2025-10-26
data(penguins) head(penguins)
# A tibble: 6 × 8 species island bill_length_mm bill_depth_mm flipper_length_mm body_mass_g <fct> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <int> <int> 1 Adelie Torgersen 39.1 18.7 181 3750 2 Adelie Torgersen 39.5 17.4 186 3800 3 Adelie Torgersen 40.3 18 195 3250 4 Adelie Torgersen NA NA NA NA 5 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 19.3 193 3450 6 Adelie Torgersen 39.3 20.6 190 3650 # ℹ 2 more variables: sex <fct>, year <int>
-The 3D Scatter plot seems to have an upward trend
-It can be represented by:
\(\text{z} = \beta_0+\beta_1x+\beta_2y +\varepsilon;\)
ggplot(penguins_clean, aes(x = body_mass_g)) +
geom_histogram(bins = 30, fill = "skyblue") +
labs(x = "Body Mass (g)",
title = "Distribution of Penguins' Body Mass")
-The histogram has a mostly bell shaped distribution with some left skew.
-The peak of the distribution is close to 3500, showing the most common body mass range for penguins is around 3400-3800 grams.
-Finding the average body mass for a penguin species can be found by using the formula: \(Average(m | s = s_k) = \frac{ \sum_{i = 1}^{n_k} m_{i,k}} {n_k}\)
-Gentoo penguins have a mean average body mass of just above 5000g (5kg)
-Chinstrap and Adelie penguins have a mean average body mass of close to 3750g (3.75kg)
-The variation in bill length was the highest in Chinstrap penguins, both in IQR variation and overall variation.