Factor Analysis

All factors loaded sufficiently except for the coercion and the deservingness factors. This does make sense, however, as the items used to measure these two concepts measured different dimensions of the concepts rather than measuring a broad concept like policy_conflict or proselytizing. For coercion and deservingness, we will use the single-item measures. Notably, policy_conflict has a sufficient alpha only when dropping the first question which had a loading of about 0.50.

Analysis

Descriptive Statistics & Frequencies

Summary Statistics for Numeric Variables
Variable mean median sd min max
contract_comfort 3.63 4.00 1.22 1.00 5.00
savings 15.15 15.00 7.07 5.00 25.00
effectiveness 0.00 0.18 1.00 -2.94 1.22
efficiency 0.00 0.18 1.00 -3.07 1.25
equity 0.00 0.29 1.00 -2.70 1.15
state_coercion 3.58 4.00 1.67 1.00 7.00
choice_coercion 4.27 4.00 1.67 1.00 7.00
proselytizing 0.00 0.11 1.00 -2.30 1.85
policy_conflict 0.00 0.19 1.00 -1.86 2.30
need_deservingness 4.97 5.00 1.78 1.00 7.00
earned_deservingness 4.93 5.00 1.34 1.00 7.00
age 45.93 46.00 15.83 19.00 87.00
inc 3.97 4.00 1.65 1.00 6.00
edu 4.26 5.00 1.33 1.00 6.00
religiosity 2.13 1.00 1.34 1.00 5.00
Proportions for Nominal Variables
Variable Category Count Proportion
contract_lab NA NA
Yes 1281 0.801
No 319 0.199
denomination NA NA
Baptist 99 0.249
Non-Denominational 94 0.236
Protestant, non-specific 51 0.128
Pentecostal 34 0.085
Methodist 27 0.068
Presbyterian 24 0.060
Episcopalian/Anglican 19 0.048
Lutheran 17 0.043
Adventist 8 0.020
Other Evangelical/Fundamentalist (please specify) 8 0.020
Reformed 8 0.020
Friends 4 0.010
Holiness 3 0.008
Congregationalist 2 0.005
gender NA NA
Woman 791 0.494
Man 780 0.488
Non-Binary 24 0.015
Other (please specify) 4 0.002
1 0.001
party NA NA
Democrat 624 0.390
Republican 479 0.300
Independent/No Party Affiliation 471 0.295
Other (please specify) 24 0.015
program NA NA
Temporary Housing 232 0.145
Downpayment Assistance 216 0.135
Meals on Wheels 211 0.132
Child Support Recovery 204 0.128
Disaster Relief 203 0.127
Foster Care 186 0.116
Family Planning 176 0.110
Criminal Justice Diversion 172 0.108
race NA NA
White 1044 0.653
Black 207 0.129
Hispanic 154 0.096
Asian 107 0.067
Other Race (please specify) 56 0.035
American Indian/Alaskan Native 17 0.011
Prefer not to answer 14 0.009
race_binary NA NA
White 1044 0.658
Person of Color 542 0.342
religion NA NA
Protestant 398 0.249
Catholic 327 0.205
No religious identification 239 0.150
Agnostic 233 0.146
Atheist 133 0.083
Something else (please specify) 131 0.082
Jewish 39 0.024
Prefer not to answer 32 0.020
Buddhist 29 0.018
Orthodox, such as Greek or Russian Orthodox 13 0.008
Mormon 9 0.006
Muslim 10 0.006
Hindu 5 0.003
sector NA NA
Nonprofit 828 0.517
Faith-Based Nonprofit 772 0.482

Thematic Checks

Means by Policy/Program (Part 1)
program state_coercion choice_coercion need_deservingness earned_deservingness
Child Support Recovery 3.71 3.99 3.92 4.54
Criminal Justice Diversion 4.29 4.17 4.08 4.80
Disaster Relief 3.33 4.24 5.59 5.07
Downpayment Assistance 3.35 4.02 5.13 4.99
Family Planning 3.46 4.16 5.22 5.03
Foster Care 3.70 4.60 5.24 5.02
Meals on Wheels 3.38 4.61 5.39 5.23
Temporary Housing 3.52 4.37 5.06 4.75
Means by Policy/Program (Part 2)
program proselytizing policy_conflict
Child Support Recovery 0.04 0.01
Criminal Justice Diversion 0.19 0.05
Disaster Relief -0.13 -0.10
Downpayment Assistance -0.03 0.01
Family Planning 0.07 0.18
Foster Care 0.13 0.14
Meals on Wheels -0.14 -0.10
Temporary Housing -0.06 -0.13
One-way ANOVAs: Outcome ~ Program
outcome df1 df2 F p
state_coercion 7 1590 6.711 0.000
choice_coercion 7 1590 4.083 0.000
need_deservingness 7 1590 25.557 0.000
earned_deservingness 7 1590 5.476 0.000
proselytizing 7 1590 2.689 0.009
policy_conflict 7 1590 2.643 0.010
Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
State Coercion −0.013+ −0.077*** −0.093*** −0.074*** −0.091***
(0.007) (0.020) (0.017) (0.017) (0.017)
Choice Coercion −0.015** −0.036* −0.039** −0.027* −0.018
(0.006) (0.016) (0.013) (0.014) (0.013)
Proselytizing −0.104*** −0.283*** −0.135*** −0.116*** −0.198***
(0.013) (0.038) (0.031) (0.031) (0.031)
Policy Conflict −0.085*** −0.322*** −0.277*** −0.299*** −0.259***
(0.013) (0.038) (0.031) (0.032) (0.031)
Need Deservingness −0.049*** −0.116*** −0.064*** −0.043*** −0.097***
(0.005) (0.015) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013)
Earned Deservingness 0.042*** 0.143*** 0.179*** 0.167*** 0.133***
(0.007) (0.020) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016)
Constant 0.946*** 3.937*** −0.065 −0.225+ 0.228+
(0.052) (0.154) (0.126) (0.128) (0.126)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.247 0.294 0.300 0.272 0.293
R2 Adj. 0.244 0.291 0.297 0.270 0.291
RMSE 0.35 1.03 0.84 0.85 0.84
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Assign Dimensional Order to Program Treatments

Test Influence of Dimensions on Outcomes

Independent variables are ordinal rankings created by ordering programs by their mean value on each dimension (state coercion, choice coercion, proselytizing, policy conflict, need deservingness, and earned deservingness). Higher values indicate programs with higher mean scores on that dimension.

Dependent Variable: Contract
&nbsp;(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;(4) &nbsp;&nbsp;(5) &nbsp;&nbsp;(6)
(Intercept) 0.816*** 0.754*** 0.873*** 0.869*** 0.793*** 0.800***
(0.022) (0.022) (0.022) (0.021) (0.022) (0.022)
state_coercion_ord −0.003
(0.004)
choice_coercion_ord 0.010*
(0.004)
proselytizing_ord −0.017***
(0.004)
policy_conflict_ord −0.016***
(0.004)
need_deservingness_ord 0.002
(0.004)
earned_deservingness_ord 0.000
(0.004)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.000 0.004 0.009 0.008 0.000 0.000
RMSE 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Dependent Variable: Contract Comfort
&nbsp;(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;(4) &nbsp;&nbsp;(5) &nbsp;&nbsp;(6)
(Intercept) 3.691*** 3.505*** 3.850*** 3.853*** 3.602*** 3.631***
(0.067) (0.067) (0.066) (0.065) (0.067) (0.066)
state_coercion_ord −0.013
(0.013)
choice_coercion_ord 0.029*
(0.013)
proselytizing_ord −0.050***
(0.014)
policy_conflict_ord −0.051***
(0.013)
need_deservingness_ord 0.007
(0.013)
earned_deservingness_ord 0.001
(0.013)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.001 0.003 0.008 0.009 0.000 0.000
RMSE 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Dependent Variable: Effectiveness
&nbsp;(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;(4) &nbsp;&nbsp;(5) &nbsp;&nbsp;(6)
(Intercept) 0.162** −0.142** 0.236*** 0.218*** −0.128* −0.084
(0.055) (0.055) (0.054) (0.053) (0.055) (0.054)
state_coercion_ord −0.037***
(0.011)
choice_coercion_ord 0.031**
(0.011)
proselytizing_ord −0.054***
(0.011)
policy_conflict_ord −0.051***
(0.011)
need_deservingness_ord 0.028**
(0.011)
earned_deservingness_ord 0.019+
(0.011)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.007 0.005 0.015 0.013 0.004 0.002
RMSE 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Dependent Variable: Efficiency
&nbsp;(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;(4) &nbsp;&nbsp;(5) &nbsp;&nbsp;(6)
(Intercept) 0.117* −0.137* 0.217*** 0.218*** −0.085 −0.048
(0.055) (0.055) (0.054) (0.053) (0.055) (0.054)
state_coercion_ord −0.027*
(0.011)
choice_coercion_ord 0.030**
(0.011)
proselytizing_ord −0.050***
(0.011)
policy_conflict_ord −0.051***
(0.011)
need_deservingness_ord 0.019+
(0.011)
earned_deservingness_ord 0.011
(0.011)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.004 0.005 0.013 0.013 0.002 0.001
RMSE 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Dependent Variable: Equity
&nbsp;(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;(4) &nbsp;&nbsp;(5) &nbsp;&nbsp;(6)
(Intercept) 0.078 −0.150** 0.189*** 0.214*** −0.070 −0.031
(0.055) (0.055) (0.054) (0.053) (0.055) (0.054)
state_coercion_ord −0.018
(0.011)
choice_coercion_ord 0.033**
(0.011)
proselytizing_ord −0.044***
(0.011)
policy_conflict_ord −0.050***
(0.011)
need_deservingness_ord 0.016
(0.011)
earned_deservingness_ord 0.007
(0.011)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.002 0.006 0.010 0.013 0.001 0.000
RMSE 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Sector

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Faith-Based Nonprofit (vs. Nonprofit) −0.168*** −0.391*** −0.230*** −0.181*** −0.291***
(0.020) (0.060) (0.050) (0.050) (0.050)
Intercept 0.882*** 3.824*** 0.111** 0.088* 0.141***
(0.014) (0.042) (0.035) (0.035) (0.034)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.044 0.026 0.013 0.008 0.021
RMSE 0.39 1.21 0.99 1.00 0.99
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Sector is coded as Nonprofit (reference) vs. Faith-Based Nonprofit

Program

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.080+ −0.201 −0.129 −0.110 −0.042
(0.041) (0.126) (0.103) (0.103) (0.103)
Disaster Relief −0.040 −0.016 0.189+ 0.130 0.148
(0.039) (0.121) (0.098) (0.099) (0.099)
Downpayment Assistance −0.022 −0.102 0.117 0.056 −0.000
(0.039) (0.119) (0.097) (0.097) (0.097)
Family Planning −0.103* −0.245+ −0.110 −0.141 −0.136
(0.041) (0.125) (0.102) (0.102) (0.102)
Foster Care −0.034 −0.123 0.033 −0.014 −0.002
(0.040) (0.123) (0.101) (0.101) (0.101)
Meals on Wheels 0.068+ 0.158 0.257** 0.222* 0.201*
(0.039) (0.120) (0.098) (0.098) (0.098)
Temporary Housing 0.035 0.147 0.210* 0.215* 0.244*
(0.038) (0.117) (0.095) (0.095) (0.095)
Intercept 0.819*** 3.672*** −0.082 −0.055 −0.061
(0.028) (0.085) (0.070) (0.070) (0.070)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.017 0.013 0.018 0.016 0.015
RMSE 0.40 1.21 0.99 0.99 0.99
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Child Support Recovery is the reference category, representing programs where respondents perceive clients to have alternative service options.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Child Support Recovery 0.022 0.102 −0.117 −0.056 0.000
(0.039) (0.119) (0.097) (0.097) (0.097)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.058 −0.099 −0.245* −0.166 −0.042
(0.041) (0.124) (0.101) (0.102) (0.102)
Disaster Relief −0.018 0.086 0.072 0.074 0.148
(0.039) (0.119) (0.097) (0.097) (0.097)
Family Planning −0.080* −0.143 −0.227* −0.197+ −0.136
(0.040) (0.124) (0.101) (0.101) (0.101)
Foster Care −0.011 −0.021 −0.084 −0.070 −0.002
(0.040) (0.122) (0.099) (0.099) (0.099)
Meals on Wheels 0.090* 0.260* 0.140 0.167+ 0.201*
(0.038) (0.118) (0.096) (0.096) (0.096)
Temporary Housing 0.057 0.250* 0.093 0.159+ 0.244**
(0.038) (0.115) (0.094) (0.094) (0.094)
Intercept 0.796*** 3.569*** 0.035 0.000 −0.061
(0.027) (0.083) (0.068) (0.068) (0.068)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.017 0.013 0.018 0.016 0.015
RMSE 0.40 1.21 0.99 0.99 0.99
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Downpayment Assistance is the reference category, reflecting a program that is perceived as having a low threat of proselytizing by respondents.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Child Support Recovery −0.035 −0.147 −0.210* −0.215* −0.244*
(0.038) (0.117) (0.095) (0.095) (0.095)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.115** −0.348** −0.339*** −0.325** −0.286**
(0.040) (0.122) (0.100) (0.100) (0.100)
Disaster Relief −0.075* −0.164 −0.021 −0.085 −0.097
(0.038) (0.117) (0.095) (0.096) (0.096)
Downpayment Assistance −0.057 −0.250* −0.093 −0.159+ −0.244**
(0.038) (0.115) (0.094) (0.094) (0.094)
Family Planning −0.138*** −0.393** −0.320** −0.356*** −0.380***
(0.040) (0.122) (0.099) (0.099) (0.099)
Foster Care −0.069+ −0.271* −0.177+ −0.229* −0.246*
(0.039) (0.120) (0.098) (0.098) (0.098)
Meals on Wheels 0.033 0.010 0.047 0.007 −0.043
(0.038) (0.116) (0.094) (0.095) (0.095)
Intercept 0.853*** 3.819*** 0.128* 0.160* 0.183**
(0.026) (0.080) (0.065) (0.065) (0.065)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.017 0.013 0.018 0.016 0.015
RMSE 0.40 1.21 0.99 0.99 0.99
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Temporary Housing is the reference category, representing a program perceived as having low policy–organization conflict.

Sector x Program

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.090 −0.180 −0.178 −0.225 −0.079
(0.059) (0.183) (0.150) (0.151) (0.150)
Disaster Relief −0.055 −0.203 0.089 0.015 0.098
(0.054) (0.166) (0.136) (0.137) (0.136)
Downpayment Assistance −0.000 −0.166 0.171 0.082 0.067
(0.054) (0.166) (0.136) (0.137) (0.136)
Family Planning −0.010 −0.063 0.066 −0.045 0.084
(0.056) (0.173) (0.142) (0.143) (0.142)
Foster Care 0.001 −0.091 0.052 0.006 0.051
(0.053) (0.165) (0.136) (0.137) (0.136)
Meals on Wheels 0.074 0.145 0.223+ 0.202 0.281*
(0.053) (0.165) (0.135) (0.136) (0.135)
Temporary Housing −0.014 −0.082 0.041 0.054 0.117
(0.052) (0.162) (0.133) (0.134) (0.133)
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.140** −0.448** −0.244+ −0.235+ −0.227+
(0.054) (0.168) (0.138) (0.138) (0.137)
CJD × FBNP 0.031 0.006 0.110 0.225 0.087
(0.080) (0.249) (0.205) (0.206) (0.204)
Disaster Relief × FBNP 0.018 0.357 0.191 0.225 0.084
(0.077) (0.238) (0.195) (0.196) (0.195)
Downpayment Assistance × FBNP −0.049 0.116 −0.117 −0.059 −0.141
(0.076) (0.234) (0.192) (0.193) (0.192)
Family Planning × FBNP −0.205* −0.413+ −0.385+ −0.217 −0.477*
(0.080) (0.247) (0.203) (0.204) (0.202)
Foster Care × FBNP −0.119 −0.190 −0.106 −0.106 −0.185
(0.079) (0.245) (0.201) (0.202) (0.201)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP −0.026 −0.011 0.051 0.023 −0.190
(0.076) (0.235) (0.193) (0.194) (0.193)
Temporary Housing × FBNP 0.093 0.450+ 0.337+ 0.322+ 0.251
(0.074) (0.230) (0.189) (0.190) (0.188)
Intercept 0.890*** 3.900*** 0.042 0.064 0.055
(0.039) (0.120) (0.098) (0.099) (0.098)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.072 0.049 0.041 0.032 0.047
RMSE 0.38 1.19 0.98 0.98 0.98
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Child Support Recovery is the reference category for the program variable, and Nonprofit is the reference category for sector. Models include all program-by-sector interactions.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Child Support Recovery 0.000 0.166 −0.171 −0.082 −0.067
(0.054) (0.166) (0.136) (0.137) (0.136)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.090 −0.014 −0.349* −0.306* −0.146
(0.058) (0.180) (0.148) (0.148) (0.147)
Disaster Relief −0.055 −0.037 −0.082 −0.067 0.031
(0.052) (0.162) (0.133) (0.134) (0.133)
Family Planning −0.009 0.103 −0.105 −0.126 0.017
(0.055) (0.170) (0.139) (0.140) (0.139)
Foster Care 0.001 0.075 −0.119 −0.076 −0.016
(0.052) (0.162) (0.133) (0.134) (0.133)
Meals on Wheels 0.074 0.311+ 0.052 0.121 0.214
(0.052) (0.161) (0.132) (0.133) (0.132)
Temporary Housing −0.014 0.084 −0.130 −0.028 0.050
(0.051) (0.158) (0.130) (0.131) (0.130)
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.189*** −0.332* −0.360** −0.294* −0.369**
(0.053) (0.163) (0.134) (0.135) (0.133)
CSR × FBNP 0.049 −0.116 0.117 0.059 0.141
(0.076) (0.234) (0.192) (0.193) (0.192)
CJD × FBNP 0.080 −0.110 0.227 0.284 0.229
(0.079) (0.246) (0.202) (0.203) (0.201)
Disaster Relief × FBNP 0.067 0.241 0.308 0.284 0.226
(0.076) (0.234) (0.193) (0.194) (0.192)
Family Planning × FBNP −0.156* −0.529* −0.269 −0.158 −0.335+
(0.079) (0.243) (0.200) (0.201) (0.199)
Foster Care × FBNP −0.070 −0.306 0.011 −0.047 −0.044
(0.078) (0.242) (0.199) (0.200) (0.198)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP 0.023 −0.127 0.168 0.082 −0.049
(0.075) (0.232) (0.191) (0.192) (0.190)
Temporary Housing × FBNP 0.142+ 0.334 0.453* 0.381* 0.392*
(0.073) (0.227) (0.186) (0.187) (0.186)
Intercept 0.890*** 3.734*** 0.213* 0.146 0.122
(0.037) (0.115) (0.094) (0.095) (0.094)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.072 0.049 0.041 0.032 0.047
RMSE 0.38 1.19 0.98 0.98 0.98
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Downpayment Assistance is the reference category for the program variable, and Nonprofit is the reference category for sector. Models include all program-by-sector interactions.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Child Support Recovery 0.014 0.082 −0.041 −0.054 −0.117
(0.052) (0.162) (0.133) (0.134) (0.133)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.076 −0.098 −0.219 −0.278+ −0.196
(0.057) (0.176) (0.145) (0.145) (0.144)
Disaster Relief −0.041 −0.121 0.048 −0.039 −0.019
(0.051) (0.158) (0.130) (0.131) (0.130)
Downpayment Assistance 0.014 −0.084 0.130 0.028 −0.050
(0.051) (0.158) (0.130) (0.131) (0.130)
Family Planning 0.004 0.019 0.024 −0.099 −0.033
(0.054) (0.166) (0.136) (0.137) (0.136)
Foster Care 0.015 −0.009 0.010 −0.048 −0.066
(0.051) (0.158) (0.130) (0.130) (0.129)
Meals on Wheels 0.088+ 0.226 0.182 0.148 0.164
(0.051) (0.157) (0.129) (0.130) (0.129)
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.047 0.002 0.093 0.087 0.024
(0.051) (0.157) (0.129) (0.130) (0.129)
CSR × FBNP −0.093 −0.450+ −0.337+ −0.322+ −0.251
(0.074) (0.230) (0.189) (0.190) (0.188)
CJD × FBNP −0.062 −0.443+ −0.227 −0.097 −0.164
(0.078) (0.242) (0.199) (0.200) (0.198)
Disaster Relief × FBNP −0.075 −0.093 −0.145 −0.097 −0.166
(0.074) (0.231) (0.190) (0.190) (0.189)
Downpayment Assistance × FBNP −0.142+ −0.334 −0.453* −0.381* −0.392*
(0.073) (0.227) (0.186) (0.187) (0.186)
Family Planning × FBNP −0.298*** −0.862*** −0.722*** −0.539** −0.728***
(0.077) (0.240) (0.197) (0.198) (0.196)
Foster Care × FBNP −0.212** −0.640** −0.443* −0.428* −0.436*
(0.077) (0.238) (0.196) (0.197) (0.195)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP −0.119 −0.460* −0.285 −0.299 −0.441*
(0.074) (0.228) (0.187) (0.188) (0.187)
Intercept 0.876*** 3.818*** 0.084 0.118 0.172+
(0.035) (0.109) (0.089) (0.090) (0.089)
Num.Obs. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600
R2 0.072 0.049 0.041 0.032 0.047
RMSE 0.38 1.19 0.98 0.98 0.98
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Temporary Housing is the reference category for the program variable, and Nonprofit is the reference category for sector. Models include program-by-sector interactions.

Heterogenous Effects

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.330*** −1.039*** −0.543*** −0.479*** −0.677***
(0.036) (0.111) (0.092) (0.092) (0.091)
Religiosity 0.002 −0.021 0.049+ 0.059* 0.037
(0.010) (0.031) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026)
FBNP × Religiosity 0.074*** 0.297*** 0.142*** 0.134*** 0.177***
(0.014) (0.044) (0.037) (0.037) (0.036)
Intercept 0.878*** 3.871*** 0.008 −0.034 0.063
(0.025) (0.078) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.078 0.073 0.049 0.045 0.063
RMSE 0.38 1.18 0.98 0.98 0.97
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Nonprofit is the reference sector. Models estimate religiosity heterogeneity via a religiosity × sector interaction.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Religiosity 0.053* 0.200** 0.186*** 0.193*** 0.191***
(0.021) (0.064) (0.052) (0.052) (0.052)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.014 0.079 0.183 0.129 0.227
(0.078) (0.239) (0.194) (0.194) (0.194)
Disaster Relief 0.001 0.262 0.402* 0.336+ 0.313+
(0.076) (0.232) (0.189) (0.189) (0.189)
Downpayment Assistance 0.025 0.212 0.278 0.214 0.162
(0.075) (0.228) (0.186) (0.186) (0.186)
Family Planning −0.017 −0.003 0.143 0.067 0.100
(0.076) (0.231) (0.188) (0.188) (0.188)
Foster Care −0.013 −0.051 0.220 0.203 0.245
(0.077) (0.234) (0.191) (0.191) (0.191)
Meals on Wheels 0.090 0.272 0.390* 0.373* 0.364*
(0.073) (0.225) (0.183) (0.183) (0.183)
Temporary Housing 0.057 0.252 0.267 0.336+ 0.306+
(0.071) (0.218) (0.178) (0.178) (0.178)
Intercept 0.701*** 3.232*** −0.490*** −0.478*** −0.480***
(0.053) (0.163) (0.133) (0.133) (0.133)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.035 0.035 0.046 0.045 0.045
RMSE 0.39 1.20 0.98 0.98 0.98
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Child Support Recovery is the reference program. Models include program-by-religiosity interactions.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Religiosity 0.030 0.054 0.107* 0.115* 0.112*
(0.019) (0.059) (0.048) (0.048) (0.048)
Child Support Recovery −0.025 −0.212 −0.278 −0.214 −0.162
(0.075) (0.228) (0.186) (0.186) (0.186)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.040 −0.134 −0.095 −0.085 0.065
(0.077) (0.236) (0.192) (0.192) (0.192)
Disaster Relief −0.025 0.050 0.124 0.121 0.151
(0.075) (0.230) (0.187) (0.187) (0.187)
Family Planning −0.043 −0.215 −0.136 −0.147 −0.062
(0.075) (0.229) (0.186) (0.187) (0.187)
Foster Care −0.038 −0.263 −0.059 −0.011 0.083
(0.076) (0.232) (0.189) (0.189) (0.189)
Meals on Wheels 0.065 0.059 0.112 0.159 0.202
(0.073) (0.222) (0.181) (0.181) (0.181)
Temporary Housing 0.032 0.040 −0.012 0.122 0.144
(0.071) (0.216) (0.176) (0.176) (0.176)
Intercept 0.727*** 3.444*** −0.212 −0.264* −0.318*
(0.052) (0.160) (0.130) (0.130) (0.130)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.035 0.035 0.046 0.045 0.045
RMSE 0.39 1.20 0.98 0.98 0.98
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Downpayment Assistance is the reference program. Models include program-by-religiosity interactions.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Religiosity 0.045* 0.159** 0.166*** 0.143** 0.169***
(0.019) (0.058) (0.047) (0.047) (0.047)
Child Support Recovery −0.057 −0.252 −0.267 −0.336+ −0.306+
(0.071) (0.218) (0.178) (0.178) (0.178)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.071 −0.173 −0.083 −0.207 −0.079
(0.074) (0.227) (0.185) (0.185) (0.185)
Disaster Relief −0.056 0.010 0.135 −0.000 0.007
(0.072) (0.220) (0.179) (0.179) (0.179)
Downpayment Assistance −0.032 −0.040 0.012 −0.122 −0.144
(0.071) (0.216) (0.176) (0.176) (0.176)
Family Planning −0.074 −0.255 −0.124 −0.269 −0.206
(0.072) (0.219) (0.178) (0.178) (0.178)
Foster Care −0.069 −0.303 −0.047 −0.133 −0.061
(0.073) (0.222) (0.181) (0.181) (0.181)
Meals on Wheels 0.033 0.020 0.124 0.038 0.058
(0.069) (0.212) (0.172) (0.172) (0.172)
Intercept 0.758*** 3.484*** −0.224+ −0.143 −0.174
(0.047) (0.145) (0.118) (0.118) (0.118)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.035 0.035 0.046 0.045 0.045
RMSE 0.39 1.20 0.98 0.98 0.98
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Temporary Housing is the reference program. Models include program-by-religiosity interactions.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Religiosity 0.003 −0.017 0.049+ 0.059* 0.039
(0.010) (0.031) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026)
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.302*** −1.102*** −0.569*** −0.543*** −0.623***
(0.062) (0.190) (0.157) (0.158) (0.156)
FBNP × Religiosity 0.072*** 0.290*** 0.141*** 0.133*** 0.173***
(0.014) (0.044) (0.036) (0.037) (0.036)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.090 −0.181 −0.175 −0.222 −0.077
(0.058) (0.179) (0.148) (0.148) (0.147)
Disaster Relief −0.048 −0.184 0.086 0.007 0.086
(0.053) (0.162) (0.134) (0.135) (0.133)
Downpayment Assistance −0.000 −0.164 0.166 0.075 0.063
(0.053) (0.162) (0.134) (0.135) (0.133)
Family Planning −0.010 −0.058 0.073 −0.023 0.089
(0.055) (0.170) (0.140) (0.141) (0.139)
Foster Care 0.001 −0.092 0.054 0.008 0.053
(0.053) (0.162) (0.134) (0.134) (0.133)
Meals on Wheels 0.075 0.142 0.229+ 0.210 0.286*
(0.052) (0.161) (0.133) (0.134) (0.132)
Temporary Housing −0.014 −0.084 0.047 0.061 0.121
(0.051) (0.158) (0.131) (0.131) (0.130)
CJD × FBNP 0.039 0.039 0.130 0.244 0.110
(0.079) (0.243) (0.201) (0.202) (0.200)
Disaster Relief × FBNP 0.020 0.372 0.217 0.256 0.122
(0.076) (0.233) (0.192) (0.193) (0.191)
Downpayment Assistance × FBNP −0.057 0.083 −0.133 −0.074 −0.161
(0.074) (0.228) (0.189) (0.190) (0.188)
Family Planning × FBNP −0.183* −0.340 −0.338+ −0.185 −0.422*
(0.078) (0.241) (0.200) (0.200) (0.198)
Foster Care × FBNP −0.112 −0.161 −0.089 −0.090 −0.166
(0.078) (0.239) (0.198) (0.199) (0.197)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP −0.011 0.049 0.085 0.055 −0.151
(0.075) (0.230) (0.190) (0.191) (0.189)
Temporary Housing × FBNP 0.096 0.463* 0.339+ 0.323+ 0.256
(0.073) (0.225) (0.186) (0.187) (0.184)
Intercept 0.883*** 3.935*** −0.062 −0.062 −0.028
(0.044) (0.135) (0.111) (0.112) (0.111)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.104 0.095 0.075 0.068 0.088
RMSE 0.38 1.16 0.96 0.97 0.96
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Models include program-by-sector and religiosity-by-sector interactions, with Child Support Recovery and Nonprofit as reference categories.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Religiosity 0.003 −0.017 0.049+ 0.059* 0.039
(0.010) (0.031) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026)
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.359*** −1.019*** −0.702*** −0.617*** −0.784***
(0.061) (0.189) (0.156) (0.157) (0.155)
FBNP × Religiosity 0.072*** 0.290*** 0.141*** 0.133*** 0.173***
(0.014) (0.044) (0.036) (0.037) (0.036)
Child Support Recovery 0.000 0.164 −0.166 −0.075 −0.063
(0.053) (0.162) (0.134) (0.135) (0.133)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.089 −0.017 −0.341* −0.297* −0.140
(0.057) (0.175) (0.145) (0.146) (0.144)
Disaster Relief −0.048 −0.020 −0.079 −0.068 0.023
(0.052) (0.159) (0.131) (0.132) (0.130)
Family Planning −0.010 0.106 −0.093 −0.098 0.027
(0.054) (0.166) (0.138) (0.138) (0.137)
Foster Care 0.002 0.073 −0.112 −0.067 −0.010
(0.051) (0.158) (0.131) (0.131) (0.130)
Meals on Wheels 0.075 0.307+ 0.064 0.135 0.224+
(0.051) (0.157) (0.130) (0.131) (0.129)
Temporary Housing −0.013 0.081 −0.119 −0.015 0.059
(0.050) (0.155) (0.128) (0.128) (0.127)
CSR × FBNP 0.057 −0.083 0.133 0.074 0.161
(0.074) (0.228) (0.189) (0.190) (0.188)
CJD × FBNP 0.096 −0.044 0.262 0.319 0.271
(0.078) (0.240) (0.199) (0.200) (0.197)
Disaster Relief × FBNP 0.077 0.289 0.350+ 0.331+ 0.284
(0.075) (0.229) (0.190) (0.190) (0.188)
Family Planning × FBNP −0.126 −0.423+ −0.206 −0.110 −0.261
(0.078) (0.239) (0.197) (0.198) (0.196)
Foster Care × FBNP −0.055 −0.244 0.044 −0.015 −0.004
(0.077) (0.236) (0.195) (0.196) (0.194)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP 0.046 −0.034 0.218 0.130 0.011
(0.074) (0.227) (0.188) (0.188) (0.186)
Temporary Housing × FBNP 0.153* 0.381+ 0.472** 0.398* 0.417*
(0.072) (0.221) (0.183) (0.184) (0.182)
Intercept 0.882*** 3.771*** 0.103 0.013 0.035
(0.043) (0.132) (0.109) (0.110) (0.109)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.104 0.095 0.075 0.068 0.088
RMSE 0.38 1.16 0.96 0.97 0.96
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Downpayment Assistance and Nonprofit are the reference categories. Models include program-by-sector and religiosity-by-sector interactions.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Religiosity 0.003 −0.017 0.049+ 0.059* 0.039
(0.010) (0.031) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026)
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.206*** −0.638*** −0.229 −0.220 −0.367*
(0.058) (0.180) (0.149) (0.149) (0.148)
FBNP × Religiosity 0.072*** 0.290*** 0.141*** 0.133*** 0.173***
(0.014) (0.044) (0.036) (0.037) (0.036)
Child Support Recovery 0.014 0.084 −0.047 −0.061 −0.121
(0.051) (0.158) (0.131) (0.131) (0.130)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.076 −0.097 −0.222 −0.282* −0.199
(0.056) (0.172) (0.142) (0.143) (0.141)
Disaster Relief −0.034 −0.100 0.040 −0.054 −0.035
(0.050) (0.155) (0.128) (0.129) (0.127)
Downpayment Assistance 0.013 −0.081 0.119 0.015 −0.059
(0.050) (0.155) (0.128) (0.128) (0.127)
Family Planning 0.004 0.026 0.026 −0.083 −0.032
(0.053) (0.162) (0.134) (0.135) (0.133)
Foster Care 0.015 −0.008 0.007 −0.052 −0.069
(0.050) (0.154) (0.127) (0.128) (0.127)
Meals on Wheels 0.088+ 0.226 0.183 0.149 0.165
(0.050) (0.153) (0.127) (0.127) (0.126)
CSR × FBNP −0.096 −0.463* −0.339+ −0.323+ −0.256
(0.073) (0.225) (0.186) (0.187) (0.184)
CJD × FBNP −0.056 −0.425+ −0.210 −0.079 −0.146
(0.077) (0.237) (0.196) (0.196) (0.194)
Disaster Relief × FBNP −0.076 −0.092 −0.122 −0.067 −0.134
(0.073) (0.226) (0.187) (0.187) (0.185)
Downpayment Assistance × FBNP −0.153* −0.381+ −0.472** −0.398* −0.417*
(0.072) (0.221) (0.183) (0.184) (0.182)
Family Planning × FBNP −0.279*** −0.804*** −0.678*** −0.508** −0.678***
(0.076) (0.234) (0.194) (0.195) (0.193)
Foster Care × FBNP −0.208** −0.625** −0.428* −0.413* −0.421*
(0.076) (0.232) (0.192) (0.193) (0.191)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP −0.107 −0.415+ −0.255 −0.268 −0.407*
(0.072) (0.223) (0.184) (0.185) (0.183)
Intercept 0.869*** 3.852*** −0.015 −0.001 0.094
(0.040) (0.124) (0.102) (0.103) (0.102)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.104 0.095 0.075 0.068 0.088
RMSE 0.38 1.16 0.96 0.97 0.96
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Temporary Housing and Nonprofit are the reference categories. Models include program-by-sector and religiosity-by-sector interactions.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Religiosity −0.010 −0.011 0.013 0.037 0.043
(0.030) (0.093) (0.077) (0.077) (0.076)
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.407*** −1.339*** −0.967*** −0.889*** −0.850**
(0.103) (0.318) (0.263) (0.264) (0.261)
FBNP × Religiosity 0.119** 0.395** 0.319** 0.287** 0.273**
(0.040) (0.124) (0.103) (0.103) (0.102)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.114 −0.214 −0.234 −0.408 0.014
(0.112) (0.345) (0.285) (0.286) (0.284)
Disaster Relief 0.024 0.057 0.145 0.134 0.182
(0.104) (0.321) (0.265) (0.266) (0.264)
Downpayment Assistance −0.076 0.027 0.034 −0.021 0.005
(0.103) (0.316) (0.262) (0.263) (0.260)
Family Planning −0.001 −0.069 0.124 −0.029 0.198
(0.105) (0.323) (0.267) (0.268) (0.265)
Foster Care −0.069 −0.160 −0.044 0.070 0.136
(0.103) (0.317) (0.262) (0.263) (0.261)
Meals on Wheels 0.012 0.028 0.074 0.040 0.269
(0.099) (0.306) (0.253) (0.254) (0.251)
Temporary Housing −0.064 −0.171 −0.151 −0.033 −0.010
(0.097) (0.299) (0.247) (0.248) (0.246)
CJD × FBNP 0.210 0.624 0.809* 1.016** 0.445
(0.152) (0.466) (0.386) (0.387) (0.383)
Disaster Relief × FBNP −0.071 0.330 0.452 0.342 0.207
(0.147) (0.451) (0.373) (0.375) (0.371)
Downpayment Assistance × FBNP 0.173 0.301 0.413 0.407 0.246
(0.144) (0.444) (0.367) (0.369) (0.365)
Family Planning × FBNP −0.070 0.031 −0.043 0.128 −0.272
(0.146) (0.450) (0.372) (0.374) (0.370)
Foster Care × FBNP 0.032 −0.029 0.388 0.118 0.060
(0.149) (0.457) (0.378) (0.380) (0.376)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP 0.116 0.348 0.550 0.604+ 0.081
(0.142) (0.437) (0.362) (0.363) (0.360)
Temporary Housing × FBNP 0.213 0.764+ 0.786* 0.694* 0.579+
(0.138) (0.425) (0.352) (0.353) (0.350)
Intercept 0.911*** 3.923*** 0.015 −0.015 −0.038
(0.075) (0.230) (0.190) (0.191) (0.189)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.111 0.100 0.082 0.074 0.092
RMSE 0.38 1.16 0.96 0.96 0.95
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Child Support Recovery and Nonprofit are the reference categories. Models include full program × sector × religiosity interactions (3-way terms reported in a separate table).

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
CJD × FBNP × Religiosity −0.078 −0.267 −0.309* −0.355* −0.149
(0.060) (0.186) (0.153) (0.154) (0.153)
Disaster Relief × FBNP × Religiosity 0.041 0.018 −0.107 −0.039 −0.037
(0.057) (0.175) (0.145) (0.146) (0.144)
Downpayment Assistance × FBNP × Religiosity −0.101+ −0.092 −0.242+ −0.213 −0.178
(0.055) (0.170) (0.140) (0.141) (0.140)
Family Planning × FBNP × Religiosity −0.050 −0.173 −0.124 −0.137 −0.059
(0.060) (0.185) (0.153) (0.154) (0.152)
Foster Care × FBNP × Religiosity −0.066 −0.057 −0.215 −0.089 −0.098
(0.059) (0.181) (0.150) (0.150) (0.149)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP × Religiosity −0.059 −0.136 −0.212 −0.255+ −0.103
(0.057) (0.176) (0.146) (0.146) (0.145)
Temporary Housing × FBNP × Religiosity −0.054 −0.138 −0.205 −0.168 −0.150
(0.054) (0.167) (0.138) (0.139) (0.138)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.111 0.100 0.082 0.074 0.092
RMSE 0.38 1.16 0.96 0.96 0.95
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Three-way program × sector × religiosity interactions. Child Support Recovery and Nonprofit are the reference categories.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Religiosity 0.025 −0.096 0.073 0.081 0.069
(0.027) (0.083) (0.069) (0.069) (0.068)
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.234* −1.037*** −0.554* −0.482+ −0.605*
(0.101) (0.310) (0.257) (0.258) (0.255)
FBNP × Religiosity 0.017 0.303** 0.078 0.075 0.096
(0.038) (0.116) (0.096) (0.096) (0.095)
Child Support Recovery 0.076 −0.027 −0.034 0.021 −0.005
(0.103) (0.316) (0.262) (0.263) (0.260)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.038 −0.241 −0.269 −0.387 0.009
(0.109) (0.337) (0.279) (0.280) (0.277)
Disaster Relief 0.100 0.030 0.111 0.155 0.177
(0.101) (0.312) (0.258) (0.259) (0.257)
Family Planning 0.075 −0.096 0.090 −0.008 0.192
(0.102) (0.314) (0.260) (0.261) (0.258)
Foster Care 0.007 −0.187 −0.079 0.091 0.131
(0.100) (0.308) (0.255) (0.256) (0.253)
Meals on Wheels 0.088 0.001 0.039 0.061 0.264
(0.096) (0.297) (0.245) (0.246) (0.244)
Temporary Housing 0.012 −0.199 −0.185 −0.012 −0.015
(0.094) (0.289) (0.239) (0.240) (0.238)
CSR × FBNP −0.173 −0.301 −0.413 −0.407 −0.246
(0.144) (0.444) (0.367) (0.369) (0.365)
CJD × FBNP 0.038 0.323 0.396 0.609 0.199
(0.150) (0.462) (0.382) (0.383) (0.379)
Disaster Relief × FBNP −0.244+ 0.029 0.039 −0.065 −0.038
(0.145) (0.446) (0.369) (0.370) (0.367)
Family Planning × FBNP −0.243+ −0.270 −0.455 −0.279 −0.518
(0.145) (0.445) (0.368) (0.370) (0.366)
Foster Care × FBNP −0.140 −0.330 −0.025 −0.289 −0.186
(0.147) (0.452) (0.374) (0.376) (0.372)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP −0.057 0.046 0.138 0.197 −0.165
(0.140) (0.432) (0.357) (0.359) (0.355)
Temporary Housing × FBNP 0.040 0.463 0.373 0.287 0.333
(0.136) (0.420) (0.347) (0.349) (0.345)
Intercept 0.835*** 3.950*** 0.049 −0.037 −0.032
(0.071) (0.217) (0.180) (0.181) (0.179)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.111 0.100 0.082 0.074 0.092
RMSE 0.38 1.16 0.96 0.96 0.95
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Downpayment Assistance and Nonprofit are the reference categories. Models include full program × sector × religiosity interactions (3-way terms reported in a separate table).

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
CSR × FBNP × Religiosity 0.101+ 0.092 0.242+ 0.213 0.178
(0.055) (0.170) (0.140) (0.141) (0.140)
CJD × FBNP × Religiosity 0.023 −0.175 −0.067 −0.142 0.028
(0.058) (0.180) (0.149) (0.149) (0.148)
Disaster Relief × FBNP × Religiosity 0.142** 0.110 0.135 0.174 0.141
(0.055) (0.169) (0.140) (0.141) (0.139)
Family Planning × FBNP × Religiosity 0.051 −0.081 0.118 0.076 0.119
(0.058) (0.180) (0.149) (0.149) (0.148)
Foster Care × FBNP × Religiosity 0.035 0.035 0.027 0.124 0.080
(0.057) (0.175) (0.145) (0.145) (0.144)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP × Religiosity 0.043 −0.044 0.030 −0.042 0.075
(0.055) (0.170) (0.141) (0.141) (0.140)
Temporary Housing × FBNP × Religiosity 0.048 −0.046 0.036 0.045 0.028
(0.052) (0.161) (0.133) (0.134) (0.132)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.111 0.100 0.082 0.074 0.092
RMSE 0.38 1.16 0.96 0.96 0.95
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Three-way program × sector × religiosity interactions. Downpayment Assistance and Nonprofit are the reference categories.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
Religiosity 0.015 0.033 0.109+ 0.083 0.109+
(0.026) (0.079) (0.065) (0.065) (0.065)
Faith-Based Nonprofit −0.194* −0.574* −0.181 −0.196 −0.272
(0.092) (0.283) (0.234) (0.235) (0.233)
FBNP × Religiosity 0.065+ 0.257* 0.114 0.120 0.124
(0.036) (0.112) (0.093) (0.093) (0.092)
Child Support Recovery 0.064 0.171 0.151 0.033 0.010
(0.097) (0.299) (0.247) (0.248) (0.246)
Criminal Justice Diversion −0.050 −0.043 −0.084 −0.375 0.024
(0.104) (0.320) (0.265) (0.266) (0.263)
Disaster Relief 0.088 0.228 0.296 0.167 0.192
(0.096) (0.294) (0.243) (0.244) (0.242)
Downpayment Assistance −0.012 0.199 0.185 0.012 0.015
(0.094) (0.289) (0.239) (0.240) (0.238)
Family Planning 0.064 0.102 0.275 0.004 0.207
(0.096) (0.296) (0.245) (0.246) (0.244)
Foster Care −0.005 0.012 0.106 0.103 0.146
(0.094) (0.290) (0.240) (0.241) (0.239)
Meals on Wheels 0.076 0.200 0.224 0.073 0.279
(0.090) (0.278) (0.230) (0.231) (0.228)
CSR × FBNP −0.213 −0.764+ −0.786* −0.694* −0.579+
(0.138) (0.425) (0.352) (0.353) (0.350)
CJD × FBNP −0.002 −0.140 0.023 0.323 −0.134
(0.144) (0.444) (0.367) (0.368) (0.365)
Disaster Relief × FBNP −0.283* −0.434 −0.334 −0.352 −0.371
(0.139) (0.427) (0.353) (0.355) (0.351)
Downpayment Assistance × FBNP −0.040 −0.463 −0.373 −0.287 −0.333
(0.136) (0.420) (0.347) (0.349) (0.345)
Family Planning × FBNP −0.282* −0.733+ −0.828* −0.565 −0.851*
(0.139) (0.427) (0.353) (0.354) (0.351)
Foster Care × FBNP −0.180 −0.793+ −0.398 −0.575 −0.519
(0.141) (0.434) (0.359) (0.360) (0.357)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP −0.096 −0.417 −0.236 −0.090 −0.498
(0.134) (0.413) (0.342) (0.343) (0.340)
Intercept 0.847*** 3.751*** −0.136 −0.048 −0.048
(0.062) (0.191) (0.158) (0.158) (0.157)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.111 0.100 0.082 0.074 0.092
RMSE 0.38 1.16 0.96 0.96 0.95
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Temporary Housing and Nonprofit are the reference categories. Three-way program × sector × religiosity interactions are reported in a separate table.

Contract Contract Comfort Effectiveness Efficiency Equity
CSR × FBNP × Religiosity 0.054 0.138 0.205 0.168 0.150
(0.054) (0.167) (0.138) (0.139) (0.138)
CJD × FBNP × Religiosity −0.024 −0.130 −0.104 −0.188 0.000
(0.058) (0.178) (0.147) (0.147) (0.146)
Disaster Relief × FBNP × Religiosity 0.094+ 0.156 0.099 0.129 0.113
(0.054) (0.167) (0.138) (0.139) (0.137)
Downpayment Assistance × FBNP × Religiosity −0.048 0.046 −0.036 −0.045 −0.028
(0.052) (0.161) (0.133) (0.134) (0.132)
Family Planning × FBNP × Religiosity 0.003 −0.035 0.082 0.031 0.091
(0.058) (0.177) (0.147) (0.147) (0.146)
Foster Care × FBNP × Religiosity −0.013 0.080 −0.009 0.079 0.052
(0.056) (0.173) (0.143) (0.143) (0.142)
Meals on Wheels × FBNP × Religiosity −0.005 0.001 −0.007 −0.087 0.047
(0.055) (0.168) (0.139) (0.139) (0.138)
Num.Obs. 1598 1598 1598 1598 1598
R2 0.111 0.100 0.082 0.074 0.092
RMSE 0.38 1.16 0.96 0.96 0.95
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Three-way program × sector × religiosity interactions. Temporary Housing and Nonprofit are the reference categories.

Appendix

Balance Tests

Balance Test: Sector (Faith-Based Nonprofit vs Nonprofit)
Faith-Based Nonprofit Treatment
Income −0.019*
(0.008)
Age −0.001
(0.001)
Education 0.019+
(0.010)
Asian −0.016
(0.051)
Black −0.061
(0.038)
Hispanic −0.085+
(0.044)
Constant 0.518***
(0.060)
Num.Obs. 1597
R2 0.012
RMSE 0.50
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Balance Tests: Program Treatments
Child Supp. Criminal Just. Disaster Downpay Fam. Plan Foster Meals Temp. House
Income −0.005 0.003 0.008 0.009 −0.005 −0.007 0.006 −0.009
(0.006) (0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.006)
Age −0.000 −0.000 0.001+ −0.000 −0.000 −0.001+ 0.000 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Education −0.005 0.001 −0.015* −0.002 −0.005 0.014* 0.004 0.007
(0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Asian 0.012 0.036 0.023 −0.026 −0.018 −0.073* 0.015 0.031
(0.034) (0.032) (0.034) (0.035) (0.032) (0.033) (0.035) (0.036)
Black −0.014 −0.001 0.011 0.074** −0.025 −0.008 −0.022 −0.014
(0.026) (0.024) (0.025) (0.026) (0.024) (0.024) (0.026) (0.027)
Hispanic 0.005 0.031 0.036 0.015 −0.090** 0.001 0.024 −0.021
(0.030) (0.028) (0.030) (0.030) (0.028) (0.028) (0.030) (0.031)
Constant 0.171*** 0.085* 0.124** 0.096* 0.161*** 0.144*** 0.087* 0.132**
(0.040) (0.037) (0.040) (0.041) (0.038) (0.038) (0.041) (0.042)
Num.Obs. 1597 1597 1597 1597 1597 1597 1597 1597
R2 0.010 0.004 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.004 0.012
RMSE 0.33 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.35
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Balance Tests: Savings Treatments
&nbsp;5% &nbsp;10% &nbsp;15% &nbsp;20% &nbsp;25%
Income 0.000 −0.015* 0.013* 0.003 −0.002
(0.006) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
Age −0.001 0.001+ 0.000 −0.000 −0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Education 0.002 −0.011 −0.006 −0.005 0.020*
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
Asian 0.024 −0.037 −0.014 0.021 0.006
(0.040) (0.041) (0.041) (0.041) (0.042)
Black −0.020 0.024 −0.025 −0.008 0.029
(0.030) (0.031) (0.031) (0.030) (0.031)
Hispanic 0.007 0.012 −0.017 0.004 −0.007
(0.035) (0.036) (0.036) (0.035) (0.036)
Constant 0.202*** 0.263*** 0.165*** 0.204*** 0.165***
(0.047) (0.048) (0.048) (0.048) (0.049)
Num.Obs. 1597 1597 1597 1597 1597
R2 0.009 0.015 0.008 0.005 0.008
RMSE 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.41
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Manipulation Checks

5×5 Table: Perceived vs Assigned Savings Manipulation
Perceived_Cost 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
5% 16.71 0.56 0.38 0.06 0.38
10% 0.69 17.52 1.06 0.88 0.94
15% 0.63 1.13 17.33 1.19 1.25
20% 0.63 0.75 1.38 16.83 1.31
25% 0.38 0.19 0.25 0.44 17.15 
##      
##        5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
##   5%  267   9   6   1   6
##   10%  11 280  17  14  15
##   15%  10  18 277  19  20
##   20%  10  12  22 269  21
##   25%   6   3   4   7 274
## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  cost_contingency
## X-squared = 4328.9, df = 16, p-value < 2.2e-16

IMPORTANT: There was an error on the survey in the manipulation question for the program treatment. That question DID NOT offer a “Downpayment Assistance” response option, and respondents who received that treatment could not have answered the manipulation check correctly due to that error. For the manipulation checks, then, I first ran a formal 7×7 manipulation check for the 7 other program areas and then provide a separate diagnostic table just for respondents assigned to Downpayment Assistance. This was a lazy mistake on my part, but I don’t believe it is a fatal issue. Considering how well the other program treatments were received, I don’t believe we should be concerned that people did not recognize the down payment assistance program treatment.

7×7 Table: Perceived vs. Assigned Policy Treatment (Arms With Response Options)
Perceived_Program Child Supp. Criminal Just. Disaster Fam. Plan Foster Meals Temp. House
Child Supp. 13.39 0.22 0.29 0.14 0.29 0.07 0.29
Criminal Just. 0.29 11.22 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00
Disaster 0.00 0.00 12.52 0.29 0.07 0.29 0.14
Fam. Plan 0.22 0.36 0.43 11.65 0.51 0.07 0.51
Foster 0.51 0.43 0.58 0.36 12.23 0.43 1.01
Meals 0.07 0.00 0.51 0.14 0.14 14.25 0.14
Temp. House 0.29 0.22 0.22 0.07 0.14 0.14 14.69 
##                 Assigned
## Perceived        Child Supp. Criminal Just. Disaster Fam. Plan Foster Meals
##   Child Supp.            185              3        4         2      4     1
##   Criminal Just.           4            155        1         0      1     0
##   Disaster                 0              0      173         4      1     4
##   Fam. Plan                3              5        6       161      7     1
##   Foster                   7              6        8         5    169     6
##   Meals                    1              0        7         2      2   197
##   Temp. House              4              3        3         1      2     2
##                 Assigned
## Perceived        Temp. House
##   Child Supp.              4
##   Criminal Just.           0
##   Disaster                 2
##   Fam. Plan                7
##   Foster                  14
##   Meals                    2
##   Temp. House            203
## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  policy_contingency_7x7
## X-squared = 6493.4, df = 36, p-value < 2.2e-16
Perceived Policy Among Respondents Assigned to Downpayment Assistance (No Correct Option Available)
Perceived Program Count Percent
Child Support Recovery 4 1.85
Criminal Justice Diversion 1 0.46
Disaster Relief 7 3.24
Family Planning 10 4.63
Foster Care 15 6.94
Meals on Wheels 6 2.78
Temporary Housing 173 80.09
2×2 Table: Perceived vs. Assigned Sector Treatment
Perceived_Sector Nonprofit Faith-Based Nonprofit
Nonprofit 49.44 7.45
Faith-based nonprofit 2.25 40.86 
##                        
##                         Nonprofit Faith-Based Nonprofit
##   Nonprofit                   790                   119
##   Faith-based nonprofit        36                   653
## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction
## 
## data:  sector_contingency
## X-squared = 1043.9, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16