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library(gtsummary)
library(dplyr)

##Major European Stock Indices, 1991–1998

head(EuStockMarkets)

Time Series:
Start = c(1991, 130) 
End = c(1991, 135) 
Frequency = 260 
             DAX    SMI    CAC   FTSE
1991.496 1628.75 1678.1 1772.8 2443.6
1991.500 1613.63 1688.5 1750.5 2460.2
1991.504 1606.51 1678.6 1718.0 2448.2
1991.508 1621.04 1684.1 1708.1 2470.4
1991.512 1618.16 1686.6 1723.1 2484.7
1991.515 1610.61 1671.6 1714.3 2466.8

DAX: German Stock Index SMI: Swiss Market Index CAC: French CAC 40 Index FTSE: UK FTSE 100 Index

 str(EuStockMarkets)

 Time-Series [1:1860, 1:4] from 1991 to 1999: 1629 1614 1607 1621 1618 ...
 - attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  ..$ : NULL
  ..$ : chr [1:4] "DAX" "SMI" "CAC" "FTSE"

    summary(EuStockMarkets)

      DAX            SMI            CAC            FTSE     
 Min.   :1402   Min.   :1587   Min.   :1611   Min.   :2281  
 1st Qu.:1744   1st Qu.:2166   1st Qu.:1875   1st Qu.:2843  
 Median :2141   Median :2796   Median :1992   Median :3247  
 Mean   :2531   Mean   :3376   Mean   :2228   Mean   :3566  
 3rd Qu.:2722   3rd Qu.:3812   3rd Qu.:2274   3rd Qu.:3994  
 Max.   :6186   Max.   :8412   Max.   :4388   Max.   :6179

  plot(EuStockMarkets)

Interpretation:

A multivariate time series object (Time-Series [1:1860, 1:4]) with:

1860 observations

4 stock indices: DAX (Germany), SMI (Switzerland), CAC (France), FTSE (UK)

Time span: 1991–1999

So, this is daily or near-daily stock market data for those indices across ~9 years.

Summary statistics

For each index, R gives descriptive stats:

Index Min 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max DAX 1402 1744 2141 2531 2722 6186 SMI 1587 2166 2796 3376 3812 8412 CAC 1611 1875 1992 2228 2274 4388 FTSE 2281 2843 3247 3566 3994 6179 Interpretation

Growth over time

All indices show large upward trends between their minimums (early 1990s) and maximums (late 1990s).

Example: DAX rose from ~1400 to ~6186 → more than 4x increase.

SMI shows the steepest growth (min ~1587 → max ~8412, over 5x increase).

Central tendency vs volatility

The mean > median in all cases, meaning the distributions are right-skewed (driven up by later higher values).

Example: FTSE mean ~3566, but median ~3247.

Comparative performance

By absolute value, FTSE had the highest average level (~3566), followed by SMI (~3376), DAX (~2531), CAC (~2228).

By growth rate, SMI and DAX outpaced CAC and FTSE.

Market implications

The 1990s were a strong bull market period, especially leading into the dot-com bubble.

The rapid increases and wide ranges reflect the speculative boom in European equity markets during that time.

✅ In short: This output tells you that from 1991–1999, the European stock indices (DAX, SMI, CAC, FTSE) all rose significantly, with SMI and DAX showing the strongest growth. The data are skewed upward because of the late-1990s stock boom.

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