data(mtcars)
edit(mtcars)
##                      mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
## Mazda RX4           21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
## Mazda RX4 Wag       21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
## Datsun 710          22.8   4 108.0  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
## Hornet 4 Drive      21.4   6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
## Hornet Sportabout   18.7   8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
## Valiant             18.1   6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
## Duster 360          14.3   8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84  0  0    3    4
## Merc 240D           24.4   4 146.7  62 3.69 3.190 20.00  1  0    4    2
## Merc 230            22.8   4 140.8  95 3.92 3.150 22.90  1  0    4    2
## Merc 280            19.2   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30  1  0    4    4
## Merc 280C           17.8   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90  1  0    4    4
## Merc 450SE          16.4   8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40  0  0    3    3
## Merc 450SL          17.3   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60  0  0    3    3
## Merc 450SLC         15.2   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00  0  0    3    3
## Cadillac Fleetwood  10.4   8 472.0 205 2.93 5.250 17.98  0  0    3    4
## Lincoln Continental 10.4   8 460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82  0  0    3    4
## Chrysler Imperial   14.7   8 440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42  0  0    3    4
## Fiat 128            32.4   4  78.7  66 4.08 2.200 19.47  1  1    4    1
## Honda Civic         30.4   4  75.7  52 4.93 1.615 18.52  1  1    4    2
## Toyota Corolla      33.9   4  71.1  65 4.22 1.835 19.90  1  1    4    1
## Toyota Corona       21.5   4 120.1  97 3.70 2.465 20.01  1  0    3    1
## Dodge Challenger    15.5   8 318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87  0  0    3    2
## AMC Javelin         15.2   8 304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30  0  0    3    2
## Camaro Z28          13.3   8 350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41  0  0    3    4
## Pontiac Firebird    19.2   8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05  0  0    3    2
## Fiat X1-9           27.3   4  79.0  66 4.08 1.935 18.90  1  1    4    1
## Porsche 914-2       26.0   4 120.3  91 4.43 2.140 16.70  0  1    5    2
## Lotus Europa        30.4   4  95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90  1  1    5    2
## Ford Pantera L      15.8   8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50  0  1    5    4
## Ferrari Dino        19.7   6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50  0  1    5    6
## Maserati Bora       15.0   8 301.0 335 3.54 3.570 14.60  0  1    5    8
## Volvo 142E          21.4   4 121.0 109 4.11 2.780 18.60  1  1    4    2

Gráfico 1 de la Data MtCars 

plot(mtcars$cyl, mtcars$mpg,
# Cargar librerías
library(ggplot2)
## Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 4.5.2
# Gráfico de cilindros vs rendimiento (mpg)
ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = factor(cyl),
                   y = mpg,
                   fill = factor(cyl))) +
  geom_col() +
  labs(x = "Cilindros",
       y = "Millas por Galón",
       title = "Cilindros según rendimiento (mpg)") +
  theme_minimal()

Gráfico 2 de la Data MtCars

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = factor(cyl), y = hp, fill = factor(cyl))) +
  geom_col() +
  labs(x = "Cilindros",
       y = "Caballos de fuerza",
       title = "Cilindros según Potencia (HP)") +
  theme_minimal()

Gráfico 3 de la Data de MtCars

library(tidyr)

mt_long <- mtcars |>
  pivot_longer(cols = everything(), names_to = "variable", values_to = "valor")

ggplot(mt_long, aes(x = valor)) +
  geom_histogram(bins = 20) +
  facet_wrap(~ variable, scales = "free") +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Histogramas comparativos de todas las variables cuantitativas")

Gráfico 4 de la Base de MtCars

ggplot(mt_long, aes(x = valor, fill = variable)) +
  geom_histogram(bins = 20) +
  facet_wrap(~ variable, scales = "free") +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Histogramas comparativos (con color)")

Gráfico 5 de la Base de MtCars

ggplot(mt_long, aes(x = variable, y = valor)) +
  geom_boxplot(outlier.color = "red") +
  stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point", size = 3, color = "blue") +
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
  labs(title = "Caja y bigotes con promedio por variable")

Gráfico 6 de la Base de MtCars —

library(ggcorrplot)
## Warning: package 'ggcorrplot' was built under R version 4.5.2
cor_mat <- cor(mtcars)

ggcorrplot(
  cor_mat,
  hc.order = TRUE,
  type = "lower",
  lab = TRUE
) + 
  labs(title = "Heatmap de Correlación - mtcars")
## Warning: `aes_string()` was deprecated in ggplot2 3.0.0.
## ℹ Please use tidy evaluation idioms with `aes()`.
## ℹ See also `vignette("ggplot2-in-packages")` for more information.
## ℹ The deprecated feature was likely used in the ggcorrplot package.
##   Please report the issue at <https://github.com/kassambara/ggcorrplot/issues>.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.

Gráfico 7 de la Base de MtCars —

library(corrr)
## Warning: package 'corrr' was built under R version 4.5.2
library(dplyr)
## 
## Adjuntando el paquete: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
library(ggplot2)

corr_long <- correlate(mtcars) %>%
  stretch() %>%
  filter(x != y)
## Correlation computed with
## • Method: 'pearson'
## • Missing treated using: 'pairwise.complete.obs'
ggplot(corr_long, aes(x, y, size = abs(r), color = r)) +
  geom_point() +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Mapa de correlación tipo burbuja") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))

Gráfico 8 de la Base de MtCars —

ggplot(mtcars, aes(wt, mpg)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "Blue") +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(
    title = "Relación entre peso (wt) y rendimiento (mpg)",
    x = "Peso",
    y = "Rendimiento (mpg)"
  )
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'

Gráfico 10 de Base MtCars

# Variables
xvar <- "wt"
yvar <- "mpg"

# Calcular r y R2
r_val <- cor(mtcars[[xvar]], mtcars[[yvar]])
modelo <- lm(as.formula(paste(yvar, "~", xvar)), data = mtcars)
R2_val <- summary(modelo)$r.squared

# Crear gráfico
ggplot(mtcars, aes_string(x = xvar, y = yvar)) +
  geom_point(color = "blue", size = 3) +   # puedes cambiar el color si quieres
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red", size = 1.2) +
  theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +
  labs(
    title = "Relación entre peso (wt) y rendimiento (mpg)",
    subtitle = "Con línea de regresión, correlación r y coeficiente R²",
    x = "Peso del vehículo (wt)",
    y = "Rendimiento (mpg)"
  ) +
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = max(mtcars[[xvar]]) * 0.90,
    y = max(mtcars[[yvar]]) * 0.95,
    label = paste0(
      "r = ", round(r_val, 3),
      "\nR² = ", round(R2_val, 3)
    ),
    hjust = 1,
    size = 5
  )
## Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'

Gráfico 11 de la Base de MtCars