Problem 1

The ants data consists of the spatial locations of nests of two species of ants at a site in northern Greece. It is made up of 97 points.

Problem 2

The points are marked, with those marks indicating the specific ant species at the point.

Problem 3

I would accept Ho.

Problem 4

## Warning: Some expected counts are small; chi^2 approximation may be inaccurate

Problem 5

The p-value for Cataglyphis bicolor is 0.1575, so I accept Ho for this dataset. The p-value for Messor wasmanni is 0.2219, so I again accept Ho for this dataset.

Problem 6

## Generating 95 simulations of CSR  ...
## 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
## 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
## 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
## 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
## 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 
## 95.
## 
## Done.

Observing the chart, I accept Ho.

Problem 7

The gcross(), kcross(), and pcfcross() functions all say that maples and hickories are over-dispersed from each other, providing a consistent message.

Problem 8

The gcross() function seems to indicate that Messor and Cataglyphis nests are somewhat clustered, while the kcross() and pcfcross() functions seem to indicate that the nests are spatially independent of each other

Problem 9

There is deviation from the null expectation between 0 and 15 meters.

Problem 10

Negative association.

Problem 11

It suggests that trees with different diameters are close to one another to about 15 meters in distance, but their diameter and distance are independent of each other at larger distances.

Problem 12

It suggests that anemones with different diameters are close to one another to about 10 units in distance, but their diameter and distance are independent of each other at larger distances. A potential hypothesis that might explain this behavior might be that anemones benefit from a diversity in size when they’re more clustered together as they can attract more prey that way.