ODEV II Simpson Paradoksu
Selin Ciltepe
2025-10-15
🧩Ödev 2: Simpson Paradoksunu Keşfetmek – Palmer Penguins Örneği
Öncelikle ilgili paketleri kütüphaneden çağırıyoruz.
library(dplyr)##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, unionlibrary(tidyverse)## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
## ✔ forcats 1.0.0 ✔ readr 2.1.5
## ✔ ggplot2 4.0.0 ✔ stringr 1.5.2
## ✔ lubridate 1.9.4 ✔ tibble 3.3.0
## ✔ purrr 1.1.0 ✔ tidyr 1.3.1## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errorslibrary(openintro)## Loading required package: airports
## Loading required package: cherryblossom
## Loading required package: usdatalibrary(ggplot2)📦 Kullanılacak Veri Seti - Değişken Ekleme
Veriyi çalışmaya uygun hale getiriyoruz. Değişken adlarını Türkçe yapıyoruz.
penguins## species island bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass sex year
## 1 Adelie Torgersen 39.1 18.7 181 3750 male 2007
## 2 Adelie Torgersen 39.5 17.4 186 3800 female 2007
## 3 Adelie Torgersen 40.3 18.0 195 3250 female 2007
## 4 Adelie Torgersen NA NA NA NA <NA> 2007
## 5 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 19.3 193 3450 female 2007
## 6 Adelie Torgersen 39.3 20.6 190 3650 male 2007
## 7 Adelie Torgersen 38.9 17.8 181 3625 female 2007
## 8 Adelie Torgersen 39.2 19.6 195 4675 male 2007
## 9 Adelie Torgersen 34.1 18.1 193 3475 <NA> 2007
## 10 Adelie Torgersen 42.0 20.2 190 4250 <NA> 2007
## 11 Adelie Torgersen 37.8 17.1 186 3300 <NA> 2007
## 12 Adelie Torgersen 37.8 17.3 180 3700 <NA> 2007
## 13 Adelie Torgersen 41.1 17.6 182 3200 female 2007
## 14 Adelie Torgersen 38.6 21.2 191 3800 male 2007
## 15 Adelie Torgersen 34.6 21.1 198 4400 male 2007
## 16 Adelie Torgersen 36.6 17.8 185 3700 female 2007
## 17 Adelie Torgersen 38.7 19.0 195 3450 female 2007
## 18 Adelie Torgersen 42.5 20.7 197 4500 male 2007
## 19 Adelie Torgersen 34.4 18.4 184 3325 female 2007
## 20 Adelie Torgersen 46.0 21.5 194 4200 male 2007
## 21 Adelie Biscoe 37.8 18.3 174 3400 female 2007
## 22 Adelie Biscoe 37.7 18.7 180 3600 male 2007
## 23 Adelie Biscoe 35.9 19.2 189 3800 female 2007
## 24 Adelie Biscoe 38.2 18.1 185 3950 male 2007
## 25 Adelie Biscoe 38.8 17.2 180 3800 male 2007
## 26 Adelie Biscoe 35.3 18.9 187 3800 female 2007
## 27 Adelie Biscoe 40.6 18.6 183 3550 male 2007
## 28 Adelie Biscoe 40.5 17.9 187 3200 female 2007
## 29 Adelie Biscoe 37.9 18.6 172 3150 female 2007
## 30 Adelie Biscoe 40.5 18.9 180 3950 male 2007
## 31 Adelie Dream 39.5 16.7 178 3250 female 2007
## 32 Adelie Dream 37.2 18.1 178 3900 male 2007
## 33 Adelie Dream 39.5 17.8 188 3300 female 2007
## 34 Adelie Dream 40.9 18.9 184 3900 male 2007
## 35 Adelie Dream 36.4 17.0 195 3325 female 2007
## 36 Adelie Dream 39.2 21.1 196 4150 male 2007
## 37 Adelie Dream 38.8 20.0 190 3950 male 2007
## 38 Adelie Dream 42.2 18.5 180 3550 female 2007
## 39 Adelie Dream 37.6 19.3 181 3300 female 2007
## 40 Adelie Dream 39.8 19.1 184 4650 male 2007
## 41 Adelie Dream 36.5 18.0 182 3150 female 2007
## 42 Adelie Dream 40.8 18.4 195 3900 male 2007
## 43 Adelie Dream 36.0 18.5 186 3100 female 2007
## 44 Adelie Dream 44.1 19.7 196 4400 male 2007
## 45 Adelie Dream 37.0 16.9 185 3000 female 2007
## 46 Adelie Dream 39.6 18.8 190 4600 male 2007
## 47 Adelie Dream 41.1 19.0 182 3425 male 2007
## 48 Adelie Dream 37.5 18.9 179 2975 <NA> 2007
## 49 Adelie Dream 36.0 17.9 190 3450 female 2007
## 50 Adelie Dream 42.3 21.2 191 4150 male 2007
## 51 Adelie Biscoe 39.6 17.7 186 3500 female 2008
## 52 Adelie Biscoe 40.1 18.9 188 4300 male 2008
## 53 Adelie Biscoe 35.0 17.9 190 3450 female 2008
## 54 Adelie Biscoe 42.0 19.5 200 4050 male 2008
## 55 Adelie Biscoe 34.5 18.1 187 2900 female 2008
## 56 Adelie Biscoe 41.4 18.6 191 3700 male 2008
## 57 Adelie Biscoe 39.0 17.5 186 3550 female 2008
## 58 Adelie Biscoe 40.6 18.8 193 3800 male 2008
## 59 Adelie Biscoe 36.5 16.6 181 2850 female 2008
## 60 Adelie Biscoe 37.6 19.1 194 3750 male 2008
## 61 Adelie Biscoe 35.7 16.9 185 3150 female 2008
## 62 Adelie Biscoe 41.3 21.1 195 4400 male 2008
## 63 Adelie Biscoe 37.6 17.0 185 3600 female 2008
## 64 Adelie Biscoe 41.1 18.2 192 4050 male 2008
## 65 Adelie Biscoe 36.4 17.1 184 2850 female 2008
## 66 Adelie Biscoe 41.6 18.0 192 3950 male 2008
## 67 Adelie Biscoe 35.5 16.2 195 3350 female 2008
## 68 Adelie Biscoe 41.1 19.1 188 4100 male 2008
## 69 Adelie Torgersen 35.9 16.6 190 3050 female 2008
## 70 Adelie Torgersen 41.8 19.4 198 4450 male 2008
## 71 Adelie Torgersen 33.5 19.0 190 3600 female 2008
## 72 Adelie Torgersen 39.7 18.4 190 3900 male 2008
## 73 Adelie Torgersen 39.6 17.2 196 3550 female 2008
## 74 Adelie Torgersen 45.8 18.9 197 4150 male 2008
## 75 Adelie Torgersen 35.5 17.5 190 3700 female 2008
## 76 Adelie Torgersen 42.8 18.5 195 4250 male 2008
## 77 Adelie Torgersen 40.9 16.8 191 3700 female 2008
## 78 Adelie Torgersen 37.2 19.4 184 3900 male 2008
## 79 Adelie Torgersen 36.2 16.1 187 3550 female 2008
## 80 Adelie Torgersen 42.1 19.1 195 4000 male 2008
## 81 Adelie Torgersen 34.6 17.2 189 3200 female 2008
## 82 Adelie Torgersen 42.9 17.6 196 4700 male 2008
## 83 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 18.8 187 3800 female 2008
## 84 Adelie Torgersen 35.1 19.4 193 4200 male 2008
## 85 Adelie Dream 37.3 17.8 191 3350 female 2008
## 86 Adelie Dream 41.3 20.3 194 3550 male 2008
## 87 Adelie Dream 36.3 19.5 190 3800 male 2008
## 88 Adelie Dream 36.9 18.6 189 3500 female 2008
## 89 Adelie Dream 38.3 19.2 189 3950 male 2008
## 90 Adelie Dream 38.9 18.8 190 3600 female 2008
## 91 Adelie Dream 35.7 18.0 202 3550 female 2008
## 92 Adelie Dream 41.1 18.1 205 4300 male 2008
## 93 Adelie Dream 34.0 17.1 185 3400 female 2008
## 94 Adelie Dream 39.6 18.1 186 4450 male 2008
## 95 Adelie Dream 36.2 17.3 187 3300 female 2008
## 96 Adelie Dream 40.8 18.9 208 4300 male 2008
## 97 Adelie Dream 38.1 18.6 190 3700 female 2008
## 98 Adelie Dream 40.3 18.5 196 4350 male 2008
## 99 Adelie Dream 33.1 16.1 178 2900 female 2008
## 100 Adelie Dream 43.2 18.5 192 4100 male 2008
## 101 Adelie Biscoe 35.0 17.9 192 3725 female 2009
## 102 Adelie Biscoe 41.0 20.0 203 4725 male 2009
## 103 Adelie Biscoe 37.7 16.0 183 3075 female 2009
## 104 Adelie Biscoe 37.8 20.0 190 4250 male 2009
## 105 Adelie Biscoe 37.9 18.6 193 2925 female 2009
## 106 Adelie Biscoe 39.7 18.9 184 3550 male 2009
## 107 Adelie Biscoe 38.6 17.2 199 3750 female 2009
## 108 Adelie Biscoe 38.2 20.0 190 3900 male 2009
## 109 Adelie Biscoe 38.1 17.0 181 3175 female 2009
## 110 Adelie Biscoe 43.2 19.0 197 4775 male 2009
## 111 Adelie Biscoe 38.1 16.5 198 3825 female 2009
## 112 Adelie Biscoe 45.6 20.3 191 4600 male 2009
## 113 Adelie Biscoe 39.7 17.7 193 3200 female 2009
## 114 Adelie Biscoe 42.2 19.5 197 4275 male 2009
## 115 Adelie Biscoe 39.6 20.7 191 3900 female 2009
## 116 Adelie Biscoe 42.7 18.3 196 4075 male 2009
## 117 Adelie Torgersen 38.6 17.0 188 2900 female 2009
## 118 Adelie Torgersen 37.3 20.5 199 3775 male 2009
## 119 Adelie Torgersen 35.7 17.0 189 3350 female 2009
## 120 Adelie Torgersen 41.1 18.6 189 3325 male 2009
## 121 Adelie Torgersen 36.2 17.2 187 3150 female 2009
## 122 Adelie Torgersen 37.7 19.8 198 3500 male 2009
## 123 Adelie Torgersen 40.2 17.0 176 3450 female 2009
## 124 Adelie Torgersen 41.4 18.5 202 3875 male 2009
## 125 Adelie Torgersen 35.2 15.9 186 3050 female 2009
## 126 Adelie Torgersen 40.6 19.0 199 4000 male 2009
## 127 Adelie Torgersen 38.8 17.6 191 3275 female 2009
## 128 Adelie Torgersen 41.5 18.3 195 4300 male 2009
## 129 Adelie Torgersen 39.0 17.1 191 3050 female 2009
## 130 Adelie Torgersen 44.1 18.0 210 4000 male 2009
## 131 Adelie Torgersen 38.5 17.9 190 3325 female 2009
## 132 Adelie Torgersen 43.1 19.2 197 3500 male 2009
## 133 Adelie Dream 36.8 18.5 193 3500 female 2009
## 134 Adelie Dream 37.5 18.5 199 4475 male 2009
## 135 Adelie Dream 38.1 17.6 187 3425 female 2009
## 136 Adelie Dream 41.1 17.5 190 3900 male 2009
## 137 Adelie Dream 35.6 17.5 191 3175 female 2009
## 138 Adelie Dream 40.2 20.1 200 3975 male 2009
## 139 Adelie Dream 37.0 16.5 185 3400 female 2009
## 140 Adelie Dream 39.7 17.9 193 4250 male 2009
## 141 Adelie Dream 40.2 17.1 193 3400 female 2009
## 142 Adelie Dream 40.6 17.2 187 3475 male 2009
## 143 Adelie Dream 32.1 15.5 188 3050 female 2009
## 144 Adelie Dream 40.7 17.0 190 3725 male 2009
## 145 Adelie Dream 37.3 16.8 192 3000 female 2009
## 146 Adelie Dream 39.0 18.7 185 3650 male 2009
## 147 Adelie Dream 39.2 18.6 190 4250 male 2009
## 148 Adelie Dream 36.6 18.4 184 3475 female 2009
## 149 Adelie Dream 36.0 17.8 195 3450 female 2009
## 150 Adelie Dream 37.8 18.1 193 3750 male 2009
## 151 Adelie Dream 36.0 17.1 187 3700 female 2009
## 152 Adelie Dream 41.5 18.5 201 4000 male 2009
## 153 Gentoo Biscoe 46.1 13.2 211 4500 female 2007
## 154 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 16.3 230 5700 male 2007
## 155 Gentoo Biscoe 48.7 14.1 210 4450 female 2007
## 156 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 15.2 218 5700 male 2007
## 157 Gentoo Biscoe 47.6 14.5 215 5400 male 2007
## 158 Gentoo Biscoe 46.5 13.5 210 4550 female 2007
## 159 Gentoo Biscoe 45.4 14.6 211 4800 female 2007
## 160 Gentoo Biscoe 46.7 15.3 219 5200 male 2007
## 161 Gentoo Biscoe 43.3 13.4 209 4400 female 2007
## 162 Gentoo Biscoe 46.8 15.4 215 5150 male 2007
## 163 Gentoo Biscoe 40.9 13.7 214 4650 female 2007
## 164 Gentoo Biscoe 49.0 16.1 216 5550 male 2007
## 165 Gentoo Biscoe 45.5 13.7 214 4650 female 2007
## 166 Gentoo Biscoe 48.4 14.6 213 5850 male 2007
## 167 Gentoo Biscoe 45.8 14.6 210 4200 female 2007
## 168 Gentoo Biscoe 49.3 15.7 217 5850 male 2007
## 169 Gentoo Biscoe 42.0 13.5 210 4150 female 2007
## 170 Gentoo Biscoe 49.2 15.2 221 6300 male 2007
## 171 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.5 209 4800 female 2007
## 172 Gentoo Biscoe 48.7 15.1 222 5350 male 2007
## 173 Gentoo Biscoe 50.2 14.3 218 5700 male 2007
## 174 Gentoo Biscoe 45.1 14.5 215 5000 female 2007
## 175 Gentoo Biscoe 46.5 14.5 213 4400 female 2007
## 176 Gentoo Biscoe 46.3 15.8 215 5050 male 2007
## 177 Gentoo Biscoe 42.9 13.1 215 5000 female 2007
## 178 Gentoo Biscoe 46.1 15.1 215 5100 male 2007
## 179 Gentoo Biscoe 44.5 14.3 216 4100 <NA> 2007
## 180 Gentoo Biscoe 47.8 15.0 215 5650 male 2007
## 181 Gentoo Biscoe 48.2 14.3 210 4600 female 2007
## 182 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 15.3 220 5550 male 2007
## 183 Gentoo Biscoe 47.3 15.3 222 5250 male 2007
## 184 Gentoo Biscoe 42.8 14.2 209 4700 female 2007
## 185 Gentoo Biscoe 45.1 14.5 207 5050 female 2007
## 186 Gentoo Biscoe 59.6 17.0 230 6050 male 2007
## 187 Gentoo Biscoe 49.1 14.8 220 5150 female 2008
## 188 Gentoo Biscoe 48.4 16.3 220 5400 male 2008
## 189 Gentoo Biscoe 42.6 13.7 213 4950 female 2008
## 190 Gentoo Biscoe 44.4 17.3 219 5250 male 2008
## 191 Gentoo Biscoe 44.0 13.6 208 4350 female 2008
## 192 Gentoo Biscoe 48.7 15.7 208 5350 male 2008
## 193 Gentoo Biscoe 42.7 13.7 208 3950 female 2008
## 194 Gentoo Biscoe 49.6 16.0 225 5700 male 2008
## 195 Gentoo Biscoe 45.3 13.7 210 4300 female 2008
## 196 Gentoo Biscoe 49.6 15.0 216 4750 male 2008
## 197 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.9 222 5550 male 2008
## 198 Gentoo Biscoe 43.6 13.9 217 4900 female 2008
## 199 Gentoo Biscoe 45.5 13.9 210 4200 female 2008
## 200 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.9 225 5400 male 2008
## 201 Gentoo Biscoe 44.9 13.3 213 5100 female 2008
## 202 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 15.8 215 5300 male 2008
## 203 Gentoo Biscoe 46.6 14.2 210 4850 female 2008
## 204 Gentoo Biscoe 48.5 14.1 220 5300 male 2008
## 205 Gentoo Biscoe 45.1 14.4 210 4400 female 2008
## 206 Gentoo Biscoe 50.1 15.0 225 5000 male 2008
## 207 Gentoo Biscoe 46.5 14.4 217 4900 female 2008
## 208 Gentoo Biscoe 45.0 15.4 220 5050 male 2008
## 209 Gentoo Biscoe 43.8 13.9 208 4300 female 2008
## 210 Gentoo Biscoe 45.5 15.0 220 5000 male 2008
## 211 Gentoo Biscoe 43.2 14.5 208 4450 female 2008
## 212 Gentoo Biscoe 50.4 15.3 224 5550 male 2008
## 213 Gentoo Biscoe 45.3 13.8 208 4200 female 2008
## 214 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.9 221 5300 male 2008
## 215 Gentoo Biscoe 45.7 13.9 214 4400 female 2008
## 216 Gentoo Biscoe 54.3 15.7 231 5650 male 2008
## 217 Gentoo Biscoe 45.8 14.2 219 4700 female 2008
## 218 Gentoo Biscoe 49.8 16.8 230 5700 male 2008
## 219 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.4 214 4650 <NA> 2008
## 220 Gentoo Biscoe 49.5 16.2 229 5800 male 2008
## 221 Gentoo Biscoe 43.5 14.2 220 4700 female 2008
## 222 Gentoo Biscoe 50.7 15.0 223 5550 male 2008
## 223 Gentoo Biscoe 47.7 15.0 216 4750 female 2008
## 224 Gentoo Biscoe 46.4 15.6 221 5000 male 2008
## 225 Gentoo Biscoe 48.2 15.6 221 5100 male 2008
## 226 Gentoo Biscoe 46.5 14.8 217 5200 female 2008
## 227 Gentoo Biscoe 46.4 15.0 216 4700 female 2008
## 228 Gentoo Biscoe 48.6 16.0 230 5800 male 2008
## 229 Gentoo Biscoe 47.5 14.2 209 4600 female 2008
## 230 Gentoo Biscoe 51.1 16.3 220 6000 male 2008
## 231 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 13.8 215 4750 female 2008
## 232 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 16.4 223 5950 male 2008
## 233 Gentoo Biscoe 49.1 14.5 212 4625 female 2009
## 234 Gentoo Biscoe 52.5 15.6 221 5450 male 2009
## 235 Gentoo Biscoe 47.4 14.6 212 4725 female 2009
## 236 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 15.9 224 5350 male 2009
## 237 Gentoo Biscoe 44.9 13.8 212 4750 female 2009
## 238 Gentoo Biscoe 50.8 17.3 228 5600 male 2009
## 239 Gentoo Biscoe 43.4 14.4 218 4600 female 2009
## 240 Gentoo Biscoe 51.3 14.2 218 5300 male 2009
## 241 Gentoo Biscoe 47.5 14.0 212 4875 female 2009
## 242 Gentoo Biscoe 52.1 17.0 230 5550 male 2009
## 243 Gentoo Biscoe 47.5 15.0 218 4950 female 2009
## 244 Gentoo Biscoe 52.2 17.1 228 5400 male 2009
## 245 Gentoo Biscoe 45.5 14.5 212 4750 female 2009
## 246 Gentoo Biscoe 49.5 16.1 224 5650 male 2009
## 247 Gentoo Biscoe 44.5 14.7 214 4850 female 2009
## 248 Gentoo Biscoe 50.8 15.7 226 5200 male 2009
## 249 Gentoo Biscoe 49.4 15.8 216 4925 male 2009
## 250 Gentoo Biscoe 46.9 14.6 222 4875 female 2009
## 251 Gentoo Biscoe 48.4 14.4 203 4625 female 2009
## 252 Gentoo Biscoe 51.1 16.5 225 5250 male 2009
## 253 Gentoo Biscoe 48.5 15.0 219 4850 female 2009
## 254 Gentoo Biscoe 55.9 17.0 228 5600 male 2009
## 255 Gentoo Biscoe 47.2 15.5 215 4975 female 2009
## 256 Gentoo Biscoe 49.1 15.0 228 5500 male 2009
## 257 Gentoo Biscoe 47.3 13.8 216 4725 <NA> 2009
## 258 Gentoo Biscoe 46.8 16.1 215 5500 male 2009
## 259 Gentoo Biscoe 41.7 14.7 210 4700 female 2009
## 260 Gentoo Biscoe 53.4 15.8 219 5500 male 2009
## 261 Gentoo Biscoe 43.3 14.0 208 4575 female 2009
## 262 Gentoo Biscoe 48.1 15.1 209 5500 male 2009
## 263 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.2 216 5000 female 2009
## 264 Gentoo Biscoe 49.8 15.9 229 5950 male 2009
## 265 Gentoo Biscoe 43.5 15.2 213 4650 female 2009
## 266 Gentoo Biscoe 51.5 16.3 230 5500 male 2009
## 267 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.1 217 4375 female 2009
## 268 Gentoo Biscoe 55.1 16.0 230 5850 male 2009
## 269 Gentoo Biscoe 44.5 15.7 217 4875 <NA> 2009
## 270 Gentoo Biscoe 48.8 16.2 222 6000 male 2009
## 271 Gentoo Biscoe 47.2 13.7 214 4925 female 2009
## 272 Gentoo Biscoe NA NA NA NA <NA> 2009
## 273 Gentoo Biscoe 46.8 14.3 215 4850 female 2009
## 274 Gentoo Biscoe 50.4 15.7 222 5750 male 2009
## 275 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 14.8 212 5200 female 2009
## 276 Gentoo Biscoe 49.9 16.1 213 5400 male 2009
## 277 Chinstrap Dream 46.5 17.9 192 3500 female 2007
## 278 Chinstrap Dream 50.0 19.5 196 3900 male 2007
## 279 Chinstrap Dream 51.3 19.2 193 3650 male 2007
## 280 Chinstrap Dream 45.4 18.7 188 3525 female 2007
## 281 Chinstrap Dream 52.7 19.8 197 3725 male 2007
## 282 Chinstrap Dream 45.2 17.8 198 3950 female 2007
## 283 Chinstrap Dream 46.1 18.2 178 3250 female 2007
## 284 Chinstrap Dream 51.3 18.2 197 3750 male 2007
## 285 Chinstrap Dream 46.0 18.9 195 4150 female 2007
## 286 Chinstrap Dream 51.3 19.9 198 3700 male 2007
## 287 Chinstrap Dream 46.6 17.8 193 3800 female 2007
## 288 Chinstrap Dream 51.7 20.3 194 3775 male 2007
## 289 Chinstrap Dream 47.0 17.3 185 3700 female 2007
## 290 Chinstrap Dream 52.0 18.1 201 4050 male 2007
## 291 Chinstrap Dream 45.9 17.1 190 3575 female 2007
## 292 Chinstrap Dream 50.5 19.6 201 4050 male 2007
## 293 Chinstrap Dream 50.3 20.0 197 3300 male 2007
## 294 Chinstrap Dream 58.0 17.8 181 3700 female 2007
## 295 Chinstrap Dream 46.4 18.6 190 3450 female 2007
## 296 Chinstrap Dream 49.2 18.2 195 4400 male 2007
## 297 Chinstrap Dream 42.4 17.3 181 3600 female 2007
## 298 Chinstrap Dream 48.5 17.5 191 3400 male 2007
## 299 Chinstrap Dream 43.2 16.6 187 2900 female 2007
## 300 Chinstrap Dream 50.6 19.4 193 3800 male 2007
## 301 Chinstrap Dream 46.7 17.9 195 3300 female 2007
## 302 Chinstrap Dream 52.0 19.0 197 4150 male 2007
## 303 Chinstrap Dream 50.5 18.4 200 3400 female 2008
## 304 Chinstrap Dream 49.5 19.0 200 3800 male 2008
## 305 Chinstrap Dream 46.4 17.8 191 3700 female 2008
## 306 Chinstrap Dream 52.8 20.0 205 4550 male 2008
## 307 Chinstrap Dream 40.9 16.6 187 3200 female 2008
## 308 Chinstrap Dream 54.2 20.8 201 4300 male 2008
## 309 Chinstrap Dream 42.5 16.7 187 3350 female 2008
## 310 Chinstrap Dream 51.0 18.8 203 4100 male 2008
## 311 Chinstrap Dream 49.7 18.6 195 3600 male 2008
## 312 Chinstrap Dream 47.5 16.8 199 3900 female 2008
## 313 Chinstrap Dream 47.6 18.3 195 3850 female 2008
## 314 Chinstrap Dream 52.0 20.7 210 4800 male 2008
## 315 Chinstrap Dream 46.9 16.6 192 2700 female 2008
## 316 Chinstrap Dream 53.5 19.9 205 4500 male 2008
## 317 Chinstrap Dream 49.0 19.5 210 3950 male 2008
## 318 Chinstrap Dream 46.2 17.5 187 3650 female 2008
## 319 Chinstrap Dream 50.9 19.1 196 3550 male 2008
## 320 Chinstrap Dream 45.5 17.0 196 3500 female 2008
## 321 Chinstrap Dream 50.9 17.9 196 3675 female 2009
## 322 Chinstrap Dream 50.8 18.5 201 4450 male 2009
## 323 Chinstrap Dream 50.1 17.9 190 3400 female 2009
## 324 Chinstrap Dream 49.0 19.6 212 4300 male 2009
## 325 Chinstrap Dream 51.5 18.7 187 3250 male 2009
## 326 Chinstrap Dream 49.8 17.3 198 3675 female 2009
## 327 Chinstrap Dream 48.1 16.4 199 3325 female 2009
## 328 Chinstrap Dream 51.4 19.0 201 3950 male 2009
## 329 Chinstrap Dream 45.7 17.3 193 3600 female 2009
## 330 Chinstrap Dream 50.7 19.7 203 4050 male 2009
## 331 Chinstrap Dream 42.5 17.3 187 3350 female 2009
## 332 Chinstrap Dream 52.2 18.8 197 3450 male 2009
## 333 Chinstrap Dream 45.2 16.6 191 3250 female 2009
## 334 Chinstrap Dream 49.3 19.9 203 4050 male 2009
## 335 Chinstrap Dream 50.2 18.8 202 3800 male 2009
## 336 Chinstrap Dream 45.6 19.4 194 3525 female 2009
## 337 Chinstrap Dream 51.9 19.5 206 3950 male 2009
## 338 Chinstrap Dream 46.8 16.5 189 3650 female 2009
## 339 Chinstrap Dream 45.7 17.0 195 3650 female 2009
## 340 Chinstrap Dream 55.8 19.8 207 4000 male 2009
## 341 Chinstrap Dream 43.5 18.1 202 3400 female 2009
## 342 Chinstrap Dream 49.6 18.2 193 3775 male 2009
## 343 Chinstrap Dream 50.8 19.0 210 4100 male 2009
## 344 Chinstrap Dream 50.2 18.7 198 3775 female 2009names(penguins)## [1] "species" "island" "bill_len" "bill_dep" "flipper_len"
## [6] "body_mass" "sex" "year"penguins1 <- penguins %>%
select(species, bill_len, bill_dep,
flipper_len, body_mass, sex)
names(penguins1) <- c("tur","gagauzunlugu","gagaderinligi","yuzgecuzunlugu",
"vucutkutlesi","cinsiyet")Veri seti boyutlarını incelemek için dim() fonksiyonunu
kullanıyoruz.
dim(penguins1)## [1] 344 6Eksik verileri tespit ediyoruz.
colSums(is.na(penguins1))## tur gagauzunlugu gagaderinligi yuzgecuzunlugu vucutkutlesi
## 0 2 2 2 2
## cinsiyet
## 11Eksik verileri çıkartıyoruz.
penguins2 <- na.omit(penguins1)“bmi” değişkenini ekliyoruz.
penguins3 <- penguins2 %>%
mutate(bmi=vucutkutlesi/yuzgecuzunlugu)
penguins3## tur gagauzunlugu gagaderinligi yuzgecuzunlugu vucutkutlesi cinsiyet
## 1 Adelie 39.1 18.7 181 3750 male
## 2 Adelie 39.5 17.4 186 3800 female
## 3 Adelie 40.3 18.0 195 3250 female
## 5 Adelie 36.7 19.3 193 3450 female
## 6 Adelie 39.3 20.6 190 3650 male
## 7 Adelie 38.9 17.8 181 3625 female
## 8 Adelie 39.2 19.6 195 4675 male
## 13 Adelie 41.1 17.6 182 3200 female
## 14 Adelie 38.6 21.2 191 3800 male
## 15 Adelie 34.6 21.1 198 4400 male
## 16 Adelie 36.6 17.8 185 3700 female
## 17 Adelie 38.7 19.0 195 3450 female
## 18 Adelie 42.5 20.7 197 4500 male
## 19 Adelie 34.4 18.4 184 3325 female
## 20 Adelie 46.0 21.5 194 4200 male
## 21 Adelie 37.8 18.3 174 3400 female
## 22 Adelie 37.7 18.7 180 3600 male
## 23 Adelie 35.9 19.2 189 3800 female
## 24 Adelie 38.2 18.1 185 3950 male
## 25 Adelie 38.8 17.2 180 3800 male
## 26 Adelie 35.3 18.9 187 3800 female
## 27 Adelie 40.6 18.6 183 3550 male
## 28 Adelie 40.5 17.9 187 3200 female
## 29 Adelie 37.9 18.6 172 3150 female
## 30 Adelie 40.5 18.9 180 3950 male
## 31 Adelie 39.5 16.7 178 3250 female
## 32 Adelie 37.2 18.1 178 3900 male
## 33 Adelie 39.5 17.8 188 3300 female
## 34 Adelie 40.9 18.9 184 3900 male
## 35 Adelie 36.4 17.0 195 3325 female
## 36 Adelie 39.2 21.1 196 4150 male
## 37 Adelie 38.8 20.0 190 3950 male
## 38 Adelie 42.2 18.5 180 3550 female
## 39 Adelie 37.6 19.3 181 3300 female
## 40 Adelie 39.8 19.1 184 4650 male
## 41 Adelie 36.5 18.0 182 3150 female
## 42 Adelie 40.8 18.4 195 3900 male
## 43 Adelie 36.0 18.5 186 3100 female
## 44 Adelie 44.1 19.7 196 4400 male
## 45 Adelie 37.0 16.9 185 3000 female
## 46 Adelie 39.6 18.8 190 4600 male
## 47 Adelie 41.1 19.0 182 3425 male
## 49 Adelie 36.0 17.9 190 3450 female
## 50 Adelie 42.3 21.2 191 4150 male
## 51 Adelie 39.6 17.7 186 3500 female
## 52 Adelie 40.1 18.9 188 4300 male
## 53 Adelie 35.0 17.9 190 3450 female
## 54 Adelie 42.0 19.5 200 4050 male
## 55 Adelie 34.5 18.1 187 2900 female
## 56 Adelie 41.4 18.6 191 3700 male
## 57 Adelie 39.0 17.5 186 3550 female
## 58 Adelie 40.6 18.8 193 3800 male
## 59 Adelie 36.5 16.6 181 2850 female
## 60 Adelie 37.6 19.1 194 3750 male
## 61 Adelie 35.7 16.9 185 3150 female
## 62 Adelie 41.3 21.1 195 4400 male
## 63 Adelie 37.6 17.0 185 3600 female
## 64 Adelie 41.1 18.2 192 4050 male
## 65 Adelie 36.4 17.1 184 2850 female
## 66 Adelie 41.6 18.0 192 3950 male
## 67 Adelie 35.5 16.2 195 3350 female
## 68 Adelie 41.1 19.1 188 4100 male
## 69 Adelie 35.9 16.6 190 3050 female
## 70 Adelie 41.8 19.4 198 4450 male
## 71 Adelie 33.5 19.0 190 3600 female
## 72 Adelie 39.7 18.4 190 3900 male
## 73 Adelie 39.6 17.2 196 3550 female
## 74 Adelie 45.8 18.9 197 4150 male
## 75 Adelie 35.5 17.5 190 3700 female
## 76 Adelie 42.8 18.5 195 4250 male
## 77 Adelie 40.9 16.8 191 3700 female
## 78 Adelie 37.2 19.4 184 3900 male
## 79 Adelie 36.2 16.1 187 3550 female
## 80 Adelie 42.1 19.1 195 4000 male
## 81 Adelie 34.6 17.2 189 3200 female
## 82 Adelie 42.9 17.6 196 4700 male
## 83 Adelie 36.7 18.8 187 3800 female
## 84 Adelie 35.1 19.4 193 4200 male
## 85 Adelie 37.3 17.8 191 3350 female
## 86 Adelie 41.3 20.3 194 3550 male
## 87 Adelie 36.3 19.5 190 3800 male
## 88 Adelie 36.9 18.6 189 3500 female
## 89 Adelie 38.3 19.2 189 3950 male
## 90 Adelie 38.9 18.8 190 3600 female
## 91 Adelie 35.7 18.0 202 3550 female
## 92 Adelie 41.1 18.1 205 4300 male
## 93 Adelie 34.0 17.1 185 3400 female
## 94 Adelie 39.6 18.1 186 4450 male
## 95 Adelie 36.2 17.3 187 3300 female
## 96 Adelie 40.8 18.9 208 4300 male
## 97 Adelie 38.1 18.6 190 3700 female
## 98 Adelie 40.3 18.5 196 4350 male
## 99 Adelie 33.1 16.1 178 2900 female
## 100 Adelie 43.2 18.5 192 4100 male
## 101 Adelie 35.0 17.9 192 3725 female
## 102 Adelie 41.0 20.0 203 4725 male
## 103 Adelie 37.7 16.0 183 3075 female
## 104 Adelie 37.8 20.0 190 4250 male
## 105 Adelie 37.9 18.6 193 2925 female
## 106 Adelie 39.7 18.9 184 3550 male
## 107 Adelie 38.6 17.2 199 3750 female
## 108 Adelie 38.2 20.0 190 3900 male
## 109 Adelie 38.1 17.0 181 3175 female
## 110 Adelie 43.2 19.0 197 4775 male
## 111 Adelie 38.1 16.5 198 3825 female
## 112 Adelie 45.6 20.3 191 4600 male
## 113 Adelie 39.7 17.7 193 3200 female
## 114 Adelie 42.2 19.5 197 4275 male
## 115 Adelie 39.6 20.7 191 3900 female
## 116 Adelie 42.7 18.3 196 4075 male
## 117 Adelie 38.6 17.0 188 2900 female
## 118 Adelie 37.3 20.5 199 3775 male
## 119 Adelie 35.7 17.0 189 3350 female
## 120 Adelie 41.1 18.6 189 3325 male
## 121 Adelie 36.2 17.2 187 3150 female
## 122 Adelie 37.7 19.8 198 3500 male
## 123 Adelie 40.2 17.0 176 3450 female
## 124 Adelie 41.4 18.5 202 3875 male
## 125 Adelie 35.2 15.9 186 3050 female
## 126 Adelie 40.6 19.0 199 4000 male
## 127 Adelie 38.8 17.6 191 3275 female
## 128 Adelie 41.5 18.3 195 4300 male
## 129 Adelie 39.0 17.1 191 3050 female
## 130 Adelie 44.1 18.0 210 4000 male
## 131 Adelie 38.5 17.9 190 3325 female
## 132 Adelie 43.1 19.2 197 3500 male
## 133 Adelie 36.8 18.5 193 3500 female
## 134 Adelie 37.5 18.5 199 4475 male
## 135 Adelie 38.1 17.6 187 3425 female
## 136 Adelie 41.1 17.5 190 3900 male
## 137 Adelie 35.6 17.5 191 3175 female
## 138 Adelie 40.2 20.1 200 3975 male
## 139 Adelie 37.0 16.5 185 3400 female
## 140 Adelie 39.7 17.9 193 4250 male
## 141 Adelie 40.2 17.1 193 3400 female
## 142 Adelie 40.6 17.2 187 3475 male
## 143 Adelie 32.1 15.5 188 3050 female
## 144 Adelie 40.7 17.0 190 3725 male
## 145 Adelie 37.3 16.8 192 3000 female
## 146 Adelie 39.0 18.7 185 3650 male
## 147 Adelie 39.2 18.6 190 4250 male
## 148 Adelie 36.6 18.4 184 3475 female
## 149 Adelie 36.0 17.8 195 3450 female
## 150 Adelie 37.8 18.1 193 3750 male
## 151 Adelie 36.0 17.1 187 3700 female
## 152 Adelie 41.5 18.5 201 4000 male
## 153 Gentoo 46.1 13.2 211 4500 female
## 154 Gentoo 50.0 16.3 230 5700 male
## 155 Gentoo 48.7 14.1 210 4450 female
## 156 Gentoo 50.0 15.2 218 5700 male
## 157 Gentoo 47.6 14.5 215 5400 male
## 158 Gentoo 46.5 13.5 210 4550 female
## 159 Gentoo 45.4 14.6 211 4800 female
## 160 Gentoo 46.7 15.3 219 5200 male
## 161 Gentoo 43.3 13.4 209 4400 female
## 162 Gentoo 46.8 15.4 215 5150 male
## 163 Gentoo 40.9 13.7 214 4650 female
## 164 Gentoo 49.0 16.1 216 5550 male
## 165 Gentoo 45.5 13.7 214 4650 female
## 166 Gentoo 48.4 14.6 213 5850 male
## 167 Gentoo 45.8 14.6 210 4200 female
## 168 Gentoo 49.3 15.7 217 5850 male
## 169 Gentoo 42.0 13.5 210 4150 female
## 170 Gentoo 49.2 15.2 221 6300 male
## 171 Gentoo 46.2 14.5 209 4800 female
## 172 Gentoo 48.7 15.1 222 5350 male
## 173 Gentoo 50.2 14.3 218 5700 male
## 174 Gentoo 45.1 14.5 215 5000 female
## 175 Gentoo 46.5 14.5 213 4400 female
## 176 Gentoo 46.3 15.8 215 5050 male
## 177 Gentoo 42.9 13.1 215 5000 female
## 178 Gentoo 46.1 15.1 215 5100 male
## 180 Gentoo 47.8 15.0 215 5650 male
## 181 Gentoo 48.2 14.3 210 4600 female
## 182 Gentoo 50.0 15.3 220 5550 male
## 183 Gentoo 47.3 15.3 222 5250 male
## 184 Gentoo 42.8 14.2 209 4700 female
## 185 Gentoo 45.1 14.5 207 5050 female
## 186 Gentoo 59.6 17.0 230 6050 male
## 187 Gentoo 49.1 14.8 220 5150 female
## 188 Gentoo 48.4 16.3 220 5400 male
## 189 Gentoo 42.6 13.7 213 4950 female
## 190 Gentoo 44.4 17.3 219 5250 male
## 191 Gentoo 44.0 13.6 208 4350 female
## 192 Gentoo 48.7 15.7 208 5350 male
## 193 Gentoo 42.7 13.7 208 3950 female
## 194 Gentoo 49.6 16.0 225 5700 male
## 195 Gentoo 45.3 13.7 210 4300 female
## 196 Gentoo 49.6 15.0 216 4750 male
## 197 Gentoo 50.5 15.9 222 5550 male
## 198 Gentoo 43.6 13.9 217 4900 female
## 199 Gentoo 45.5 13.9 210 4200 female
## 200 Gentoo 50.5 15.9 225 5400 male
## 201 Gentoo 44.9 13.3 213 5100 female
## 202 Gentoo 45.2 15.8 215 5300 male
## 203 Gentoo 46.6 14.2 210 4850 female
## 204 Gentoo 48.5 14.1 220 5300 male
## 205 Gentoo 45.1 14.4 210 4400 female
## 206 Gentoo 50.1 15.0 225 5000 male
## 207 Gentoo 46.5 14.4 217 4900 female
## 208 Gentoo 45.0 15.4 220 5050 male
## 209 Gentoo 43.8 13.9 208 4300 female
## 210 Gentoo 45.5 15.0 220 5000 male
## 211 Gentoo 43.2 14.5 208 4450 female
## 212 Gentoo 50.4 15.3 224 5550 male
## 213 Gentoo 45.3 13.8 208 4200 female
## 214 Gentoo 46.2 14.9 221 5300 male
## 215 Gentoo 45.7 13.9 214 4400 female
## 216 Gentoo 54.3 15.7 231 5650 male
## 217 Gentoo 45.8 14.2 219 4700 female
## 218 Gentoo 49.8 16.8 230 5700 male
## 220 Gentoo 49.5 16.2 229 5800 male
## 221 Gentoo 43.5 14.2 220 4700 female
## 222 Gentoo 50.7 15.0 223 5550 male
## 223 Gentoo 47.7 15.0 216 4750 female
## 224 Gentoo 46.4 15.6 221 5000 male
## 225 Gentoo 48.2 15.6 221 5100 male
## 226 Gentoo 46.5 14.8 217 5200 female
## 227 Gentoo 46.4 15.0 216 4700 female
## 228 Gentoo 48.6 16.0 230 5800 male
## 229 Gentoo 47.5 14.2 209 4600 female
## 230 Gentoo 51.1 16.3 220 6000 male
## 231 Gentoo 45.2 13.8 215 4750 female
## 232 Gentoo 45.2 16.4 223 5950 male
## 233 Gentoo 49.1 14.5 212 4625 female
## 234 Gentoo 52.5 15.6 221 5450 male
## 235 Gentoo 47.4 14.6 212 4725 female
## 236 Gentoo 50.0 15.9 224 5350 male
## 237 Gentoo 44.9 13.8 212 4750 female
## 238 Gentoo 50.8 17.3 228 5600 male
## 239 Gentoo 43.4 14.4 218 4600 female
## 240 Gentoo 51.3 14.2 218 5300 male
## 241 Gentoo 47.5 14.0 212 4875 female
## 242 Gentoo 52.1 17.0 230 5550 male
## 243 Gentoo 47.5 15.0 218 4950 female
## 244 Gentoo 52.2 17.1 228 5400 male
## 245 Gentoo 45.5 14.5 212 4750 female
## 246 Gentoo 49.5 16.1 224 5650 male
## 247 Gentoo 44.5 14.7 214 4850 female
## 248 Gentoo 50.8 15.7 226 5200 male
## 249 Gentoo 49.4 15.8 216 4925 male
## 250 Gentoo 46.9 14.6 222 4875 female
## 251 Gentoo 48.4 14.4 203 4625 female
## 252 Gentoo 51.1 16.5 225 5250 male
## 253 Gentoo 48.5 15.0 219 4850 female
## 254 Gentoo 55.9 17.0 228 5600 male
## 255 Gentoo 47.2 15.5 215 4975 female
## 256 Gentoo 49.1 15.0 228 5500 male
## 258 Gentoo 46.8 16.1 215 5500 male
## 259 Gentoo 41.7 14.7 210 4700 female
## 260 Gentoo 53.4 15.8 219 5500 male
## 261 Gentoo 43.3 14.0 208 4575 female
## 262 Gentoo 48.1 15.1 209 5500 male
## 263 Gentoo 50.5 15.2 216 5000 female
## 264 Gentoo 49.8 15.9 229 5950 male
## 265 Gentoo 43.5 15.2 213 4650 female
## 266 Gentoo 51.5 16.3 230 5500 male
## 267 Gentoo 46.2 14.1 217 4375 female
## 268 Gentoo 55.1 16.0 230 5850 male
## 270 Gentoo 48.8 16.2 222 6000 male
## 271 Gentoo 47.2 13.7 214 4925 female
## 273 Gentoo 46.8 14.3 215 4850 female
## 274 Gentoo 50.4 15.7 222 5750 male
## 275 Gentoo 45.2 14.8 212 5200 female
## 276 Gentoo 49.9 16.1 213 5400 male
## 277 Chinstrap 46.5 17.9 192 3500 female
## 278 Chinstrap 50.0 19.5 196 3900 male
## 279 Chinstrap 51.3 19.2 193 3650 male
## 280 Chinstrap 45.4 18.7 188 3525 female
## 281 Chinstrap 52.7 19.8 197 3725 male
## 282 Chinstrap 45.2 17.8 198 3950 female
## 283 Chinstrap 46.1 18.2 178 3250 female
## 284 Chinstrap 51.3 18.2 197 3750 male
## 285 Chinstrap 46.0 18.9 195 4150 female
## 286 Chinstrap 51.3 19.9 198 3700 male
## 287 Chinstrap 46.6 17.8 193 3800 female
## 288 Chinstrap 51.7 20.3 194 3775 male
## 289 Chinstrap 47.0 17.3 185 3700 female
## 290 Chinstrap 52.0 18.1 201 4050 male
## 291 Chinstrap 45.9 17.1 190 3575 female
## 292 Chinstrap 50.5 19.6 201 4050 male
## 293 Chinstrap 50.3 20.0 197 3300 male
## 294 Chinstrap 58.0 17.8 181 3700 female
## 295 Chinstrap 46.4 18.6 190 3450 female
## 296 Chinstrap 49.2 18.2 195 4400 male
## 297 Chinstrap 42.4 17.3 181 3600 female
## 298 Chinstrap 48.5 17.5 191 3400 male
## 299 Chinstrap 43.2 16.6 187 2900 female
## 300 Chinstrap 50.6 19.4 193 3800 male
## 301 Chinstrap 46.7 17.9 195 3300 female
## 302 Chinstrap 52.0 19.0 197 4150 male
## 303 Chinstrap 50.5 18.4 200 3400 female
## 304 Chinstrap 49.5 19.0 200 3800 male
## 305 Chinstrap 46.4 17.8 191 3700 female
## 306 Chinstrap 52.8 20.0 205 4550 male
## 307 Chinstrap 40.9 16.6 187 3200 female
## 308 Chinstrap 54.2 20.8 201 4300 male
## 309 Chinstrap 42.5 16.7 187 3350 female
## 310 Chinstrap 51.0 18.8 203 4100 male
## 311 Chinstrap 49.7 18.6 195 3600 male
## 312 Chinstrap 47.5 16.8 199 3900 female
## 313 Chinstrap 47.6 18.3 195 3850 female
## 314 Chinstrap 52.0 20.7 210 4800 male
## 315 Chinstrap 46.9 16.6 192 2700 female
## 316 Chinstrap 53.5 19.9 205 4500 male
## 317 Chinstrap 49.0 19.5 210 3950 male
## 318 Chinstrap 46.2 17.5 187 3650 female
## 319 Chinstrap 50.9 19.1 196 3550 male
## 320 Chinstrap 45.5 17.0 196 3500 female
## 321 Chinstrap 50.9 17.9 196 3675 female
## 322 Chinstrap 50.8 18.5 201 4450 male
## 323 Chinstrap 50.1 17.9 190 3400 female
## 324 Chinstrap 49.0 19.6 212 4300 male
## 325 Chinstrap 51.5 18.7 187 3250 male
## 326 Chinstrap 49.8 17.3 198 3675 female
## 327 Chinstrap 48.1 16.4 199 3325 female
## 328 Chinstrap 51.4 19.0 201 3950 male
## 329 Chinstrap 45.7 17.3 193 3600 female
## 330 Chinstrap 50.7 19.7 203 4050 male
## 331 Chinstrap 42.5 17.3 187 3350 female
## 332 Chinstrap 52.2 18.8 197 3450 male
## 333 Chinstrap 45.2 16.6 191 3250 female
## 334 Chinstrap 49.3 19.9 203 4050 male
## 335 Chinstrap 50.2 18.8 202 3800 male
## 336 Chinstrap 45.6 19.4 194 3525 female
## 337 Chinstrap 51.9 19.5 206 3950 male
## 338 Chinstrap 46.8 16.5 189 3650 female
## 339 Chinstrap 45.7 17.0 195 3650 female
## 340 Chinstrap 55.8 19.8 207 4000 male
## 341 Chinstrap 43.5 18.1 202 3400 female
## 342 Chinstrap 49.6 18.2 193 3775 male
## 343 Chinstrap 50.8 19.0 210 4100 male
## 344 Chinstrap 50.2 18.7 198 3775 female
## bmi
## 1 20.71823
## 2 20.43011
## 3 16.66667
## 5 17.87565
## 6 19.21053
## 7 20.02762
## 8 23.97436
## 13 17.58242
## 14 19.89529
## 15 22.22222
## 16 20.00000
## 17 17.69231
## 18 22.84264
## 19 18.07065
## 20 21.64948
## 21 19.54023
## 22 20.00000
## 23 20.10582
## 24 21.35135
## 25 21.11111
## 26 20.32086
## 27 19.39891
## 28 17.11230
## 29 18.31395
## 30 21.94444
## 31 18.25843
## 32 21.91011
## 33 17.55319
## 34 21.19565
## 35 17.05128
## 36 21.17347
## 37 20.78947
## 38 19.72222
## 39 18.23204
## 40 25.27174
## 41 17.30769
## 42 20.00000
## 43 16.66667
## 44 22.44898
## 45 16.21622
## 46 24.21053
## 47 18.81868
## 49 18.15789
## 50 21.72775
## 51 18.81720
## 52 22.87234
## 53 18.15789
## 54 20.25000
## 55 15.50802
## 56 19.37173
## 57 19.08602
## 58 19.68912
## 59 15.74586
## 60 19.32990
## 61 17.02703
## 62 22.56410
## 63 19.45946
## 64 21.09375
## 65 15.48913
## 66 20.57292
## 67 17.17949
## 68 21.80851
## 69 16.05263
## 70 22.47475
## 71 18.94737
## 72 20.52632
## 73 18.11224
## 74 21.06599
## 75 19.47368
## 76 21.79487
## 77 19.37173
## 78 21.19565
## 79 18.98396
## 80 20.51282
## 81 16.93122
## 82 23.97959
## 83 20.32086
## 84 21.76166
## 85 17.53927
## 86 18.29897
## 87 20.00000
## 88 18.51852
## 89 20.89947
## 90 18.94737
## 91 17.57426
## 92 20.97561
## 93 18.37838
## 94 23.92473
## 95 17.64706
## 96 20.67308
## 97 19.47368
## 98 22.19388
## 99 16.29213
## 100 21.35417
## 101 19.40104
## 102 23.27586
## 103 16.80328
## 104 22.36842
## 105 15.15544
## 106 19.29348
## 107 18.84422
## 108 20.52632
## 109 17.54144
## 110 24.23858
## 111 19.31818
## 112 24.08377
## 113 16.58031
## 114 21.70051
## 115 20.41885
## 116 20.79082
## 117 15.42553
## 118 18.96985
## 119 17.72487
## 120 17.59259
## 121 16.84492
## 122 17.67677
## 123 19.60227
## 124 19.18317
## 125 16.39785
## 126 20.10050
## 127 17.14660
## 128 22.05128
## 129 15.96859
## 130 19.04762
## 131 17.50000
## 132 17.76650
## 133 18.13472
## 134 22.48744
## 135 18.31551
## 136 20.52632
## 137 16.62304
## 138 19.87500
## 139 18.37838
## 140 22.02073
## 141 17.61658
## 142 18.58289
## 143 16.22340
## 144 19.60526
## 145 15.62500
## 146 19.72973
## 147 22.36842
## 148 18.88587
## 149 17.69231
## 150 19.43005
## 151 19.78610
## 152 19.90050
## 153 21.32701
## 154 24.78261
## 155 21.19048
## 156 26.14679
## 157 25.11628
## 158 21.66667
## 159 22.74882
## 160 23.74429
## 161 21.05263
## 162 23.95349
## 163 21.72897
## 164 25.69444
## 165 21.72897
## 166 27.46479
## 167 20.00000
## 168 26.95853
## 169 19.76190
## 170 28.50679
## 171 22.96651
## 172 24.09910
## 173 26.14679
## 174 23.25581
## 175 20.65728
## 176 23.48837
## 177 23.25581
## 178 23.72093
## 180 26.27907
## 181 21.90476
## 182 25.22727
## 183 23.64865
## 184 22.48804
## 185 24.39614
## 186 26.30435
## 187 23.40909
## 188 24.54545
## 189 23.23944
## 190 23.97260
## 191 20.91346
## 192 25.72115
## 193 18.99038
## 194 25.33333
## 195 20.47619
## 196 21.99074
## 197 25.00000
## 198 22.58065
## 199 20.00000
## 200 24.00000
## 201 23.94366
## 202 24.65116
## 203 23.09524
## 204 24.09091
## 205 20.95238
## 206 22.22222
## 207 22.58065
## 208 22.95455
## 209 20.67308
## 210 22.72727
## 211 21.39423
## 212 24.77679
## 213 20.19231
## 214 23.98190
## 215 20.56075
## 216 24.45887
## 217 21.46119
## 218 24.78261
## 220 25.32751
## 221 21.36364
## 222 24.88789
## 223 21.99074
## 224 22.62443
## 225 23.07692
## 226 23.96313
## 227 21.75926
## 228 25.21739
## 229 22.00957
## 230 27.27273
## 231 22.09302
## 232 26.68161
## 233 21.81604
## 234 24.66063
## 235 22.28774
## 236 23.88393
## 237 22.40566
## 238 24.56140
## 239 21.10092
## 240 24.31193
## 241 22.99528
## 242 24.13043
## 243 22.70642
## 244 23.68421
## 245 22.40566
## 246 25.22321
## 247 22.66355
## 248 23.00885
## 249 22.80093
## 250 21.95946
## 251 22.78325
## 252 23.33333
## 253 22.14612
## 254 24.56140
## 255 23.13953
## 256 24.12281
## 258 25.58140
## 259 22.38095
## 260 25.11416
## 261 21.99519
## 262 26.31579
## 263 23.14815
## 264 25.98253
## 265 21.83099
## 266 23.91304
## 267 20.16129
## 268 25.43478
## 270 27.02703
## 271 23.01402
## 273 22.55814
## 274 25.90090
## 275 24.52830
## 276 25.35211
## 277 18.22917
## 278 19.89796
## 279 18.91192
## 280 18.75000
## 281 18.90863
## 282 19.94949
## 283 18.25843
## 284 19.03553
## 285 21.28205
## 286 18.68687
## 287 19.68912
## 288 19.45876
## 289 20.00000
## 290 20.14925
## 291 18.81579
## 292 20.14925
## 293 16.75127
## 294 20.44199
## 295 18.15789
## 296 22.56410
## 297 19.88950
## 298 17.80105
## 299 15.50802
## 300 19.68912
## 301 16.92308
## 302 21.06599
## 303 17.00000
## 304 19.00000
## 305 19.37173
## 306 22.19512
## 307 17.11230
## 308 21.39303
## 309 17.91444
## 310 20.19704
## 311 18.46154
## 312 19.59799
## 313 19.74359
## 314 22.85714
## 315 14.06250
## 316 21.95122
## 317 18.80952
## 318 19.51872
## 319 18.11224
## 320 17.85714
## 321 18.75000
## 322 22.13930
## 323 17.89474
## 324 20.28302
## 325 17.37968
## 326 18.56061
## 327 16.70854
## 328 19.65174
## 329 18.65285
## 330 19.95074
## 331 17.91444
## 332 17.51269
## 333 17.01571
## 334 19.95074
## 335 18.81188
## 336 18.17010
## 337 19.17476
## 338 19.31217
## 339 18.71795
## 340 19.32367
## 341 16.83168
## 342 19.55959
## 343 19.52381
## 344 19.06566Türlere göre “bmi” değişkeninin ortalama, standart sapma, minimum ve maksimum değerlerini hesaplayarak sonuçlarını tablo halinde gösteriyoruz.
penguins3 %>%
group_by(tur) %>%
summarise(
ortalama= mean(bmi),
sd= sd(bmi),
min=min(bmi),
max=max(bmi)
)## # A tibble: 3 × 5
## tur ortalama sd min max
## <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Adelie 19.5 2.18 15.2 25.3
## 2 Chinstrap 19.0 1.60 14.1 22.9
## 3 Gentoo 23.4 1.88 19.0 28.5Ortalamalara bakıldığında en yüksek ortalamanın Gentoo türünde olduğu görülmektedir.
Tabloya ek olarak kutu grafiğini hazırlıyoruz.
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(penguins3, aes(x = tur, y = bmi, fill = tur)) +
geom_boxplot(alpha = 0.7) +
labs(
title = "Turlere Gore Penguen 'BMI' Dagilimi",
x = "Tur",
y = "bmi"
) +
theme_minimal()
Kutu grafiği incelendiğinde türler bakımından fark olduğu
görülmektedir. İstatistiksel açıdan fark olup olmadığına karar vermek
için aov() fonksiyonu ile anova testi yapıp sonuçlarına
bakıyoruz.
anova <- aov(bmi ~ tur, data = penguins3)
summary(anova)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## tur 2 1277 638.6 164.9 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 330 1278 3.9
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1Türler arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir fark bulunmaktadır (p<0.001).
🔍 Görev 1: Toplam Düzeyde Analiz
Eksik gözlemlerin kaldırıldığı ve verilerin türkçe olarak isimlendirildiği “penguins3” veri setinden çalışmaya devam ediyoruz.
Gaga uzunluğu ve gaga derinliği arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyeceğiz.
Öncelikle geom_point() fonksiyonu ile scatter plot
çiziyoruz.
ggplot(penguins3, aes(x=gagauzunlugu,y=gagaderinligi))+
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method="lm")## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
Scatter plot incelendiğinde gaga uzunluğu arttıkça gaga derinliğinin azaldığı görülmektedir. Eğim incelendiğinde aralarında negatif bir ilişki bulunmaktadır.
Regresyon modeli kurarak ilişkinin anlamlılığına bakıyoruz.
model <- lm(formula = gagauzunlugu ~ gagaderinligi, data = penguins3)
summary(model)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = gagauzunlugu ~ gagaderinligi, data = penguins3)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -12.9498 -3.9530 -0.3657 3.7327 15.5025
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 54.8909 2.5673 21.380 < 2e-16 ***
## gagaderinligi -0.6349 0.1486 -4.273 2.53e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 5.332 on 331 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.05227, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04941
## F-statistic: 18.26 on 1 and 331 DF, p-value: 2.528e-05Türler arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir fark bulunmaktadır (p<0.001).
🐧 Görev 2: Tür Bazında Analiz
Türlere göre gruplama yaparak “penguins4” veri setini elde ediyoruz.
penguins4<-penguins3 %>%
group_by(tur)3 türe ait scatter plot’u birlikte çizmek için:
ggplot(penguins4, aes(x = gagauzunlugu, y = gagaderinligi,
color = tur)) +
geom_point(size = 2.5, alpha = 0.8) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, linewidth = 1) +
labs(
title = "Turlere Gore Gaga Uzunlugu ve Gaga Derinligi",
x = "Gaga Uzunlugu (mm)",
y = "Gaga Derinligi (mm)"
) +
theme_minimal()## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
Scatter plot incelendiğinde her bir türde gaga uzunluğu arttıkça gaga derinliğinin de arttığı görülmektedir.
Şimdi her bir türe ait regresyon modellerini oluşturalım.
Adelie türüne ait regresyon modeli:
model <- lm(formula = gagauzunlugu ~ gagaderinligi,
data = subset(penguins4, tur == "Adelie"))
summary(model)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = gagauzunlugu ~ gagaderinligi, data = subset(penguins4,
## tur == "Adelie"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -6.5431 -1.8369 0.0158 1.7181 6.5104
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 23.3668 3.0869 7.570 4.10e-12 ***
## gagaderinligi 0.8425 0.1679 5.018 1.51e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.465 on 144 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1489, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1429
## F-statistic: 25.18 on 1 and 144 DF, p-value: 1.515e-06Adelie türünde, gaga uzunluğu arttıkça gaga derinliği istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir şekilde artmaktadır (β=0,8425, p<0.001).
Chinstrap türüne ait regresyon modeli:
model <- lm(formula = gagauzunlugu ~ gagaderinligi,
data = subset(penguins4, tur == "Chinstrap"))
summary(model)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = gagauzunlugu ~ gagaderinligi, data = subset(penguins4,
## tur == "Chinstrap"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.1163 -1.2641 -0.1254 1.4807 10.3590
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 13.428 5.057 2.655 0.00992 **
## gagaderinligi 1.922 0.274 7.015 1.53e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.547 on 66 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4271, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4184
## F-statistic: 49.21 on 1 and 66 DF, p-value: 1.526e-09Chinstrap türünde, gaga uzunluğu arttıkça gaga derinliği istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir şekilde artmaktadır (β=1,922, p<0.001).
Gentoo türüne ait regresyon modeli:
model <- lm(formula = gagauzunlugu ~ gagaderinligi,
data = subset(penguins4, tur == "Gentoo"))
summary(model)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = gagauzunlugu ~ gagaderinligi, data = subset(penguins4,
## tur == "Gentoo"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -7.914 -1.445 0.125 1.315 7.904
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 16.6702 3.3110 5.035 1.75e-06 ***
## gagaderinligi 2.0603 0.2203 9.352 7.34e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.36 on 117 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4277, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4229
## F-statistic: 87.45 on 1 and 117 DF, p-value: 7.337e-16Gentoo türünde, gaga uzunluğu arttıkça gaga derinliği istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir şekilde artmaktadır(β=2,0603, p<0.001).
Her tür için regresyon grafikleri çizelim.
Adelie için regresyon grafiğini çizmek için:
penguins5 <- penguins4 %>% filter(tur == "Adelie")
ggplot(penguins5, aes(x = gagauzunlugu, y = gagaderinligi,
color = tur)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method="lm")## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
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## [list output truncated]
## @ complete: logi TRUE
## @ validate: logi TRUEChinstrap için regresyon grafiğini çizmek için:
penguins6 <- penguins4 %>% filter(tur =="Chinstrap")
ggplot(penguins6, aes(x = gagauzunlugu, y = gagaderinligi,
color = tur)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method="lm")## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
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## @ validate: logi TRUEGentoo için regresyon grafiğini çizmek için:
penguins7 <- penguins4 %>% filter(tur =="Gentoo")
ggplot(penguins7, aes(x = gagauzunlugu, y = gagaderinligi,
color = tur)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method="lm")## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
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## @ complete: logi TRUE
## @ validate: logi TRUE🧠 Görev 3: Yorum ve Tartışma
Normal şartlarda gaga uzunluğu ve gaga derinliği iki ilişkili fiziksel yapının biri arttıkça diğerinin de artması beklenir. Fakat veri setini türlere ayırmadan incelediğimizde gaga uzunluğu arttıkça gaga derinliğinin hafif eğimli bir şekilde azaldığı görülmüştür. Türlere göre veriyi incelediğimizde gaga uzunluğu ve gaga derinliği ilişkisi yön değiştirerek pozitif bir hale gelmiş, gaga uzunluğu arttıkça gaga derinliğinin de arttığı görülmüştür.
Bu sebeple analiz yaparken alt boyutlara da bakarak analizi gerçekleştirmemiz gerekmektedir. Yoksa var olan bir durumu genel veri üzerinden yanlış yorumlayabilme ihtimalimiz olur. Simpson paradoksu tüm verinin bize sunduğu ile alt grupların bize sunduğunun farklı olması durumudur. İncelemesini yaptığımız penguen verisinde de aynı paradoks mevcut durumdadır.
🤓Öğrendiklerim Bölümü
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regresyon modeli oluşturmayı, R Markdown dosyasına içindekiler bölümü
eklemeyi öğrendim. R ile çalışmayı seviyorum :)