We use data from https://www.lock5stat.com/datapage3e.html to answer the following questions.
We will use different statistical methods to explore the questions.
t_test_1 <- t.test(GPA ~ Gender, data = college, alternative = "two.sided")
print(t_test_1)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: GPA by Gender
## t = 3.9139, df = 200.9, p-value = 0.0001243
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group 0 and group 1 is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.09982254 0.30252780
## sample estimates:
## mean in group 0 mean in group 1
## 3.324901 3.123725The data above shows the difference in the average GPA between male and female college students.
college$ClassGroup <- ifelse(college$ClassYear %in% c(1, 2), "FirstTwoYears", "OtherYears")
t_test_2 <- t.test(NumEarlyClass ~ ClassGroup, data = college)
print(t_test_2)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: NumEarlyClass by ClassGroup
## t = 4.1813, df = 250.69, p-value = 4.009e-05
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group FirstTwoYears and group OtherYears is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.4042016 1.1240309
## sample estimates:
## mean in group FirstTwoYears mean in group OtherYears
## 2.070423 1.306306The data above shows the difference in the average number of early classes between the first two class years and other class years.
college_subset <- subset(college, LarkOwl %in% c("Lark","Owl"))
t_test_3 <- t.test(CognitionZscore ~ LarkOwl, data = college_subset, alternative = "greater")
print(t_test_3)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: CognitionZscore by LarkOwl
## t = 0.80571, df = 75.331, p-value = 0.2115
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Lark and group Owl is greater than 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.1372184 Inf
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Lark mean in group Owl
## 0.09024390 -0.03836735The data above shows the cognitive skill difference between morning people and night people.
t_test_4 <- t.test(ClassesMissed ~ EarlyClass, data = college, alternative = "two.sided")
print(t_test_4)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: ClassesMissed by EarlyClass
## t = 1.4755, df = 152.78, p-value = 0.1421
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group 0 and group 1 is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.2233558 1.5412830
## sample estimates:
## mean in group 0 mean in group 1
## 2.647059 1.988095The data above shows the difference in the average number of classes missed in a semester between students who had at least one early class compared to those who did not.
college$DepressionGroup <- ifelse(college$DepressionScore >= 10, "ModerateOrHigher", "Normal")
t_test_5 <- t.test(Happiness ~ DepressionGroup, data = college)
print(t_test_5)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: Happiness by DepressionGroup
## t = -5.6339, df = 55.594, p-value = 6.057e-07
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group ModerateOrHigher and group Normal is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -7.379724 -3.507836
## sample estimates:
## mean in group ModerateOrHigher mean in group Normal
## 21.61364 27.05742The data above shows the difference in the average happiness level between students with at least moderate depression compared to students with normal depression.
t_test_6 <- t.test(AverageSleep ~ AllNighter, data = college)
print(t_test_6)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: AverageSleep by AllNighter
## t = 4.4256, df = 42.171, p-value = 6.666e-05
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group 0 and group 1 is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.4366603 1.1685667
## sample estimates:
## mean in group 0 mean in group 1
## 8.073790 7.271176The data above shows the difference in average sleep quality scores between students who have had at least one all-nighter compared to students who have not.
college_subset <- subset(college, AlcoholUse %in% c("Abstain","Heavy"))
t_test_7 <- t.test(StressScore ~ AlcoholUse, data = college_subset, alternative = "less")
print(t_test_7)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: StressScore by AlcoholUse
## t = -0.62604, df = 28.733, p-value = 0.2681
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Abstain and group Heavy is less than 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -Inf 2.515654
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Abstain mean in group Heavy
## 8.970588 10.437500The data above shows the difference in stress levels between students who abstain from alcohol and students who report heavy alcohol use.
t_test_8 <- t.test(Drinks ~ Gender, data = college)
print(t_test_8)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: Drinks by Gender
## t = -6.1601, df = 142.75, p-value = 7.002e-09
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group 0 and group 1 is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -4.360009 -2.241601
## sample estimates:
## mean in group 0 mean in group 1
## 4.238411 7.539216The data above shows the difference in the average number of drinks per week between female and male students.
college$StressGroup <- ifelse(college$StressScore >= 15, "HighStress", "LowStress")
t_test_9 <- t.test(WeekdayBed ~ StressGroup, data = college, alternative = "two.sided")
print(t_test_9)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: WeekdayBed by StressGroup
## t = -1.0746, df = 87.048, p-value = 0.2855
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group HighStress and group LowStress is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.4856597 0.1447968
## sample estimates:
## mean in group HighStress mean in group LowStress
## 24.71500 24.88543The data above shows the difference in the average weekday bedtime between students with high and low stress levels.
college$YearGroup <- ifelse(college$ClassYear %in% c(1, 2), "FirstTwoYears", "OtherYears")
t_test_10 <- t.test(WeekendSleep ~ YearGroup, data = college)
print(t_test_10)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: WeekendSleep by YearGroup
## t = -0.047888, df = 237.36, p-value = 0.9618
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group FirstTwoYears and group OtherYears is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.3497614 0.3331607
## sample estimates:
## mean in group FirstTwoYears mean in group OtherYears
## 8.213592 8.221892The data above shows the difference in the average hours of sleep on weekends between first two year students compared to other students.
Exploring Sleep Patterns This project looked at sleep patterns and habits of college students using the SleepStudy dataset. It compared groups based on gender, class year, whether they were larks or owls, early classes, depression level, alcohol use, and stress. The results showed clear differences between these groups in GPA, cognition, class attendance, happiness, sleep quality, and hours of sleep. Overall, the findings show that students’ daily habits and well-being are closely connected to how well they sleep.