 Gentoo Biscoe 55.1 16.0 230 5850 male 2009
## 269 Gentoo Biscoe 44.5 15.7 217 4875 <NA> 2009
## 270 Gentoo Biscoe 48.8 16.2 222 6000 male 2009
## 271 Gentoo Biscoe 47.2 13.7 214 4925 female 2009
## 272 Gentoo Biscoe NA NA NA NA <NA> 2009
## 273 Gentoo Biscoe 46.8 14.3 215 4850 female 2009
## 274 Gentoo Biscoe 50.4 15.7 222 5750 male 2009
## 275 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 14.8 212 5200 female 2009
## 276 Gentoo Biscoe 49.9 16.1 213 5400 male 2009
## 277 Chinstrap Dream 46.5 17.9 192 3500 female 2007
## 278 Chinstrap Dream 50.0 19.5 196 3900 male 2007
## 279 Chinstrap Dream 51.3 19.2 193 3650 male 2007
## 280 Chinstrap Dream 45.4 18.7 188 3525 female 2007
## 281 Chinstrap Dream 52.7 19.8 197 3725 male 2007
## 282 Chinstrap Dream 45.2 17.8 198 3950 female 2007
## 283 Chinstrap Dream 46.1 18.2 178 3250 female 2007
## 284 Chinstrap Dream 51.3 18.2 197 3750 male 2007
## 285 Chinstrap Dream 46.0 18.9 195 4150 female 2007
## 286 Chinstrap Dream 51.3 19.9 198 3700 male 2007
## 287 Chinstrap Dream 46.6 17.8 193 3800 female 2007
## 288 Chinstrap Dream 51.7 20.3 194 3775 male 2007
## 289 Chinstrap Dream 47.0 17.3 185 3700 female 2007
## 290 Chinstrap Dream 52.0 18.1 201 4050 male 2007
## 291 Chinstrap Dream 45.9 17.1 190 3575 female 2007
## 292 Chinstrap Dream 50.5 19.6 201 4050 male 2007
## 293 Chinstrap Dream 50.3 20.0 197 3300 male 2007
## 294 Chinstrap Dream 58.0 17.8 181 3700 female 2007
## 295 Chinstrap Dream 46.4 18.6 190 3450 female 2007
## 296 Chinstrap Dream 49.2 18.2 195 4400 male 2007
## 297 Chinstrap Dream 42.4 17.3 181 3600 female 2007
## 298 Chinstrap Dream 48.5 17.5 191 3400 male 2007
## 299 Chinstrap Dream 43.2 16.6 187 2900 female 2007
## 300 Chinstrap Dream 50.6 19.4 193 3800 male 2007
## 301 Chinstrap Dream 46.7 17.9 195 3300 female 2007
## 302 Chinstrap Dream 52.0 19.0 197 4150 male 2007
## 303 Chinstrap Dream 50.5 18.4 200 3400 female 2008
## 304 Chinstrap Dream 49.5 19.0 200 3800 male 2008
## 305 Chinstrap Dream 46.4 17.8 191 3700 female 2008
## 306 Chinstrap Dream 52.8 20.0 205 4550 male 2008
## 307 Chinstrap Dream 40.9 16.6 187 3200 female 2008
## 308 Chinstrap Dream 54.2 20.8 201 4300 male 2008
## 309 Chinstrap Dream 42.5 16.7 187 3350 female 2008
## 310 Chinstrap Dream 51.0 18.8 203 4100 male 2008
## 311 Chinstrap Dream 49.7 18.6 195 3600 male 2008
## 312 Chinstrap Dream 47.5 16.8 199 3900 female 2008
## 313 Chinstrap Dream 47.6 18.3 195 3850 female 2008
## 314 Chinstrap Dream 52.0 20.7 210 4800 male 2008
## 315 Chinstrap Dream 46.9 16.6 192 2700 female 2008
## 316 Chinstrap Dream 53.5 19.9 205 4500 male 2008
## 317 Chinstrap Dream 49.0 19.5 210 3950 male 2008
## 318 Chinstrap Dream 46.2 17.5 187 3650 female 2008
## 319 Chinstrap Dream 50.9 19.1 196 3550 male 2008
## 320 Chinstrap Dream 45.5 17.0 196 3500 female 2008
## 321 Chinstrap Dream 50.9 17.9 196 3675 female 2009
## 322 Chinstrap Dream 50.8 18.5 201 4450 male 2009
## 323 Chinstrap Dream 50.1 17.9 190 3400 female 2009
## 324 Chinstrap Dream 49.0 19.6 212 4300 male 2009
## 325 Chinstrap Dream 51.5 18.7 187 3250 male 2009
## 326 Chinstrap Dream 49.8 17.3 198 3675 female 2009
## 327 Chinstrap Dream 48.1 16.4 199 3325 female 2009
## 328 Chinstrap Dream 51.4 19.0 201 3950 male 2009
## 329 Chinstrap Dream 45.7 17.3 193 3600 female 2009
## 330 Chinstrap Dream 50.7 19.7 203 4050 male 2009
## 331 Chinstrap Dream 42.5 17.3 187 3350 female 2009
## 332 Chinstrap Dream 52.2 18.8 197 3450 male 2009
## 333 Chinstrap Dream 45.2 16.6 191 3250 female 2009
## 334 Chinstrap Dream 49.3 19.9 203 4050 male 2009
## 335 Chinstrap Dream 50.2 18.8 202 3800 male 2009
## 336 Chinstrap Dream 45.6 19.4 194 3525 female 2009
## 337 Chinstrap Dream 51.9 19.5 206 3950 male 2009
## 338 Chinstrap Dream 46.8 16.5 189 3650 female 2009
## 339 Chinstrap Dream 45.7 17.0 195 3650 female 2009
## 340 Chinstrap Dream 55.8 19.8 207 4000 male 2009
## 341 Chinstrap Dream 43.5 18.1 202 3400 female 2009
## 342 Chinstrap Dream 49.6 18.2 193 3775 male 2009
## 343 Chinstrap Dream 50.8 19.0 210 4100 male 2009
## 344 Chinstrap Dream 50.2 18.7 198 3775 female 2009344 rows, 8 columns
Question 2
?penguinsnumeric, bill depth (millimeters)
Question 3
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = bill_dep, y = bill_len)
) +
geom_point()## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
Question 4
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = species, y = bill_dep)
) +
geom_point()## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
A better choice here may be a scatter plot that plots all the different species lengths and depths and differentiates them by color. Another choice could be to use bar charts to show the average bill depth within each species.
Question 5
###{r} ggplot(data = penguins) + geom_point()
There is an error here because the variables ‘x’ and ‘y’ were not defined so R does not know what to graph within the Penguins dataset.
Question 6
?geom_pointna.rm is the default and it removes missing values while also giving a warning. If set to TRUE, it will remove the missing values silently meaning no warning is given.
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = species, y = bill_dep)
) +
geom_point(
na.rm = TRUE
)
Question 7
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = species, y = bill_dep)
) +
geom_point(
na.rm = TRUE
) +
labs(caption="Data come from the palmerpenguins package.")
?ggplot()Question 8
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = flipper_len, y = body_mass)
) +
geom_point(
na.rm=TRUE,
aes(color=bill_dep)
) +
geom_smooth()## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).
scale_color_continuous()## <ScaleContinuous>
## Range:
## Limits: 0 -- 1Question 9
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = flipper_len, y = body_mass, color = island)
) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(se = FALSE)## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
Question 10
The graphs will be the same because in the first one the mapping is applied to the rest of the code. In the second plot, it is just manually written out to apply the data to each of the qualifiers.
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = flipper_len, y = body_mass)
) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth()## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
ggplot() +
geom_point(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = flipper_len, y = body_mass)
) +
geom_smooth(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = flipper_len, y = body_mass)
)## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range (`stat_smooth()`).
## Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
| Exercises 1.4.3 |
| Question 1 |
r ggplot(penguins, aes(y = species)) + geom_bar() |
 |
| This plot is different because it is horizontal bars (coming from the y-axis) instead of vertical bars (coming from the x-axis). |
| Question 2 |
r ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species)) + geom_bar(color = "red") |
 |
r ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species)) + geom_bar(fill = "red") |
 |
| The more useful command is the fill command because it colors the entire bar rather just outlining it. |
| Question 3 |
r ?geom_histogram |
| bins -> Number of bins. Overridden by bin width. Defaults to 30. |
| Question 4 |
r ggplot(diamonds, aes(x = carat)) + geom_histogram(bins=10) |
 |
r ggplot(diamonds, aes(x = carat)) + geom_histogram(bins=5) |
 |
r ggplot(diamonds, aes(x = carat)) + geom_histogram(bins=20) |
 |
| I think the more bins there are, the clearer the picture of what the distribution is. Of the options I ran, I think 20 bins was the best. |
Exercises 1.5.5
Question 1
?mpgCategorical: Manufacturer, Model, Trans, drv, fl, class
Numerical: displ, year, cyl, cty, hwy
Question 2
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = hwy, y = displ)) +
geom_point(aes(color = cyl))
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = hwy, y = displ)) +
geom_point(aes(size = cyl))
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = hwy, y = displ)) +
geom_point(aes(shape = fl))
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = hwy, y = displ)) +
geom_point(aes(color = year, size=cyl))
The different changes present the data in much different ways. Just using color feels like it may be the clearest way to represent differences in the number of cylinders. When there are different sizes, it gets harder to see some of the smaller data points underneath the larger data points.
Question 3
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = hwy, y = displ)) +
geom_point(aes(color = cyl, linewidth=3))## Warning in geom_point(aes(color = cyl, linewidth = 3)): Ignoring unknown
## aesthetics: linewidth
nothing will happen here because linewidth is a set constant and also scatterplots do not have lines.
Question 4
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = hwy, y = displ)) +
geom_point(aes(color = fl, shape=fl))
I think mapping both color and shape to the same variable make it more legible.
Question 5
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = bill_dep, y = bill_len)
) +
geom_point(aes(color=species))## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = bill_dep, y = bill_len)
) +
geom_point(aes(color=species)) +
facet_wrap(~species)## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
When they are on the same graph it is easier to see how they interact with eachother. In the first graph it reveals that the Adelie species has the shortest bill length but often similar bill depth to the chinstrap species. This relationship is harder to decipher on the faceted charts.
Question 6
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(
x = bill_len, y = bill_dep,
color = species, shape = species
)
) +
geom_point() +
labs(color = "Species")## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
the fix
ggplot(
data = penguins,
mapping = aes(
x = bill_len, y = bill_dep,
color = species, shape = species
)
) +
geom_point() +
labs(color = "Species", shape = "Species")## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).
Question 7
ggplot(penguins, aes(x = island, fill = species)) +
geom_bar(position = "fill")
ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species, fill = island)) +
geom_bar(position = "fill")
what question does each of the charts answer 1: what proportion of each island is taken up by each penguin species? 2: what proportion of each species live on each island?
Exercise 1.6.1
Question 1
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = class)) +
geom_bar()
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = cty, y = hwy)) +
geom_point()
ggsave("mpg-plot.png")## Saving 7 x 5 in imageThe save command is saving the most recent chart so the scatterplot not the bar chart.
Question 2
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = class)) +
geom_bar()
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = cty, y = hwy)) +
geom_point()
ggsave("mpg-plot.pdf")## Saving 7 x 5 in imageTo find out what works with ggsave command
?ggsave()