The goal of this study is to evaluate whether self-esteem levels of participants change significantly over three different time points (pre-test, mid-test, and post-test).
Statistical Analysis:In this analysis, a repeated-measures ANOVA is conducted to examine whether participants’ self-esteem scores changed significantly across three time points: t1 (pre-test), t2 (mid-test), and t3 (post-test).
Methods:- Data reshaped into long format.
- Repeated-measures ANOVA test.
- Sphericity assessed with Mauchly’s test.
- Post-hoc comparisons with Bonferroni correction.
- Visualization of time trends.
A repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to examine changes in self-esteem scores across three time points (T1, T2, T3). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was met (p > .05). There was a significant main effect of time on self-esteem, F(2, 38) = 55.5, p < 0.001, η² = 0.82, indicating that self-esteem scores changed significantly over the course of the study.
Figure1: Self-Esteem Across Time:
Mean self-esteem scores across three time points with standard error
bars.
Figure 1.
Mean self-esteem scores across
time.
Note. Error bars represent the standard
error of the mean.
Figure1 displays the mean self-esteem scores measured at three points in time (T1, T2, T3), with error bars representing the standard error of the mean. The graph shows that participants’ self-esteem gradually increased across the three time points as seen in the upward slope of the line. The relatively small error bars suggest that variability within each time point was limited, strengthening the confidence in the observed trend. Overall, the figure shows a consistent improvement in self-esteem across the study period.
Post-Hoc Pairwise Comparisons:Bonferroni-corrected pairwise t-tests were conducted to explore the significant main effect of time. The results showed that self-esteem increased significantly between each time point:
- From T1 to T2 = -4.97, p = 0.002, indicating that the mean score at T2 was higher than at T1.
- From T1 to T3 = -13.2, p < .001, showing a large increase over the study period.
- From T2 to T3 = -4.87, p = 0.003, demonstrating a further increase.
Although the t-statistics are negative, this reflects the direction of subtraction (T1 − T2, T1 − T3, T2 − T3); the negative values indicate that later time points had higher mean scores than earlier ones. Overall, these post-hoc tests confirm that self-esteem improved steadily across all measurements.
Figure 2: Boxplot with Pairwise Comparisons:
Figure2. The boxplot shows that participants’ self-esteem scores increased across the three time points. The brackets indicate statistically significant differences between time points based on Bonferroni-corrected pairwise tests. Self-esteem rose from T1 to T2, increased further from T2 to T3, and the largest overall increase occurred from T1 to T3. The plot clearly illustrates the steady improvement in self-esteem over the course of the study.
Conclusion:The analysis demonstrates that self-esteem scores changed significantly across time points. This suggests that the intervention or time passage had a measurable impact on participants’ self-esteem.