VBN & CCBs in 5 European countries
Isabel Pacheco
2026-01-05
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
library(tidyverse)
library(haven)
library(dplyr)
library(psych)
library(DT)
# library(knitr)
library(openxlsx)
library(expss)
library(psych)
library(likert)
library(careless)
library(corrplot)
library(survey) # analyze survey with weights
library(srvyr)
library(knitr)
library(readr)
library(lavaan)
library(qualtRics)
library(corrplot)
library(sem)
library(semPlot)
library(semPower)
library(lavaan)
library(GPArotation)
library(lme4)
library(ggplot2)
library(tidyr)
library(RColorBrewer)
#set working directory & load data set
setwd("~/Google Drive/My Drive/CircEUlar/WP4/WP4 Survey")
d <- read_sav("Circular Consumption Survey_updated.sav") # create extra columns for open-ended questions, though response labels are preservedAs the data set includes many variables that are not relevant for the current RQ, we will create a new data set with only the relevant variables.
#data set with only columns relevant for the analysis
#dR <- subset(d, select = c(37:40, 149:152, 154:157, 159:162, 258:261, 263:266, 268:271, 295:261, 263:266, 268:271, 295:297, 299:301, 303:306, 308, 309))
dR <- subset(d, select = c("country", "gender", "birthyear", "educ_UK", "educ_NL", "educ_DE", "educ_IT", "educ_LT", "hhincome", "bio_val", "alt_val", "ego_val", "hed_val", "ccb_gov", "ccb_busi", "ccb_cit", "ccb_se", "ccb_oe", "ccb_pn", "ccb_pa", "ccb_ar", "pweight"))Sample descriptives
dR$age <- 2024 - dR$birthyear
#For continuous variables:
# Age - Mean and SD
age_per_country <- dR %>%
group_by(country) %>%
summarise(
mean_age = mean(age, na.rm = TRUE), # Mean age
sd_age = sd(age, na.rm = TRUE) # Standard deviation of age
)
print(age_per_country)## # A tibble: 5 × 3
## country mean_age sd_age
## <dbl+lbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 1 [United Kingdom] 48.3 18.0
## 2 2 [Germany] 51.3 16.3
## 3 3 [Netherlands] 48.9 17.7
## 4 4 [Italy] 50.9 17.5
## 5 5 [Lithuania] 48.0 17.5hist(dR$age,
main="Age of participants",
xlab="Year of birth",
ylab="Amount of people",
col="lightblue",
border="black")
Countries: 1 = United Kingdom 2 = Germany 3 = The Netherlands 4 = Italy 5 = Lithuania
#For categorical variables:
#country
table(dR$country)##
## 1 2 3 4 5
## 1053 1100 1081 1409 1008#gender distribution per country
table(dR$country, dR$gender)##
## 1 2
## 1 519 534
## 2 536 564
## 3 535 546
## 4 694 715
## 5 462 546# education
dR$educ_group_UK <- cut(dR$educ_UK, breaks=c(-1, 2, 4, 8), labels = c("0-2", "3-4", "5-8"))
dR$educ_group_DE <- cut(dR$educ_DE, breaks=c(-1, 3, 5, 8), labels = c("0-3", "4-5", "6-8"))
dR$educ_group_NL <- cut(dR$educ_NL, breaks=c(-1, 2, 4, 8), labels = c("0-2", "3-4", "5-8"))
dR$educ_group_IT <- cut(dR$educ_IT, breaks=c(-1, 2, 4, 8), labels = c("0-2", "3-4", "5-8"))
dR$educ_group_LT <- cut(dR$educ_LT, breaks=c(-1, 2, 4, 8), labels = c("0-2", "3-4", "5-8"))
tab <- data.frame(
UK = as.numeric(prop.table(table(d$educ_group_UK)) * 100),
DE = as.numeric(prop.table(table(d$educ_group_DE)) * 100),
NL = as.numeric(prop.table(table(d$educ_group_NL)) * 100),
IT = as.numeric(prop.table(table(d$educ_group_IT)) * 100),
LT = as.numeric(prop.table(table(d$educ_group_LT)) * 100)
)## Warning: Unknown or uninitialised column: `educ_group_UK`.## Warning: Unknown or uninitialised column: `educ_group_DE`.## Warning: Unknown or uninitialised column: `educ_group_NL`.## Warning: Unknown or uninitialised column: `educ_group_IT`.## Warning: Unknown or uninitialised column: `educ_group_LT`.#rownames(tab) <- c("0-2", "3-4", "5-8")
round(tab, 1)## [1] UK DE NL IT LT
## <0 rows> (or 0-length row.names)tab## [1] UK DE NL IT LT
## <0 rows> (or 0-length row.names)#household income per country
table(dR$country, dR$hhincome)##
## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
## 1 44 83 146 148 118 95 99 44 95 64 117
## 2 16 49 106 122 123 131 111 111 126 108 97
## 3 27 32 73 98 134 157 152 88 148 101 71
## 4 71 96 239 275 211 167 142 70 84 28 26
## 5 149 229 239 155 99 57 27 13 17 7 16gender: 1 male 2 female 3 diverse 99 prefer not to say
Rename model variables (and code so that higher numbers is stronger agreement/engagement)
Descriptives of model variables
describeBy(dR[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind")])## Warning in describeBy(dR[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", : no
## grouping variable requested## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
## bio 1 5651 4.84 1.80 5 5.00 1.48 1 7 6 -0.52 -0.76 0.02
## alt 2 5651 4.90 1.83 5 5.07 1.48 1 7 6 -0.61 -0.74 0.02
## hed 3 5651 4.75 1.82 5 4.88 1.48 1 7 6 -0.46 -0.85 0.02
## ego 4 5651 3.84 1.68 4 3.84 1.48 1 7 6 0.06 -0.73 0.02
## pa 5 5651 4.38 1.76 4 4.46 1.48 1 7 6 -0.29 -0.74 0.02
## ar 6 5651 3.90 1.75 4 3.91 1.48 1 7 6 -0.07 -0.85 0.02
## se 7 5651 3.66 1.71 4 3.64 1.48 1 7 6 0.01 -0.80 0.02
## oe 8 5651 3.69 1.71 4 3.67 1.48 1 7 6 -0.02 -0.78 0.02
## pn 9 5651 3.51 1.75 4 3.45 1.48 1 7 6 0.12 -0.88 0.02
## gov 10 5651 3.09 1.82 3 2.93 2.97 1 7 6 0.39 -0.91 0.02
## busi 11 5651 3.06 1.80 3 2.90 2.97 1 7 6 0.38 -0.90 0.02
## ind 12 5651 3.44 1.79 4 3.36 1.48 1 7 6 0.13 -0.96 0.02summary(dR[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind")])## bio alt hed ego
## Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:3.000
## Median :5.000 Median :5.000 Median :5.000 Median :4.000
## Mean :4.843 Mean :4.902 Mean :4.748 Mean :3.844
## 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:5.000
## Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
## pa ar se oe
## Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:2.000 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :4.000 Median :4.000 Median :4.000 Median :4.000
## Mean :4.377 Mean :3.902 Mean :3.662 Mean :3.692
## 3rd Qu.:6.000 3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:5.000
## Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000
## pn gov busi ind
## Min. :1.000 Min. :1.00 Min. :1.000 Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000 1st Qu.:1.00 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :4.000 Median :3.00 Median :3.000 Median :4.000
## Mean :3.514 Mean :3.09 Mean :3.062 Mean :3.441
## 3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:4.00 3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:5.000
## Max. :7.000 Max. :7.00 Max. :7.000 Max. :7.000std_devs <- sapply(dR[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind")], sd, na.rm = TRUE)
print(std_devs)## bio alt hed ego pa ar se oe
## 1.800941 1.827367 1.815965 1.676475 1.759294 1.754855 1.708616 1.712705
## pn gov busi ind
## 1.751646 1.816225 1.798300 1.788116Histograms of model variables for all countries together
# Biospheric values
hist(dR$bio,
main = "Distribution of Scores",
xlab = "Biospheric values",
ylab = "Frequency",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
# Altruistic values
hist(dR$alt,
main = "Distribution of Scores",
xlab = "Altruistic values",
ylab = "Frequency",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
# Hedonic values
hist(dR$hed,
main = "Distribution of Scores",
xlab = "Hedonic values",
ylab = "Frequency",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
# Egoistic values
hist(dR$ego,
main = "Distribution of Scores",
xlab = "Egoistic values",
ylab = "Frequency",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
# Problem awareness
hist(dR$pa,
main = "Distribution of Scores",
xlab = "Problem awareness",
ylab = "Frequency",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
# Ascription of responsibility
hist(dR$ar,
main = "Distribution of Scores",
xlab = "Ascription of Responsibility",
ylab = "Frequency",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
# Self-efficacy
hist(dR$se,
main = "Distribution of Scores",
xlab = "Self-efficacy",
ylab = "Frequency",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
# Outcome efficacy
hist(dR$oe,
main = "Distribution of Scores",
xlab = "Outcome efficacy",
ylab = "Frequency",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
# Personal norms
hist(dR$pn,
main = "Distribution of Scores",
xlab = "Outcome efficacy",
ylab = "Frequency",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
Figure with overview over all means, sd per variable, per country
dR_reduced <- subset(dR, select = c("country", "bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind"))
# Reshape the data to long format
dR_long <- dR_reduced %>%
pivot_longer(-country, names_to = "variable", values_to = "value")
dR_long## # A tibble: 67,812 × 3
## country variable value
## <dbl+lbl> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 2 [Germany] bio 7
## 2 2 [Germany] alt 6
## 3 2 [Germany] hed 6
## 4 2 [Germany] ego 3
## 5 2 [Germany] pa 6
## 6 2 [Germany] ar 6
## 7 2 [Germany] se 5
## 8 2 [Germany] oe 4
## 9 2 [Germany] pn 5
## 10 2 [Germany] gov 5
## # ℹ 67,802 more rowsdR_long$country <- as.factor(dR_long$country)
dR_long$variable <- as.factor(dR_long$variable)
dR_long <- dR_long %>%
mutate(variable = factor(variable,
levels = c("ind", "busi", "gov", "pn", "oe", "se", "ar", "pa", "ego", "hed", "alt","bio"),
labels = c("CCBs aimed at other individuals", "CCBs aimed at businesses", "CCBs aimed at governments", "Personal norms", "Outcome efficacy", "Self-efficacy", "Ascription of responsibility", "Problem awareness", "Egoistic values", "Hedonic values", "Altruistic values", "Biospheric values")))
variables_m_sd <- ggplot(dR_long) +
aes(x = value, y = variable, colour = country, fill = country) +
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point", size = 3, position = position_dodge(width = 0.5)) + # Mean as points
stat_summary(fun.data = mean_sdl, fun.args = list(mult = 1),
geom = "errorbar", width = 0.2, position = position_dodge(width = 0.5)) + # SD as error bars
scale_colour_manual(values = rev(brewer.pal(n = 5, name = "Dark2"))) +
labs(
x = "means ± SD", # Rename x-axis
y = "variable", # Rename y-axis
colour = "country", # Rename colour legend
fill = "country"
) +
#legend ...
theme_bw()
variables_m_sd 
# Export as PDF
#pdf("Figure variables and M, SD.pdf", width = 8, height = 12)Testing country differences in the extended VBN variables
library(effectsize)##
## Attaching package: 'effectsize'## The following object is masked from 'package:xtable':
##
## display## The following object is masked from 'package:psych':
##
## phiaov_bio <- aov(bio ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_bio)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 1 282 282.28 88.38 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5649 18043 3.19
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1aov_alt <- aov(alt ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_alt)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 1 327 327.4 99.76 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5649 18539 3.3
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1aov_hed <- aov(hed ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_hed)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 1 586 586.3 183.5 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5649 18046 3.2
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1aov_ego <- aov(ego ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_ego)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 1 10 10.151 3.614 0.0574 .
## Residuals 5649 15870 2.809
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1aov_pa <- aov(pa ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_pa)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 1 7 7.275 2.351 0.125
## Residuals 5649 17480 3.094aov_ar <- aov(ar ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_ar)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 1 27 27.377 8.902 0.00286 **
## Residuals 5649 17372 3.075
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1aov_se <- aov(se ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_se)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 1 1 1.147 0.393 0.531
## Residuals 5649 16493 2.920aov_oe <- aov(oe ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_oe)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 1 36 35.82 12.23 0.000473 ***
## Residuals 5649 16538 2.93
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1aov_pn <- aov(pn ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_pn)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 1 56 55.97 18.3 1.92e-05 ***
## Residuals 5649 17280 3.06
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1#Effect sizes (η² for ANOVA)
library(effectsize)
eta_squared(aov_bio)## For one-way between subjects designs, partial eta squared is equivalent
## to eta squared. Returning eta squared.## # Effect Size for ANOVA
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -------------------------------
## country | 0.02 | [0.01, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_alt)## For one-way between subjects designs, partial eta squared is equivalent
## to eta squared. Returning eta squared.## # Effect Size for ANOVA
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -------------------------------
## country | 0.02 | [0.01, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_hed)## For one-way between subjects designs, partial eta squared is equivalent
## to eta squared. Returning eta squared.## # Effect Size for ANOVA
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -------------------------------
## country | 0.03 | [0.02, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_ego)## For one-way between subjects designs, partial eta squared is equivalent
## to eta squared. Returning eta squared.## # Effect Size for ANOVA
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -----------------------------------
## country | 6.39e-04 | [0.00, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_pa)## For one-way between subjects designs, partial eta squared is equivalent
## to eta squared. Returning eta squared.## # Effect Size for ANOVA
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -----------------------------------
## country | 4.16e-04 | [0.00, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_ar)## For one-way between subjects designs, partial eta squared is equivalent
## to eta squared. Returning eta squared.## # Effect Size for ANOVA
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -----------------------------------
## country | 1.57e-03 | [0.00, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_se)## For one-way between subjects designs, partial eta squared is equivalent
## to eta squared. Returning eta squared.## # Effect Size for ANOVA
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -----------------------------------
## country | 6.95e-05 | [0.00, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_oe)## For one-way between subjects designs, partial eta squared is equivalent
## to eta squared. Returning eta squared.## # Effect Size for ANOVA
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -----------------------------------
## country | 2.16e-03 | [0.00, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_pn)## For one-way between subjects designs, partial eta squared is equivalent
## to eta squared. Returning eta squared.## # Effect Size for ANOVA
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -----------------------------------
## country | 3.23e-03 | [0.00, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].Results from anova: For all variables there are significant country differences.
Results from effect sizes: The effect sizes are very small to small.
Engagement in CCBs
Descriptives for CCBs
#overall
describe(dR$gov)## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
## X1 1 5651 3.09 1.82 3 2.93 2.97 1 7 6 0.39 -0.91 0.02describe(dR$busi)## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
## X1 1 5651 3.06 1.8 3 2.9 2.97 1 7 6 0.38 -0.9 0.02describe(dR$ind)## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
## X1 1 5651 3.44 1.79 4 3.36 1.48 1 7 6 0.13 -0.96 0.02table(dR$gov)/5651##
## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
## 0.29800035 0.13625907 0.12174836 0.22031499 0.11502389 0.06299770 0.04565564table(dR$busi)/5651##
## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
## 0.30578659 0.12900372 0.12015572 0.22987082 0.11502389 0.05821978 0.04193948table(dR$ind)/5651##
## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
## 0.21748363 0.12050964 0.13165811 0.24898248 0.14793842 0.08210936 0.05131835#per country
dR <- dR %>%
mutate(country = case_when(
country == 1 ~ "United Kingdom",
country == 2 ~ "Germany",
country == 3 ~ "Netherlands",
country == 4 ~ "Italy",
country == 5 ~ "Lithuania",
TRUE ~ as.character(country) # fallback for unmatched values
))
print(dR %>%
group_by(country) %>%
summarise(
mean_ccb_gov = mean(gov, na.rm = TRUE),
sd_ccb_gov = sd(gov, na.rm = TRUE),
mean_ccb_busi = mean(busi, na.rm = TRUE),
sd_ccb_busi = sd(busi, na.rm = TRUE),
mean_ccb_ind = mean(ind, na.rm = TRUE),
sd_ccb_ind = sd(ind, na.rm = TRUE)
))## # A tibble: 5 × 7
## country mean_ccb_gov sd_ccb_gov mean_ccb_busi sd_ccb_busi mean_ccb_ind
## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Germany 2.96 1.86 2.84 1.80 3.10
## 2 Italy 3.18 1.74 3.14 1.71 3.75
## 3 Lithuania 3.53 1.75 3.66 1.75 3.94
## 4 Netherlands 2.50 1.63 2.54 1.62 2.75
## 5 United Kingdom 3.29 1.94 3.15 1.94 3.60
## # ℹ 1 more variable: sd_ccb_ind <dbl>Distributions of CCBs for all countries together
# Reshape data to long format for the 3 variables
dR_long <- dR %>%
pivot_longer(
cols = c(gov, busi, ind),
names_to = "variable",
values_to = "value")
# Rename variable labels for nicer x-axis
dR_long$variable <- factor(dR_long$variable,
levels = c("gov", "busi", "ind"),
labels = c("Governments", "Businesses", "Other individuals"))
# Plot all countries pooled, with violins and boxplots by variable
ccb_plot <- ggplot(dR_long, aes(x = variable, y = value, fill = variable)) +
geom_violin(trim = FALSE, alpha = 0.6) +
geom_boxplot(width = 0.1, outlier.size = 0.5, color = "black") +
scale_fill_manual(values = rev(brewer.pal(n = 4, name = "YlGnBu"))) +
scale_y_continuous(
breaks = 0:8, # full scale breaks (adjust if needed)
labels = c(" ", "(1) Never", "(2)", "(3)", "(4)", "(5)", "(6)", "(7) Frequently", "")
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), # remove minor grid lines
text = element_text(color = "black"), # make all text black
axis.text = element_text(color = "black"), # explicitly make axis text black
axis.title = element_text(color = "black"), # axis titles black
plot.title = element_text(color = "black", hjust = 0.5), # title black and centered
legend.text = element_text(color = "black"), # legend text black (if legend shown)
legend.title = element_text(color = "black") # legend title black
) +
labs(title = "Distribution of CCBs for different actors (all countries pooled)",
x = "CCBs aimed at",
y = "Freuquency of engagement") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 30, vjust = 0.7, hjust = 0.8),
legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))
ccb_plot
ggsave("ccb_plot.png", plot = ccb_plot, width = 10, height = 6, dpi = 300)Country differences in CCB engagement
library(lsr)
aov_gov <- aov(gov ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_gov)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 4 648 161.97 50.84 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5646 17990 3.19
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1etaSquared(aov_gov)## eta.sq eta.sq.part
## country 0.0347626 0.0347626aov_busi <- aov(busi ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_busi)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 4 719 179.79 57.83 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5646 17552 3.11
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1etaSquared(aov_busi)## eta.sq eta.sq.part
## country 0.03936066 0.03936066aov_ind <- aov(ind ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_ind)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 4 1050 262.60 87.14 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5646 17015 3.01
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1etaSquared(aov_ind)## eta.sq eta.sq.part
## country 0.05814637 0.05814637Distributions of CCBs per country
CCBs aimed at governments
ccb_gov_plot <- ggplot(dR, aes(x = country, y = gov, fill = country)) +
geom_violin(trim = FALSE, alpha = 0.6) +
geom_boxplot(width = 0.1, outlier.size = 0.5, color = "black") +
scale_fill_manual(values = rev(brewer.pal(n = 5, name = "Dark2"))) +
theme_minimal() +
scale_y_continuous(
breaks = 0:8, # full scale breaks (adjust if needed)
labels = c(" ", "(1) Never", "(2)", "(3)", "(4)", "(5)", "(6)", "(7) Frequently", "")
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), # remove minor grid lines
text = element_text(color = "black"), # make all text black
axis.text = element_text(color = "black"), # explicitly make axis text black
axis.title = element_text(color = "black"), # axis titles black
plot.title = element_text(color = "black", hjust = 0.5), # title black and centered
legend.text = element_text(color = "black"), # legend text black (if legend shown)
legend.title = element_text(color = "black") # legend title black
) +
labs(title = "Distribution of CCBs aimed at governments by country",
x = "Country",
y = "Frequency of engagement") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 30, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1),
legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))
ccb_gov_plot
ggsave("ccb_gov_plot.png", plot = ccb_gov_plot, width = 10, height = 6, dpi = 300)CCBs aimed at businesses
ccb_busi_plot <- ggplot(dR, aes(x = country, y = busi, fill = country)) +
geom_violin(trim = FALSE, alpha = 0.6) +
geom_boxplot(width = 0.1, outlier.size = 0.5, color = "black") +
scale_fill_manual(values = rev(brewer.pal(n = 5, name = "Dark2"))) +
theme_minimal() +
scale_y_continuous(
breaks = 0:8, # full scale breaks (adjust if needed)
labels = c(" ", "(1) Never", "(2)", "(3)", "(4)", "(5)", "(6)", "(7) Frequently", "")
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), # remove minor grid lines
text = element_text(color = "black"), # make all text black
axis.text = element_text(color = "black"), # explicitly make axis text black
axis.title = element_text(color = "black"), # axis titles black
plot.title = element_text(color = "black", hjust = 0.5), # title black and centered
legend.text = element_text(color = "black"), # legend text black (if legend shown)
legend.title = element_text(color = "black") # legend title black
) +
labs(title = "Distribution of CCBs aimed at businesses by country",
x = "Country",
y = "Frequency of engagement") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 30, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1),
legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))
ccb_busi_plot
ggsave("ccb_busi_plot.png", plot = ccb_busi_plot, width = 10, height = 6, dpi = 300)CCBs aimed at other individuals
ccb_ind_plot <- ggplot(dR, aes(x = country, y = ind, fill = country)) +
geom_violin(trim = FALSE, alpha = 0.6) +
geom_boxplot(width = 0.1, outlier.size = 0.5, color = "black") +
scale_fill_manual(values = rev(brewer.pal(n = 5, name = "Dark2"))) +
theme_minimal() +
scale_y_continuous(
breaks = 0:8,
labels = c(" ", "(1) Never", "(2)", "(3)", "(4)", "(5)", "(6)", "(7) Frequently", "")
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), # remove minor grid lines
text = element_text(color = "black"), # make all text black
axis.text = element_text(color = "black"), # explicitly make axis text black
axis.title = element_text(color = "black"), # axis titles black
plot.title = element_text(color = "black", hjust = 0.5), # title black and centered
legend.text = element_text(color = "black"), # legend text black (if legend shown)
legend.title = element_text(color = "black") # legend title black
) +
labs(title = "Distribution of CCBs aimed at other individuals by country",
x = "Country",
y = "Frequency of engagement") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 30, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1),
legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))
ccb_ind_plot
ggsave("ccb_ind_plot.png", plot = ccb_ind_plot, width = 10, height = 6, dpi = 300)Testing differences between different CCBs
There is a significant difference between the means of CCBs aimed at individuals versus CCBs aimed at governments or businesses. However, the effect sizes are negligible to small.
library(afex)## ************
## Welcome to afex. For support visit: http://afex.singmann.science/## - Functions for ANOVAs: aov_car(), aov_ez(), and aov_4()
## - Methods for calculating p-values with mixed(): 'S', 'KR', 'LRT', and 'PB'
## - 'afex_aov' and 'mixed' objects can be passed to emmeans() for follow-up tests
## - Get and set global package options with: afex_options()
## - Set sum-to-zero contrasts globally: set_sum_contrasts()
## - For example analyses see: browseVignettes("afex")
## ************##
## Attaching package: 'afex'## The following object is masked from 'package:lme4':
##
## lmerlibrary(emmeans)## Welcome to emmeans.
## Caution: You lose important information if you filter this package's results.
## See '? untidy'library(effectsize)
library(effsize)##
## Attaching package: 'effsize'## The following object is masked from 'package:psych':
##
## cohen.d#Sig. test for means of CCBs
dR_long <- dR %>%
dplyr::select(id, gov, busi, ind) %>%
tidyr::pivot_longer(cols = c(gov, busi, ind), names_to = "CCB_type", values_to = "value")
#checking for sig. differences between CCBs
aov_res <- aov_ez(id = "id", dv = "value", within = "CCB_type", data = dR_long)
summary(aov_res)##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 173326 1 44589 5650 21962.75 < 2.2e-16 ***
## CCB_type 505 2 10385 11300 274.63 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
##
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
##
## Test statistic p-value
## CCB_type 0.97529 2.0447e-31
##
##
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
## for Departure from Sphericity
##
## GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## CCB_type 0.97589 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## CCB_type 0.9762206 1.7606e-114#post hoc tests as ANOVA is signficiant
emmeans(aov_res, pairwise ~ CCB_type)## $emmeans
## CCB_type emmean SE df lower.CL upper.CL
## gov 3.09 0.0242 5650 3.04 3.14
## busi 3.06 0.0239 5650 3.01 3.11
## ind 3.44 0.0238 5650 3.39 3.49
##
## Confidence level used: 0.95
##
## $contrasts
## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## gov - busi 0.028 0.0173 5650 1.621 0.2369
## gov - ind -0.351 0.0194 5650 -18.107 <.0001
## busi - ind -0.379 0.0174 5650 -21.826 <.0001
##
## P value adjustment: tukey method for comparing a family of 3 estimates# Calculate effect sizes for pairwise differences
dR_subset <- dR %>% select(gov, busi, ind)
cohen_d_ind_gov <- cohen.d(dR_subset$ind, dR_subset$gov, paired = TRUE)
cohen_d_ind_gov##
## Cohen's d
##
## d estimate: 0.1948821 (negligible)
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## lower upper
## 0.1735857 0.2161784cohen_d_ind_busi <- cohen.d(dR_subset$ind, dR_subset$busi, paired = TRUE)
cohen_d_ind_busi##
## Cohen's d
##
## d estimate: 0.2114729 (small)
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## lower upper
## 0.1922699 0.2306759Testing CCB differences between countries
aov_gov <- aov(gov ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_gov)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 4 648 161.97 50.84 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5646 17990 3.19
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1aov_busi <- aov(busi ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_busi)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 4 719 179.79 57.83 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5646 17552 3.11
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1aov_ind <- aov(ind ~ country, data = dR)
summary(aov_ind)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## country 4 1050 262.60 87.14 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5646 17015 3.01
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1# Post hoc pairwise comparisons (Tukey)
TukeyHSD(aov_gov)## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = gov ~ country, data = dR)
##
## $country
## diff lwr upr p adj
## Italy-Germany 0.2235073 0.02753805 0.41947660 0.0160221
## Lithuania-Germany 0.5755483 0.36317588 0.78792080 0.0000000
## Netherlands-Germany -0.4595694 -0.66816646 -0.25097238 0.0000000
## United Kingdom-Germany 0.3276681 0.11767699 0.53765928 0.0002036
## Lithuania-Italy 0.3520410 0.15111228 0.55296976 0.0000177
## Netherlands-Italy -0.6830767 -0.88001080 -0.48614269 0.0000000
## United Kingdom-Italy 0.1041608 -0.09424932 0.30257094 0.6066034
## Netherlands-Lithuania -1.0351178 -1.24838081 -0.82185472 0.0000000
## United Kingdom-Lithuania -0.2478802 -0.46250705 -0.03325336 0.0141212
## United Kingdom-Netherlands 0.7872376 0.57634577 0.99812935 0.0000000TukeyHSD(aov_busi)## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = busi ~ country, data = dR)
##
## $country
## diff lwr upr p adj
## Italy-Germany 0.306290728 0.1127183 0.49986320 0.0001561
## Lithuania-Germany 0.819390332 0.6096153 1.02916536 0.0000000
## Netherlands-Germany -0.292422841 -0.4984686 -0.08637705 0.0010316
## United Kingdom-Germany 0.315583182 0.1081603 0.52300603 0.0003234
## Lithuania-Italy 0.513099603 0.3146283 0.71157088 0.0000000
## Netherlands-Italy -0.598713569 -0.7932390 -0.40418812 0.0000000
## United Kingdom-Italy 0.009292454 -0.1866910 0.20527592 0.9999370
## Netherlands-Lithuania -1.111813173 -1.3224679 -0.90115845 0.0000000
## United Kingdom-Lithuania -0.503807150 -0.7158090 -0.29180530 0.0000000
## United Kingdom-Netherlands 0.608006023 0.3996936 0.81631849 0.0000000TukeyHSD(aov_ind)## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = ind ~ country, data = dR)
##
## $country
## diff lwr upr p adj
## Italy-Germany 0.6491806 0.458595708 0.83976548 0.0000000
## Lithuania-Germany 0.8349387 0.628401296 1.04147605 0.0000000
## Netherlands-Germany -0.3506139 -0.553479600 -0.14774822 0.0000243
## United Kingdom-Germany 0.4975438 0.293322321 0.70176531 0.0000000
## Lithuania-Italy 0.1857581 -0.009650003 0.38116616 0.0715798
## Netherlands-Italy -0.9997945 -1.191317659 -0.80827135 0.0000000
## United Kingdom-Italy -0.1516368 -0.344595451 0.04132189 0.2015281
## Netherlands-Lithuania -1.1855526 -1.392956076 -0.97814909 0.0000000
## United Kingdom-Lithuania -0.3373949 -0.546124681 -0.12866504 0.0001025
## United Kingdom-Netherlands 0.8481577 0.643060333 1.05325511 0.0000000#Effect sizes (η² for ANOVA)
eta_squared(aov_gov, partial = FALSE)## # Effect Size for ANOVA (Type I)
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -------------------------------
## country | 0.03 | [0.03, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_busi, partial = FALSE)## # Effect Size for ANOVA (Type I)
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -------------------------------
## country | 0.04 | [0.03, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].eta_squared(aov_ind, partial = FALSE)## # Effect Size for ANOVA (Type I)
##
## Parameter | Eta2 | 95% CI
## -------------------------------
## country | 0.06 | [0.05, 1.00]
##
## - One-sided CIs: upper bound fixed at [1.00].Correlation table
For CCBs in all countries together
#Variable labels
new_labels <- c("Biospheric values", "Altruistic values", "Hedonic values", "Egoistic values",
"Problem awareness", "Ascription of responsibility", "Self-efficacy", "Outcome efficacy", "Personal norms",
"CCBs aimed at governments", "CCBs aimed at businesses", "CCBs aimed at other individuals")
#correlation matrix
cor_matrix <- cor(dR[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind")])
rownames(cor_matrix) <- new_labels
colnames(cor_matrix) <- new_labels
corrplot(cor_matrix,
method = "color", # Use color to represent correlation values
type = "lower", # Display the full matrix
col = brewer.pal(n = 10, name = "RdYlBu"),
addCoef.col = "black", # Add correlation coefficients in black
tl.col = "black", # Label color
tl.srt = 45, # Angle for the text labels
diag = TRUE) # Optionally remove the diagonal (set to TRUE to include)
For CCBs per country
dR_UK <- subset(dR, (country == "United Kingdom"))
dR_GER <- subset(dR, (country == "Germany"))
dR_NL <- subset(dR, (country == "Netherlands"))
dR_IT <- subset(dR, (country == "Italy"))
dR_LI <- subset(dR, (country == "Lithuania"))
# Correlation matrix UK
cor_matrix_UK <- cor(dR_UK[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind")])
corrplot(cor_matrix_UK,
method = "color", # Use color to represent correlation values
type = "lower", # Display the full matrix
col = brewer.pal(n = 10, name = "RdYlBu"),
addCoef.col = "black", # Add correlation coefficients in black
tl.col = "black", # Label color
tl.srt = 45, # Angle for the text labels
diag = FALSE) # Optionally remove the diagonal (set to TRUE to include)
# Correlation matrix Germany
cor_matrix_GER <- cor(dR_GER[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind")])
corrplot(cor_matrix_GER,
method = "color", # Use color to represent correlation values
type = "lower", # Display the full matrix
col = brewer.pal(n = 10, name = "RdYlBu"),
addCoef.col = "black", # Add correlation coefficients in black
tl.col = "black", # Label color
tl.srt = 45, # Angle for the text labels
diag = FALSE) # Optionally remove the diagonal (set to TRUE to include)
# Correlation matrix Netherlands
cor_matrix_NL <- cor(dR_NL[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind")])
corrplot(cor_matrix_NL,
method = "color", # Use color to represent correlation values
type = "lower", # Display the full matrix
col = brewer.pal(n = 10, name = "RdYlBu"),
addCoef.col = "black", # Add correlation coefficients in black
tl.col = "black", # Label color
tl.srt = 45, # Angle for the text labels
diag = FALSE) # Optionally remove the diagonal (set to TRUE to include)
# Correlation matrix Italy
cor_matrix_IT <- cor(dR_IT[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind")])
corrplot(cor_matrix_IT,
method = "color", # Use color to represent correlation values
type = "lower", # Display the full matrix
col = brewer.pal(n = 10, name = "RdYlBu"),
addCoef.col = "black", # Add correlation coefficients in black
tl.col = "black", # Label color
tl.srt = 45, # Angle for the text labels
diag = FALSE) # Optionally remove the diagonal (set to TRUE to include)
# Correlation matrix Lithuania
cor_matrix_LI <- cor(dR_LI[, c("bio", "alt", "hed", "ego", "pa", "ar", "se", "oe", "pn", "gov", "busi", "ind")])
corrplot(cor_matrix_LI,
method = "color", # Use color to represent correlation values
type = "lower", # Display the full matrix
col = brewer.pal(n = 10, name = "RdYlBu"),
addCoef.col = "black", # Add correlation coefficients in black
tl.col = "black", # Label color
tl.srt = 45, # Angle for the text labels
diag = FALSE) # Optionally remove the diagonal (set to TRUE to include)
Path analysis
Path analysis for all countries together
library(lavaan)
library(lavaanPlot)
library(rsvg)## Linking to librsvg 2.61.0library(DiagrammeRsvg)
## VBN model & ego mediation
model_vbn_ego <- '
# Regression paths
pa ~ a1*bio + a2*alt + a3*hed + a4*ego
ar ~ b*pa
se ~ c1*ar + c2*ego
oe ~ d1*ar + d2*ego
pn ~ e1*se + e2*oe
gov ~ f1*pn + g1*ego
busi ~ f2*pn + g2*ego
ind ~ f3*pn + g3*ego
# Indirect effects (ego → se/oe → pn → outcomes): indirect = (ego → se → pn → ccb) + (ego → oe → pn → ccb)
ego_gov_indirect := c2*e1*f1 + d2*e2*f1
ego_busi_indirect := c2*e1*f2 + d2*e2*f2
ego_ind_indirect := c2*e1*f3 + d2*e2*f3
# Total effects
ego_gov_total := ego_gov_indirect + g1
ego_busi_total := ego_busi_indirect + g2
ego_ind_total := ego_ind_indirect + g3
'
#fit_vbn_ego_bootstrap <- lavaan::sem(model_vbn_ego, data = dR, cluster = "country", se = "bootstrap", bootstrap = 5000)
#summary(fit_vbn_ego_bootstrap, standardized = TRUE, fit.measures = TRUE, rsquare = TRUE, ci = TRUE)
fit_vbn_ego <- lavaan::sem(model_vbn_ego, data = dR, cluster = "country", se = "robust.sem")## Warning: lavaan->lav_model_vcov():
## The variance-covariance matrix of the estimated parameters (vcov) does not
## appear to be positive definite! The smallest eigenvalue (= -4.430040e-16)
## is smaller than zero. This may be a symptom that the model is not
## identified.summary(fit_vbn_ego, standardized = TRUE, fit.measures = TRUE, rsquare = TRUE, ci = TRUE)## lavaan 0.6-20 ended normally after 39 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 36
##
## Number of observations 5651
## Number of clusters [country] 5
##
## Model Test User Model:
## Standard Scaled
## Test Statistic 4042.997 1348.023
## Degrees of freedom 40 40
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.000 0.000
## Scaling correction factor 2.999
## Yuan-Bentler correction (Mplus variant)
##
## Model Test Baseline Model:
##
## Test statistic 33539.080 10020.041
## Degrees of freedom 60 60
## P-value 0.000 0.000
## Scaling correction factor 3.347
##
## User Model versus Baseline Model:
##
## Comparative Fit Index (CFI) 0.880 0.869
## Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) 0.821 0.803
##
## Robust Comparative Fit Index (CFI) 0.882
## Robust Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) 0.823
##
## Loglikelihood and Information Criteria:
##
## Loglikelihood user model (H0) -74973.887 -74973.887
## Scaling correction factor 10.177
## for the MLR correction
## Loglikelihood unrestricted model (H1) -72952.389 -72952.389
## Scaling correction factor 6.399
## for the MLR correction
##
## Akaike (AIC) 150019.775 150019.775
## Bayesian (BIC) 150258.800 150258.800
## Sample-size adjusted Bayesian (SABIC) 150144.403 150144.403
##
## Root Mean Square Error of Approximation:
##
## RMSEA 0.133 0.076
## 90 Percent confidence interval - lower 0.130 0.074
## 90 Percent confidence interval - upper 0.137 0.078
## P-value H_0: RMSEA <= 0.050 0.000 0.000
## P-value H_0: RMSEA >= 0.080 1.000 0.001
##
## Robust RMSEA 0.132
## 90 Percent confidence interval - lower 0.126
## 90 Percent confidence interval - upper 0.138
## P-value H_0: Robust RMSEA <= 0.050 0.000
## P-value H_0: Robust RMSEA >= 0.080 1.000
##
## Standardized Root Mean Square Residual:
##
## SRMR 0.087 0.087
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Robust.sem
## Information Expected
## Information saturated (h1) model Structured
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## pa ~
## bio (a1) 0.249 0.046 5.431 0.000 0.159 0.339
## alt (a2) 0.054 0.030 1.798 0.072 -0.005 0.114
## hed (a3) -0.109 0.025 -4.418 0.000 -0.157 -0.061
## ego (a4) 0.036 0.020 1.733 0.083 -0.005 0.076
## ar ~
## pa (b) 0.697 0.018 37.762 0.000 0.661 0.733
## se ~
## ar (c1) 0.539 0.019 28.843 0.000 0.503 0.576
## ego (c2) 0.087 0.023 3.795 0.000 0.042 0.132
## oe ~
## ar (d1) 0.602 0.014 41.876 0.000 0.574 0.631
## ego (d2) 0.068 0.024 2.807 0.005 0.021 0.116
## pn ~
## se (e1) 0.471 0.016 30.212 0.000 0.440 0.501
## oe (e2) 0.448 0.023 19.670 0.000 0.404 0.493
## gov ~
## pn (f1) 0.628 0.022 28.258 0.000 0.585 0.672
## ego (g1) 0.030 0.013 2.269 0.023 0.004 0.055
## busi ~
## pn (f2) 0.619 0.027 22.876 0.000 0.566 0.672
## ego (g2) 0.086 0.025 3.477 0.001 0.037 0.134
## ind ~
## pn (f3) 0.669 0.037 18.011 0.000 0.596 0.742
## ego (g3) 0.050 0.009 5.287 0.000 0.032 0.069
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 0.249 0.255
## 0.054 0.056
## -0.109 -0.112
## 0.036 0.034
##
## 0.697 0.699
##
## 0.539 0.555
## 0.087 0.086
##
## 0.602 0.618
## 0.068 0.067
##
## 0.471 0.503
## 0.448 0.480
##
## 0.628 0.570
## 0.030 0.028
##
## 0.619 0.569
## 0.086 0.082
##
## 0.669 0.621
## 0.050 0.049
##
## Covariances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .gov ~~
## .busi 1.197 0.084 14.287 0.000 1.033 1.361
## .ind 0.871 0.091 9.573 0.000 0.693 1.050
## .busi ~~
## .ind 1.045 0.066 15.904 0.000 0.916 1.174
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 1.197 0.589
## 0.871 0.452
##
## 1.045 0.553
##
## Intercepts:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 3.283 0.080 40.925 0.000 3.126 3.440
## .ar 0.851 0.123 6.904 0.000 0.610 1.093
## .se 1.223 0.078 15.592 0.000 1.069 1.377
## .oe 1.080 0.135 8.010 0.000 0.816 1.344
## .pn 0.135 0.064 2.112 0.035 0.010 0.259
## .gov 0.769 0.144 5.328 0.000 0.486 1.052
## .busi 0.557 0.198 2.818 0.005 0.170 0.944
## .ind 0.898 0.259 3.466 0.001 0.390 1.406
## Std.lv Std.all
## 3.283 1.866
## 0.851 0.485
## 1.223 0.717
## 1.080 0.632
## 0.135 0.084
## 0.769 0.438
## 0.557 0.320
## 0.898 0.522
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 2.902 0.054 54.028 0.000 2.797 3.007
## .ar 1.575 0.093 16.972 0.000 1.393 1.757
## .se 1.982 0.105 18.952 0.000 1.777 2.186
## .oe 1.785 0.070 25.639 0.000 1.648 1.921
## .pn 0.881 0.080 10.990 0.000 0.724 1.039
## .gov 2.071 0.084 24.607 0.000 1.906 2.236
## .busi 1.995 0.124 16.126 0.000 1.753 2.238
## .ind 1.791 0.090 19.994 0.000 1.616 1.967
## Std.lv Std.all
## 2.902 0.938
## 1.575 0.512
## 1.982 0.681
## 1.785 0.610
## 0.881 0.346
## 2.071 0.671
## 1.995 0.660
## 1.791 0.606
##
## R-Square:
## Estimate
## pa 0.062
## ar 0.488
## se 0.319
## oe 0.390
## pn 0.654
## gov 0.329
## busi 0.340
## ind 0.394
##
## Defined Parameters:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## ego_gov_indrct 0.045 0.015 3.078 0.002 0.016 0.074
## ego_busi_ndrct 0.044 0.015 2.955 0.003 0.015 0.074
## ego_ind_indrct 0.048 0.016 2.916 0.004 0.016 0.080
## ego_gov_total 0.074 0.018 4.185 0.000 0.040 0.109
## ego_busi_total 0.130 0.033 3.976 0.000 0.066 0.194
## ego_ind_total 0.098 0.020 4.985 0.000 0.059 0.136
## Std.lv Std.all
## 0.045 0.043
## 0.044 0.043
## 0.048 0.047
## 0.074 0.071
## 0.130 0.125
## 0.098 0.095#plot
lavaanPlot(
model = fit_vbn_ego,
graph_options = list(rankdir = "LR"),
labels = list(
bio = "Biospheric values", alt = "Altruistic values", hed = "Hedonic values", ego = "Egoistic values",
pa = "Problem awareness", ar = "Ascription of responsibility", se = "Self-efficacy", oe = "Outcome efficacy",
pn = "Personal norm", gov = "CCB aimed at governments", busi = "CCB aimed at businesses",
ind = "CCB aimed at other citizens"
),
node_options = list(shape = "box", fontname = "Helvetica"),
edge_options = list(color = "grey"),
coefs = TRUE,
covs = FALSE,
stars = c("regress")
)Path analysis per country
model_countries <- '
# Regression paths
pa ~ c(a1_1, a1_2, a1_3, a1_4, a1_5)*bio +
c(a2_1, a2_2, a2_3, a2_4, a2_5)*alt +
c(a3_1, a3_2, a3_3, a3_4, a3_5)*hed +
c(a4_1, a4_2, a4_3, a4_4, a4_5)*ego
ar ~ c(b1_1, b1_2, b1_3, b1_4, b1_5)*pa
se ~ c(c1_1, c1_2, c1_3, c1_4, c1_5)*ar +
c(c2_1, c2_2, c2_3, c2_4, c2_5)*ego
oe ~ c(d1_1, d1_2, d1_3, d1_4, d1_5)*ar +
c(d2_1, d2_2, d2_3, d2_4, d2_5)*ego
pn ~ c(e1_1, e1_2, e1_3, e1_4, e1_5)*se +
c(e2_1, e2_2, e2_3, e2_4, e2_5)*oe
gov ~ c(f1_1, f1_2, f1_3, f1_4, f1_5)*pn +
c(g1_1, g1_2, g1_3, g1_4, g1_5)*ego
busi ~ c(f2_1, f2_2, f2_3, f2_4, f2_5)*pn +
c(g2_1, g2_2, g2_3, g2_4, g2_5)*ego
ind ~ c(f3_1, f3_2, f3_3, f3_4, f3_5)*pn +
c(g3_1, g3_2, g3_3, g3_4, g3_5)*ego
'
#fit_model_countries_bootstrap <- lavaan::sem(model_countries, data = dR, group = "country", se = "bootstrap", bootstrap = 5000)
#summary(fit_model_countries_bootstrap, standardized = TRUE, fit.measures = TRUE, rsquare = TRUE, ci = TRUE)
fit_model_countries <- lavaan::sem(model_countries, data = dR, group = "country", se = "robust.sem")
summary(fit_model_countries, standardized = TRUE, fit.measures = TRUE, rsquare = TRUE, ci = TRUE)## lavaan 0.6-20 ended normally after 86 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 180
##
## Number of observations per group:
## Germany 1100
## Lithuania 1008
## Netherlands 1081
## United Kingdom 1053
## Italy 1409
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 4465.219
## Degrees of freedom 200
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.000
## Test statistic for each group:
## Germany 698.620
## Lithuania 797.769
## Netherlands 778.230
## United Kingdom 830.566
## Italy 1360.034
##
## Model Test Baseline Model:
##
## Test statistic 34296.718
## Degrees of freedom 300
## P-value 0.000
##
## User Model versus Baseline Model:
##
## Comparative Fit Index (CFI) 0.875
## Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) 0.812
##
## Loglikelihood and Information Criteria:
##
## Loglikelihood user model (H0) -74182.726
## Loglikelihood unrestricted model (H1) -71950.117
##
## Akaike (AIC) 148725.452
## Bayesian (BIC) 149920.578
## Sample-size adjusted Bayesian (SABIC) 149348.592
##
## Root Mean Square Error of Approximation:
##
## RMSEA 0.137
## 90 Percent confidence interval - lower 0.134
## 90 Percent confidence interval - upper 0.141
## P-value H_0: RMSEA <= 0.050 0.000
## P-value H_0: RMSEA >= 0.080 1.000
##
## Standardized Root Mean Square Residual:
##
## SRMR 0.091
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Robust.sem
## Information Expected
## Information saturated (h1) model Structured
##
##
## Group 1 [Germany]:
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## pa ~
## bio (a1_1) 0.368 0.051 7.162 0.000 0.267 0.469
## alt (a2_1) 0.157 0.054 2.891 0.004 0.050 0.263
## hed (a3_1) -0.125 0.046 -2.722 0.006 -0.216 -0.035
## ego (a4_1) -0.033 0.035 -0.953 0.341 -0.102 0.035
## ar ~
## pa (b1_1) 0.723 0.020 35.567 0.000 0.683 0.763
## se ~
## ar (c1_1) 0.529 0.025 21.529 0.000 0.481 0.577
## ego (c2_1) 0.095 0.028 3.361 0.001 0.040 0.151
## oe ~
## ar (d1_1) 0.628 0.021 30.566 0.000 0.588 0.669
## ego (d2_1) 0.066 0.025 2.690 0.007 0.018 0.114
## pn ~
## se (e1_1) 0.386 0.020 18.862 0.000 0.346 0.426
## oe (e2_1) 0.531 0.019 27.332 0.000 0.493 0.569
## gov ~
## pn (f1_1) 0.683 0.028 24.659 0.000 0.628 0.737
## ego (g1_1) 0.056 0.028 2.008 0.045 0.001 0.110
## busi ~
## pn (f2_1) 0.648 0.026 24.751 0.000 0.597 0.699
## ego (g2_1) 0.149 0.025 6.048 0.000 0.101 0.197
## ind ~
## pn (f3_1) 0.723 0.023 31.543 0.000 0.678 0.768
## ego (g3_1) 0.079 0.023 3.404 0.001 0.033 0.124
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 0.368 0.267
## 0.157 0.116
## -0.125 -0.091
## -0.033 -0.030
##
## 0.723 0.715
##
## 0.529 0.562
## 0.095 0.089
##
## 0.628 0.674
## 0.066 0.062
##
## 0.386 0.406
## 0.531 0.553
##
## 0.683 0.626
## 0.056 0.050
##
## 0.648 0.615
## 0.149 0.139
##
## 0.723 0.693
## 0.079 0.074
##
## Covariances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .gov ~~
## .busi 0.976 0.079 12.312 0.000 0.820 1.131
## .ind 0.666 0.069 9.719 0.000 0.532 0.801
## .busi ~~
## .ind 0.970 0.068 14.213 0.000 0.836 1.104
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 0.976 0.522
## 0.666 0.389
##
## 0.970 0.592
##
## Intercepts:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 2.558 0.322 7.942 0.000 1.927 3.190
## .ar 0.659 0.086 7.694 0.000 0.491 0.827
## .se 1.103 0.155 7.126 0.000 0.800 1.406
## .oe 0.746 0.127 5.864 0.000 0.497 0.995
## .pn 0.060 0.066 0.902 0.367 -0.070 0.190
## .gov 0.477 0.146 3.272 0.001 0.191 0.763
## .busi 0.111 0.120 0.926 0.354 -0.124 0.345
## .ind 0.400 0.116 3.461 0.001 0.174 0.627
## Std.lv Std.all
## 2.558 1.404
## 0.659 0.358
## 1.103 0.636
## 0.746 0.434
## 0.060 0.036
## 0.477 0.265
## 0.111 0.064
## 0.400 0.233
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 2.968 0.121 24.534 0.000 2.731 3.205
## .ar 1.660 0.099 16.785 0.000 1.466 1.854
## .se 2.043 0.097 21.073 0.000 1.853 2.233
## .oe 1.606 0.081 19.748 0.000 1.447 1.765
## .pn 0.975 0.067 14.526 0.000 0.844 1.107
## .gov 1.951 0.105 18.671 0.000 1.747 2.156
## .busi 1.787 0.083 21.439 0.000 1.624 1.951
## .ind 1.503 0.071 21.046 0.000 1.363 1.643
## Std.lv Std.all
## 2.968 0.894
## 1.660 0.489
## 2.043 0.679
## 1.606 0.544
## 0.975 0.358
## 1.951 0.603
## 1.787 0.593
## 1.503 0.508
##
## R-Square:
## Estimate
## pa 0.106
## ar 0.511
## se 0.321
## oe 0.456
## pn 0.642
## gov 0.397
## busi 0.407
## ind 0.492
##
##
## Group 2 [Lithuania]:
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## pa ~
## bio (a1_2) 0.177 0.052 3.434 0.001 0.076 0.278
## alt (a2_2) 0.039 0.049 0.799 0.425 -0.057 0.135
## hed (a3_2) -0.041 0.041 -1.003 0.316 -0.121 0.039
## ego (a4_2) 0.039 0.043 0.918 0.359 -0.044 0.123
## ar ~
## pa (b1_2) 0.653 0.026 25.007 0.000 0.602 0.704
## se ~
## ar (c1_2) 0.515 0.030 17.201 0.000 0.456 0.573
## ego (c2_2) 0.047 0.026 1.782 0.075 -0.005 0.098
## oe ~
## ar (d1_2) 0.554 0.029 18.919 0.000 0.496 0.611
## ego (d2_2) 0.041 0.026 1.574 0.115 -0.010 0.093
## pn ~
## se (e1_2) 0.527 0.021 24.581 0.000 0.485 0.569
## oe (e2_2) 0.352 0.020 17.574 0.000 0.312 0.391
## gov ~
## pn (f1_2) 0.573 0.038 15.193 0.000 0.499 0.647
## ego (g1_2) 0.025 0.027 0.947 0.344 -0.027 0.077
## busi ~
## pn (f2_2) 0.537 0.040 13.588 0.000 0.459 0.614
## ego (g2_2) 0.059 0.027 2.201 0.028 0.006 0.112
## ind ~
## pn (f3_2) 0.519 0.037 13.979 0.000 0.446 0.592
## ego (g3_2) 0.052 0.026 1.998 0.046 0.001 0.103
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 0.177 0.199
## 0.039 0.045
## -0.041 -0.042
## 0.039 0.041
##
## 0.653 0.659
##
## 0.515 0.544
## 0.047 0.052
##
## 0.554 0.577
## 0.041 0.045
##
## 0.527 0.565
## 0.352 0.382
##
## 0.573 0.524
## 0.025 0.027
##
## 0.537 0.489
## 0.059 0.064
##
## 0.519 0.499
## 0.052 0.059
##
## Covariances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .gov ~~
## .busi 1.278 0.099 12.949 0.000 1.085 1.472
## .ind 0.985 0.094 10.498 0.000 0.801 1.169
## .busi ~~
## .ind 1.057 0.098 10.778 0.000 0.865 1.250
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 1.278 0.597
## 0.985 0.489
##
## 1.057 0.511
##
## Intercepts:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 3.456 0.177 19.535 0.000 3.109 3.803
## .ar 1.262 0.120 10.498 0.000 1.027 1.498
## .se 1.450 0.166 8.756 0.000 1.125 1.774
## .oe 1.321 0.160 8.245 0.000 1.007 1.635
## .pn 0.396 0.100 3.961 0.000 0.200 0.591
## .gov 1.294 0.170 7.597 0.000 0.960 1.628
## .busi 1.408 0.181 7.782 0.000 1.054 1.763
## .ind 1.789 0.178 10.075 0.000 1.441 2.137
## Std.lv Std.all
## 3.456 1.942
## 1.262 0.716
## 1.450 0.869
## 1.321 0.781
## 0.396 0.254
## 1.294 0.761
## 1.408 0.823
## 1.789 1.104
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 2.985 0.111 26.866 0.000 2.767 3.202
## .ar 1.759 0.114 15.485 0.000 1.537 1.982
## .se 1.935 0.106 18.315 0.000 1.728 2.143
## .oe 1.887 0.104 18.181 0.000 1.684 2.090
## .pn 0.961 0.089 10.789 0.000 0.787 1.136
## .gov 2.089 0.109 19.114 0.000 1.875 2.303
## .busi 2.196 0.116 18.992 0.000 1.969 2.422
## .ind 1.946 0.105 18.612 0.000 1.741 2.151
## Std.lv Std.all
## 2.985 0.942
## 1.759 0.566
## 1.935 0.695
## 1.887 0.659
## 0.961 0.396
## 2.089 0.721
## 2.196 0.750
## 1.946 0.741
##
## R-Square:
## Estimate
## pa 0.058
## ar 0.434
## se 0.305
## oe 0.341
## pn 0.604
## gov 0.279
## busi 0.250
## ind 0.259
##
##
## Group 3 [Netherlands]:
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## pa ~
## bio (a1_3) 0.301 0.048 6.207 0.000 0.206 0.396
## alt (a2_3) -0.046 0.053 -0.879 0.379 -0.149 0.057
## hed (a3_3) -0.082 0.046 -1.800 0.072 -0.172 0.007
## ego (a4_3) 0.034 0.034 0.994 0.320 -0.033 0.100
## ar ~
## pa (b1_3) 0.713 0.022 31.836 0.000 0.669 0.757
## se ~
## ar (c1_3) 0.559 0.027 20.461 0.000 0.506 0.613
## ego (c2_3) 0.057 0.028 2.071 0.038 0.003 0.111
## oe ~
## ar (d1_3) 0.638 0.025 25.192 0.000 0.589 0.688
## ego (d2_3) 0.035 0.026 1.339 0.181 -0.016 0.087
## pn ~
## se (e1_3) 0.568 0.020 29.015 0.000 0.530 0.607
## oe (e2_3) 0.320 0.020 16.193 0.000 0.282 0.359
## gov ~
## pn (f1_3) 0.596 0.031 19.169 0.000 0.535 0.657
## ego (g1_3) 0.009 0.025 0.371 0.711 -0.040 0.059
## busi ~
## pn (f2_3) 0.619 0.029 21.226 0.000 0.562 0.676
## ego (g2_3) 0.045 0.024 1.860 0.063 -0.002 0.093
## ind ~
## pn (f3_3) 0.657 0.027 24.162 0.000 0.603 0.710
## ego (g3_3) 0.005 0.023 0.228 0.820 -0.041 0.051
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 0.301 0.291
## -0.046 -0.049
## -0.082 -0.096
## 0.034 0.032
##
## 0.713 0.726
##
## 0.559 0.569
## 0.057 0.057
##
## 0.638 0.638
## 0.035 0.034
##
## 0.568 0.605
## 0.320 0.347
##
## 0.596 0.577
## 0.009 0.010
##
## 0.619 0.607
## 0.045 0.047
##
## 0.657 0.641
## 0.005 0.005
##
## Covariances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .gov ~~
## .busi 1.213 0.067 18.042 0.000 1.081 1.344
## .ind 0.952 0.063 15.070 0.000 0.828 1.075
## .busi ~~
## .ind 0.969 0.062 15.530 0.000 0.846 1.091
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 1.213 0.752
## 0.952 0.607
##
## 0.969 0.645
##
## Intercepts:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 3.221 0.227 14.216 0.000 2.777 3.665
## .ar 0.715 0.084 8.512 0.000 0.550 0.879
## .se 1.169 0.143 8.201 0.000 0.889 1.448
## .oe 1.112 0.133 8.367 0.000 0.852 1.373
## .pn 0.084 0.066 1.266 0.206 -0.046 0.214
## .gov 0.584 0.127 4.617 0.000 0.336 0.832
## .busi 0.429 0.113 3.790 0.000 0.207 0.651
## .ind 0.662 0.116 5.715 0.000 0.435 0.889
## Std.lv Std.all
## 3.221 1.900
## 0.715 0.429
## 1.169 0.713
## 1.112 0.668
## 0.084 0.055
## 0.584 0.368
## 0.429 0.273
## 0.662 0.420
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 2.735 0.101 27.207 0.000 2.538 2.932
## .ar 1.314 0.089 14.690 0.000 1.139 1.489
## .se 1.806 0.090 19.956 0.000 1.628 1.983
## .oe 1.640 0.088 18.723 0.000 1.469 1.812
## .pn 0.853 0.060 14.130 0.000 0.735 0.971
## .gov 1.683 0.084 19.960 0.000 1.517 1.848
## .busi 1.545 0.073 21.156 0.000 1.402 1.688
## .ind 1.461 0.072 20.183 0.000 1.319 1.603
## Std.lv Std.all
## 2.735 0.951
## 1.314 0.473
## 1.806 0.672
## 1.640 0.591
## 0.853 0.360
## 1.683 0.666
## 1.545 0.627
## 1.461 0.588
##
## R-Square:
## Estimate
## pa 0.049
## ar 0.527
## se 0.328
## oe 0.409
## pn 0.640
## gov 0.334
## busi 0.373
## ind 0.412
##
##
## Group 4 [United Kingdom]:
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## pa ~
## bio (a1_4) 0.250 0.051 4.936 0.000 0.151 0.349
## alt (a2_4) 0.047 0.046 1.027 0.304 -0.043 0.137
## hed (a3_4) -0.128 0.049 -2.615 0.009 -0.225 -0.032
## ego (a4_4) 0.060 0.035 1.711 0.087 -0.009 0.128
## ar ~
## pa (b1_4) 0.744 0.023 31.693 0.000 0.698 0.790
## se ~
## ar (c1_4) 0.499 0.028 17.727 0.000 0.444 0.554
## ego (c2_4) 0.170 0.029 5.786 0.000 0.112 0.228
## oe ~
## ar (d1_4) 0.592 0.026 23.069 0.000 0.542 0.642
## ego (d2_4) 0.159 0.028 5.660 0.000 0.104 0.214
## pn ~
## se (e1_4) 0.352 0.017 20.495 0.000 0.318 0.385
## oe (e2_4) 0.584 0.016 35.433 0.000 0.552 0.616
## gov ~
## pn (f1_4) 0.642 0.031 20.596 0.000 0.581 0.703
## ego (g1_4) 0.017 0.030 0.567 0.571 -0.042 0.076
## busi ~
## pn (f2_4) 0.659 0.029 23.052 0.000 0.603 0.715
## ego (g2_4) 0.113 0.028 4.060 0.000 0.058 0.167
## ind ~
## pn (f3_4) 0.692 0.027 25.573 0.000 0.639 0.745
## ego (g3_4) 0.045 0.025 1.819 0.069 -0.003 0.094
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 0.250 0.256
## 0.047 0.049
## -0.128 -0.130
## 0.060 0.060
##
## 0.744 0.703
##
## 0.499 0.508
## 0.170 0.163
##
## 0.592 0.601
## 0.159 0.152
##
## 0.352 0.371
## 0.584 0.618
##
## 0.642 0.585
## 0.017 0.016
##
## 0.659 0.607
## 0.113 0.105
##
## 0.692 0.654
## 0.045 0.043
##
## Covariances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .gov ~~
## .busi 0.979 0.091 10.805 0.000 0.801 1.157
## .ind 0.733 0.090 8.111 0.000 0.556 0.910
## .busi ~~
## .ind 1.085 0.089 12.186 0.000 0.911 1.260
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 0.979 0.447
## 0.733 0.355
##
## 1.085 0.555
##
## Intercepts:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 3.321 0.208 15.932 0.000 2.913 3.730
## .ar 0.555 0.101 5.517 0.000 0.358 0.752
## .se 1.226 0.156 7.856 0.000 0.920 1.531
## .oe 0.805 0.134 6.011 0.000 0.542 1.067
## .pn 0.103 0.070 1.472 0.141 -0.034 0.239
## .gov 0.913 0.155 5.882 0.000 0.609 1.217
## .busi 0.340 0.141 2.411 0.016 0.064 0.616
## .ind 0.938 0.137 6.861 0.000 0.670 1.206
## Std.lv Std.all
## 3.321 1.909
## 0.555 0.301
## 1.226 0.678
## 0.805 0.444
## 0.103 0.060
## 0.913 0.486
## 0.340 0.182
## 0.938 0.517
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 2.863 0.107 26.863 0.000 2.654 3.072
## .ar 1.715 0.105 16.311 0.000 1.509 1.922
## .se 2.310 0.109 21.213 0.000 2.097 2.524
## .oe 1.995 0.100 19.871 0.000 1.798 2.192
## .pn 0.955 0.068 14.070 0.000 0.822 1.088
## .gov 2.311 0.117 19.727 0.000 2.081 2.541
## .busi 2.072 0.104 19.848 0.000 1.867 2.276
## .ind 1.845 0.103 17.855 0.000 1.643 2.048
## Std.lv Std.all
## 2.863 0.945
## 1.715 0.506
## 2.310 0.707
## 1.995 0.606
## 0.955 0.325
## 2.311 0.654
## 2.072 0.597
## 1.845 0.560
##
## R-Square:
## Estimate
## pa 0.055
## ar 0.494
## se 0.293
## oe 0.394
## pn 0.675
## gov 0.346
## busi 0.403
## ind 0.440
##
##
## Group 5 [Italy]:
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## pa ~
## bio (a1_5) 0.151 0.041 3.693 0.000 0.071 0.232
## alt (a2_5) 0.107 0.044 2.451 0.014 0.021 0.192
## hed (a3_5) -0.072 0.039 -1.852 0.064 -0.149 0.004
## ego (a4_5) 0.058 0.033 1.740 0.082 -0.007 0.122
## ar ~
## pa (b1_5) 0.657 0.021 31.962 0.000 0.617 0.698
## se ~
## ar (c1_5) 0.596 0.024 24.832 0.000 0.549 0.643
## ego (c2_5) 0.070 0.026 2.756 0.006 0.020 0.121
## oe ~
## ar (d1_5) 0.614 0.023 26.330 0.000 0.568 0.659
## ego (d2_5) 0.064 0.025 2.545 0.011 0.015 0.113
## pn ~
## se (e1_5) 0.536 0.013 42.128 0.000 0.511 0.561
## oe (e2_5) 0.402 0.013 30.232 0.000 0.376 0.428
## gov ~
## pn (f1_5) 0.585 0.031 18.711 0.000 0.524 0.646
## ego (g1_5) -0.020 0.028 -0.705 0.481 -0.074 0.035
## busi ~
## pn (f2_5) 0.564 0.031 18.296 0.000 0.504 0.625
## ego (g2_5) 0.005 0.028 0.164 0.870 -0.051 0.060
## ind ~
## pn (f3_5) 0.634 0.029 21.583 0.000 0.577 0.692
## ego (g3_5) 0.018 0.026 0.716 0.474 -0.032 0.068
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 0.151 0.173
## 0.107 0.117
## -0.072 -0.078
## 0.058 0.051
##
## 0.657 0.690
##
## 0.596 0.590
## 0.070 0.065
##
## 0.614 0.610
## 0.064 0.059
##
## 0.536 0.589
## 0.402 0.440
##
## 0.585 0.523
## -0.020 -0.018
##
## 0.564 0.512
## 0.005 0.004
##
## 0.634 0.585
## 0.018 0.017
##
## Covariances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .gov ~~
## .busi 1.248 0.075 16.644 0.000 1.101 1.395
## .ind 0.755 0.073 10.292 0.000 0.611 0.899
## .busi ~~
## .ind 0.861 0.074 11.671 0.000 0.717 1.006
## Std.lv Std.all
##
## 1.248 0.610
## 0.755 0.398
##
## 0.861 0.457
##
## Intercepts:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 3.240 0.172 18.852 0.000 2.903 3.577
## .ar 1.047 0.085 12.254 0.000 0.879 1.214
## .se 1.135 0.130 8.708 0.000 0.880 1.391
## .oe 1.223 0.128 9.551 0.000 0.972 1.474
## .pn 0.185 0.068 2.714 0.007 0.051 0.319
## .gov 1.076 0.146 7.393 0.000 0.791 1.361
## .busi 1.022 0.146 7.022 0.000 0.737 1.307
## .ind 1.321 0.140 9.439 0.000 1.047 1.596
## Std.lv Std.all
## 3.240 1.883
## 1.047 0.638
## 1.135 0.685
## 1.223 0.742
## 0.185 0.123
## 1.076 0.640
## 1.022 0.615
## 1.321 0.809
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) ci.lower ci.upper
## .pa 2.806 0.089 31.437 0.000 2.632 2.981
## .ar 1.409 0.074 19.061 0.000 1.264 1.554
## .se 1.772 0.076 23.241 0.000 1.623 1.922
## .oe 1.691 0.079 21.464 0.000 1.536 1.845
## .pn 0.611 0.049 12.408 0.000 0.514 0.707
## .gov 2.059 0.085 24.128 0.000 1.891 2.226
## .busi 2.033 0.079 25.828 0.000 1.879 2.188
## .ind 1.751 0.084 20.870 0.000 1.586 1.915
## Std.lv Std.all
## 2.806 0.948
## 1.409 0.524
## 1.772 0.646
## 1.691 0.622
## 0.611 0.269
## 2.059 0.727
## 2.033 0.738
## 1.751 0.656
##
## R-Square:
## Estimate
## pa 0.052
## ar 0.476
## se 0.354
## oe 0.378
## pn 0.731
## gov 0.273
## busi 0.262
## ind 0.344#plot betas
est <- parameterEstimates(fit_model_countries, standardized = TRUE)
# keep only regression paths
est_reg <- est %>%
filter(op == "~") %>%
mutate(country = group) # group is numeric by default
est_reg$country <- factor(est_reg$country,
levels = 1:5,
labels = c("Germany", "Lithuania", "Netherlands", "UK", "Italy"))
est_reg <- est_reg %>%
mutate(path = paste(lhs, "~", rhs))
est_reg <- est_reg %>%
arrange(path) %>%
mutate(path_id = as.numeric(factor(path)),
path_spaced = path_id * 2) # increase multiplier for more space
est_reg$country <- factor(est_reg$country)
#path order for figure
path_order <- c(
"pa ~ bio",
"pa ~ alt",
"pa ~ hed",
"pa ~ ego",
"ar ~ pa",
"se ~ ar",
"oe ~ ar",
"pn ~ se",
"pn ~ oe",
"gov ~ pn",
"busi ~ pn",
"ind ~ pn",
"se ~ ego",
"oe ~ ego",
"gov ~ ego",
"busi ~ ego",
"ind ~ ego"
)
est_reg$path <- factor(est_reg$path,
levels = rev(path_order))
ggplot(est_reg,
aes(x = std.all,
y = path,
color = country)) +
geom_point(position = position_dodge(width = 0.6),size = 3) +
geom_errorbarh(
aes(xmin = ci.lower,
xmax = ci.upper),
height = 0.8,
position = position_dodge(width = 0.6)
) +
labs(x = expression(beta),
y = "Path",
color = "Country") +
theme_minimal() +
scale_color_brewer(palette = "Dark2")## Warning: `geom_errobarh()` was deprecated in ggplot2 4.0.0.
## ℹ Please use the `orientation` argument of `geom_errorbar()` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.## `height` was translated to `width`.