| Echocardiographic parameters by liver stiffness (groups & continuous) | ||||||||||
| LS groups: LS≤6 kPa, 6<LS≤10 kPa, LS≥10 kPa • LS continuous association shown after Overall | ||||||||||
| Variable | Overall | LS (continuous) association1 |
Group comparison by LS categories
|
p (LS) | Group test2 | Assumption tests | Assumption results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LS≤6 kPa | 6 < LS ≤ 10 kPa | LS ≥ 10 kPa | p value | |||||||
| Baseline (Echo) — Overall n=34 | group ns: 10/16/8 | ||||||||||
| LVEF (%) | 57.8 (± 8.4) | Spearman ρ=-0.05; p=0.788 | 59.3 (± 9.1) | 57.7 (± 7.5) | 56.2 (± 10.0) | 0.756 | 0.788 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.583; Levene p=0.896 |
| Basal RV diameter (mm) | 47.2 (± 5.8) | Spearman ρ=0.13; p=0.473 | 45.6 (± 5.0) | 48.1 (± 6.3) | 47.5 (± 5.9) | 0.581 | 0.473 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.828; Levene p=0.786 |
| Right atrium area (cm²) | 28.6 (± 7.6) | Spearman ρ=0.18; p=0.311 | 24.3 (± 10.5) | 30.9 (± 5.9) | 29.4 (± 3.9) | 0.085 | 0.311 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.111; Levene p=0.322 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 18.5 (± 4.8) | Spearman ρ=-0.13; p=0.467 | 18.0 (± 4.1) | 19.3 (± 5.9) | 17.6 (± 2.2) | 0.670 | 0.467 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.828; Levene p=0.085 |
| S' Wave (cm/s) | 10.8 (± 2.8) | Spearman ρ=-0.02; p=0.926 | 10.8 (± 2.4) | 10.8 (± 2.9) | 10.8 (± 3.2) | 0.999 | 0.926 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.810; Levene p=0.932 |
| FAC (%) | 38.3 (± 8.4) | Spearman ρ=-0.22; p=0.220 | 39.3 (± 3.3) | 38.9 (± 9.4) | 35.8 (± 11.1) | 0.638 | 0.220 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.310; Levene p=0.058 |
| RV-FWLS (%) | 0.4 (± 0.1) | Pearson r=-0.85 [-1.00, 0.62]; p=0.154 | 0.5 (± NA) | 0.4 (± 0.1) | NA | 0.135 | 0.154 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.768; Levene p=0.488 |
| PASP (mmHg) | 45.6 (± 11.6) | Spearman ρ=-0.20; p=0.247 | 50.9 (± 11.7) | 43.3 (± 11.3) | 43.4 (± 11.1) | 0.227 | 0.247 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.746; Levene p=0.938 |
| RV coupling (TAPSE/PASP) | 0.43 (± 0.15) | Spearman ρ=0.08; p=0.654 | 0.38 (± 0.13) | 0.47 (± 0.16) | 0.44 (± 0.14) | 0.287 | 0.654 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.101; Levene p=0.846 |
| TR vena contracta (mm) | 10.9 (± 3.4) | Spearman ρ=0.12; p=0.495 | 10.6 (± 4.2) | 10.6 (± 2.8) | 11.9 (± 3.4) | 0.566 | 0.495 | Kruskal–Wallis | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.002; Levene p=0.713 |
| GAP (mm) | 6.8 (± 1.7) | Spearman ρ=0.24; p=0.188 | 6.2 (± 1.6) | 6.8 (± 1.5) | 7.5 (± 2.2) | 0.358 | 0.188 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.444; Levene p=0.693 |
| TR massive/torrential (nº, %) | 1 (3) | Wilcoxon Δ~median(1–0)=5.80 kPa; p=0.233 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (12) | 0.250 | 0.233 | Fisher’s exact | Expected counts (χ² rule) | min expected=0.25 (<5) |
| IVC diameter (mm) | 22.8 (± 3.8) | Spearman ρ=-0.05; p=0.782 | 23.6 (± 4.9) | 22.4 (± 3.8) | 22.5 (± 2.6) | 0.771 | 0.782 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.100; Levene p=0.333 |
| 1 month (Echo) — Overall n=28 | group ns: 14/12/2 | ||||||||||
| LVEF (%) | 57.8 (± 8.4) | Pearson r=-0.39 [-0.66, -0.01]; p=0.043 | 58.9 (± 8.0) | 56.5 (± 5.4) | 49.0 (± 15.6) | 0.218 | 0.043 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.236; Levene p=0.108 |
| Basal RV diameter (mm) | 45.7 (± 5.9) | Pearson r=0.11 [-0.28, 0.47]; p=0.578 | 45.0 (± 6.3) | 48.1 (± 4.4) | 45.5 (± 12.0) | 0.430 | 0.578 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.647; Levene p=0.061 |
| Right atrium area (cm²) | 28.0 (± 6.1) | Pearson r=-0.14 [-0.50, 0.26]; p=0.506 | 29.0 (± 6.0) | 29.2 (± 5.1) | 25.0 (± 1.4) | 0.603 | 0.506 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.714; Levene p=0.334 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 18.8 (± 3.7) | Pearson r=0.03 [-0.36, 0.41]; p=0.880 | 18.8 (± 3.4) | 20.0 (± 3.5) | 21.5 (± 6.4) | 0.523 | 0.880 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.419; Levene p=0.480 |
| S' Wave (cm/s) | 9.9 (± 2.4) | Pearson r=0.05 [-0.34, 0.42]; p=0.809 | 9.7 (± 2.4) | 10.6 (± 2.1) | 10.9 (± 5.2) | 0.618 | 0.809 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.228; Levene p=0.218 |
| FAC (%) | 40.0 (± 9.4) | Pearson r=-0.21 [-0.55, 0.18]; p=0.290 | 41.4 (± 9.7) | 39.1 (± 10.8) | 34.0 (± 1.4) | 0.596 | 0.290 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.996; Levene p=0.320 |
| PASP (mmHg) | 32.7 (± 11.1) | Pearson r=0.05 [-0.34, 0.42]; p=0.821 | 32.9 (± 11.2) | 34.2 (± 11.5) | 32.0 (± 18.4) | 0.946 | 0.821 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.395; Levene p=0.608 |
| RV coupling (TAPSE/PASP) | 0.66 (± 0.33) | Spearman ρ=-0.05; p=0.814 | 0.66 (± 0.37) | 0.64 (± 0.27) | 0.87 (± 0.70) | 0.960 | 0.814 | Kruskal–Wallis | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.008; Levene p=0.314 |
| TR vena contracta (mm) | 3.3 (± 2.8) | Spearman ρ=0.02; p=0.924 | 2.8 (± 1.5) | 2.9 (± 1.9) | 8.0 (± 8.5) | 0.702 | 0.924 | Kruskal–Wallis | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.389; Levene p=<0.001 |
| IVC diameter (mm) | 17.9 (± 5.3) | Pearson r=0.21 [-0.18, 0.55]; p=0.285 | 17.1 (± 5.1) | 18.8 (± 4.8) | 18.0 (± 8.5) | 0.725 | 0.285 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.085; Levene p=0.594 |
| 12 months (Echo) — Overall n=17 | group ns: 9/7/1 | ||||||||||
| LVEF (%) | 57.8 (± 8.4) | Spearman ρ=-0.22; p=0.390 | 56.2 (± 7.8) | 55.3 (± 5.9) | 45.0 (± NA) | 0.375 | 0.390 | Kruskal–Wallis | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.007; Levene p=0.754 |
| Basal RV diameter (mm) | 43.6 (± 6.6) | Pearson r=0.11 [-0.41, 0.57]; p=0.691 | 43.4 (± 9.1) | 42.9 (± 5.1) | 47.0 (± NA) | 0.877 | 0.691 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.375; Levene p=0.433 |
| Right atrium area (cm²) | 28.1 (± 8.9) | Pearson r=0.10 [-0.42, 0.57]; p=0.714 | 28.6 (± 11.9) | 29.1 (± 7.2) | 30.0 (± NA) | 0.989 | 0.714 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.555; Levene p=0.502 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 18.3 (± 4.4) | Pearson r=0.04 [-0.46, 0.53]; p=0.880 | 17.0 (± 3.0) | 20.7 (± 5.3) | 14.0 (± NA) | 0.172 | 0.880 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.192; Levene p=0.412 |
| S' Wave (cm/s) | 9.7 (± 2.4) | Pearson r=-0.08 [-0.55, 0.43]; p=0.767 | 9.4 (± 2.5) | 10.0 (± 2.4) | 6.7 (± NA) | 0.460 | 0.767 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.432; Levene p=0.567 |
| FAC (%) | 39.4 (± 10.4) | Pearson r=-0.15 [-0.60, 0.37]; p=0.577 | 38.2 (± 5.7) | 41.7 (± 16.3) | 34.0 (± NA) | 0.365 | 0.577 | Kruskal–Wallis | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.031; Levene p=0.340 |
| PASP (mmHg) | 34.8 (± 12.8) | Pearson r=-0.02 [-0.51, 0.48]; p=0.952 | 38.5 (± 11.0) | 35.0 (± 16.2) | 30.0 (± NA) | 0.789 | 0.952 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.101; Levene p=0.454 |
| RV coupling (TAPSE/PASP) | 0.62 (± 0.33) | Spearman ρ=0.01; p=0.965 | 0.47 (± 0.12) | 0.73 (± 0.42) | 0.47 (± NA) | 0.254 | 0.965 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.253; Levene p=0.077 |
| TR vena contracta (mm) | 4.1 (± 2.5) | Pearson r=0.53 [0.05, 0.81]; p=0.034 | 4.1 (± 2.2) | 3.9 (± 2.2) | 11.0 (± NA) | 0.029 | 0.034 | ANOVA | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.371; Levene p=0.553 |
| TR massive/torrential (nº, %) | 1 (3) | t-test Δ(1–0)=5.81 kPa [-9.64, -1.99]; p=0.005 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0.059 | 0.005 | Fisher’s exact | Expected counts (χ² rule) | min expected=0.06 (<5) |
| IVC diameter (mm) | 17.8 (± 6.1) | Pearson r=0.27 [-0.26, 0.67]; p=0.318 | 18.0 (± 7.4) | 15.3 (± 2.8) | 30.0 (± NA) | 0.258 | 0.318 | Kruskal–Wallis | Shapiro–Wilk (residuals); Levene (median) | Shapiro p=0.776; Levene p=0.042 |
| 1 Continuous association: Pearson if both pass Shapiro (p>0.05), else Spearman. Binary rows: t-test if residual normality + Levene OK, else Wilcoxon. | ||||||||||
| 2 Group comparison: continuous → ANOVA if Shapiro(residuals) & Levene OK, else Kruskal–Wallis; binary → Chi-squared if all expected ≥5, else Fisher’s exact. | ||||||||||