library(nycflights13)
library(tidyverse)
## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
## ✔ dplyr 1.1.4 ✔ readr 2.1.5
## ✔ forcats 1.0.0 ✔ stringr 1.5.2
## ✔ ggplot2 3.5.2 ✔ tibble 3.3.0
## ✔ lubridate 1.9.4 ✔ tidyr 1.3.1
## ✔ purrr 1.1.0
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
flights
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
glimpse(flights)
## Rows: 336,776
## Columns: 19
## $ year <int> 2013, 2013, 2013, 2013, 2013, 2013, 2013, 2013, 2013, 2…
## $ month <int> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1…
## $ day <int> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1…
## $ dep_time <int> 517, 533, 542, 544, 554, 554, 555, 557, 557, 558, 558, …
## $ sched_dep_time <int> 515, 529, 540, 545, 600, 558, 600, 600, 600, 600, 600, …
## $ dep_delay <dbl> 2, 4, 2, -1, -6, -4, -5, -3, -3, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -1…
## $ arr_time <int> 830, 850, 923, 1004, 812, 740, 913, 709, 838, 753, 849,…
## $ sched_arr_time <int> 819, 830, 850, 1022, 837, 728, 854, 723, 846, 745, 851,…
## $ arr_delay <dbl> 11, 20, 33, -18, -25, 12, 19, -14, -8, 8, -2, -3, 7, -1…
## $ carrier <chr> "UA", "UA", "AA", "B6", "DL", "UA", "B6", "EV", "B6", "…
## $ flight <int> 1545, 1714, 1141, 725, 461, 1696, 507, 5708, 79, 301, 4…
## $ tailnum <chr> "N14228", "N24211", "N619AA", "N804JB", "N668DN", "N394…
## $ origin <chr> "EWR", "LGA", "JFK", "JFK", "LGA", "EWR", "EWR", "LGA",…
## $ dest <chr> "IAH", "IAH", "MIA", "BQN", "ATL", "ORD", "FLL", "IAD",…
## $ air_time <dbl> 227, 227, 160, 183, 116, 150, 158, 53, 140, 138, 149, 1…
## $ distance <dbl> 1400, 1416, 1089, 1576, 762, 719, 1065, 229, 944, 733, …
## $ hour <dbl> 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6…
## $ minute <dbl> 15, 29, 40, 45, 0, 58, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 59, 0…
## $ time_hour <dttm> 2013-01-01 05:00:00, 2013-01-01 05:00:00, 2013-01-01 0…
flights |>
filter(dest == "IAH") |>
group_by(year, month, day) |>
summarize(
arr_delay = mean(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE)
)
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'year', 'month'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
## # A tibble: 365 × 4
## # Groups: year, month [12]
## year month day arr_delay
## <int> <int> <int> <dbl>
## 1 2013 1 1 17.8
## 2 2013 1 2 7
## 3 2013 1 3 18.3
## 4 2013 1 4 -3.2
## 5 2013 1 5 20.2
## 6 2013 1 6 9.28
## 7 2013 1 7 -7.74
## 8 2013 1 8 7.79
## 9 2013 1 9 18.1
## 10 2013 1 10 6.68
## # ℹ 355 more rows
flights |>
filter(dep_delay > 120)
## # A tibble: 9,723 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 848 1835 853 1001 1950
## 2 2013 1 1 957 733 144 1056 853
## 3 2013 1 1 1114 900 134 1447 1222
## 4 2013 1 1 1540 1338 122 2020 1825
## 5 2013 1 1 1815 1325 290 2120 1542
## 6 2013 1 1 1842 1422 260 1958 1535
## 7 2013 1 1 1856 1645 131 2212 2005
## 8 2013 1 1 1934 1725 129 2126 1855
## 9 2013 1 1 1938 1703 155 2109 1823
## 10 2013 1 1 1942 1705 157 2124 1830
## # ℹ 9,713 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
filter(month == 1 & day == 1)
## # A tibble: 842 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 832 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
filter(month == 1 | month == 2)
## # A tibble: 51,955 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 51,945 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
filter(month %in% c(1,2))
## # A tibble: 51,955 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 51,945 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
jan1 <- flights |>
filter(month == 1 & day == 1)
jan1
## # A tibble: 842 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 832 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
arrange(year, month, day, dep_time)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
arrange(desc(dep_delay))
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 9 641 900 1301 1242 1530
## 2 2013 6 15 1432 1935 1137 1607 2120
## 3 2013 1 10 1121 1635 1126 1239 1810
## 4 2013 9 20 1139 1845 1014 1457 2210
## 5 2013 7 22 845 1600 1005 1044 1815
## 6 2013 4 10 1100 1900 960 1342 2211
## 7 2013 3 17 2321 810 911 135 1020
## 8 2013 6 27 959 1900 899 1236 2226
## 9 2013 7 22 2257 759 898 121 1026
## 10 2013 12 5 756 1700 896 1058 2020
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
distinct()
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
distinct(origin, dest)
## # A tibble: 224 × 2
## origin dest
## <chr> <chr>
## 1 EWR IAH
## 2 LGA IAH
## 3 JFK MIA
## 4 JFK BQN
## 5 LGA ATL
## 6 EWR ORD
## 7 EWR FLL
## 8 LGA IAD
## 9 JFK MCO
## 10 LGA ORD
## # ℹ 214 more rows
flights |>
distinct(origin, dest, .keep_all = TRUE)
## # A tibble: 224 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 214 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
count(origin, dest, sort = TRUE)
## # A tibble: 224 × 3
## origin dest n
## <chr> <chr> <int>
## 1 JFK LAX 11262
## 2 LGA ATL 10263
## 3 LGA ORD 8857
## 4 JFK SFO 8204
## 5 LGA CLT 6168
## 6 EWR ORD 6100
## 7 JFK BOS 5898
## 8 LGA MIA 5781
## 9 JFK MCO 5464
## 10 EWR BOS 5327
## # ℹ 214 more rows
flights |>
mutate(
gain = dep_delay - arr_delay,
speed = distance / air_time * 60
)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 21
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 13 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>, gain <dbl>, speed <dbl>
flights |>
mutate(
gain = dep_delay - arr_delay,
speed = distance / air_time * 60,
.before = 1
)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 21
## gain speed year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time
## <dbl> <dbl> <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int>
## 1 -9 370. 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830
## 2 -16 374. 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850
## 3 -31 408. 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923
## 4 17 517. 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004
## 5 19 394. 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812
## 6 -16 288. 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740
## 7 -24 404. 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913
## 8 11 259. 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709
## 9 5 405. 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838
## 10 -10 319. 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 12 more variables: sched_arr_time <int>, arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>,
## # flight <int>, tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>,
## # distance <dbl>, hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
mutate(
gain = dep_delay - arr_delay,
speed = distance / air_time * 60,
.after = day
)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 21
## year month day gain speed dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <int> <int> <dbl> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 -9 370. 517 515 2 830
## 2 2013 1 1 -16 374. 533 529 4 850
## 3 2013 1 1 -31 408. 542 540 2 923
## 4 2013 1 1 17 517. 544 545 -1 1004
## 5 2013 1 1 19 394. 554 600 -6 812
## 6 2013 1 1 -16 288. 554 558 -4 740
## 7 2013 1 1 -24 404. 555 600 -5 913
## 8 2013 1 1 11 259. 557 600 -3 709
## 9 2013 1 1 5 405. 557 600 -3 838
## 10 2013 1 1 -10 319. 558 600 -2 753
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 12 more variables: sched_arr_time <int>, arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>,
## # flight <int>, tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>,
## # distance <dbl>, hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
mutate(
gain = dep_delay - arr_delay,
hours = air_time / 60,
gain_per_hour = gain / hours,
.keep = "used"
)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 6
## dep_delay arr_delay air_time gain hours gain_per_hour
## <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 2 11 227 -9 3.78 -2.38
## 2 4 20 227 -16 3.78 -4.23
## 3 2 33 160 -31 2.67 -11.6
## 4 -1 -18 183 17 3.05 5.57
## 5 -6 -25 116 19 1.93 9.83
## 6 -4 12 150 -16 2.5 -6.4
## 7 -5 19 158 -24 2.63 -9.11
## 8 -3 -14 53 11 0.883 12.5
## 9 -3 -8 140 5 2.33 2.14
## 10 -2 8 138 -10 2.3 -4.35
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
flights |>
select(year, month, day)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 3
## year month day
## <int> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1
## 2 2013 1 1
## 3 2013 1 1
## 4 2013 1 1
## 5 2013 1 1
## 6 2013 1 1
## 7 2013 1 1
## 8 2013 1 1
## 9 2013 1 1
## 10 2013 1 1
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
flights |>
select(year:day)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 3
## year month day
## <int> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1
## 2 2013 1 1
## 3 2013 1 1
## 4 2013 1 1
## 5 2013 1 1
## 6 2013 1 1
## 7 2013 1 1
## 8 2013 1 1
## 9 2013 1 1
## 10 2013 1 1
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
flights |>
select(!year:day)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 16
## dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time arr_delay carrier
## <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 517 515 2 830 819 11 UA
## 2 533 529 4 850 830 20 UA
## 3 542 540 2 923 850 33 AA
## 4 544 545 -1 1004 1022 -18 B6
## 5 554 600 -6 812 837 -25 DL
## 6 554 558 -4 740 728 12 UA
## 7 555 600 -5 913 854 19 B6
## 8 557 600 -3 709 723 -14 EV
## 9 557 600 -3 838 846 -8 B6
## 10 558 600 -2 753 745 8 AA
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 9 more variables: flight <int>, tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>,
## # air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>, hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
select(where(is.character))
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 4
## carrier tailnum origin dest
## <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
## 1 UA N14228 EWR IAH
## 2 UA N24211 LGA IAH
## 3 AA N619AA JFK MIA
## 4 B6 N804JB JFK BQN
## 5 DL N668DN LGA ATL
## 6 UA N39463 EWR ORD
## 7 B6 N516JB EWR FLL
## 8 EV N829AS LGA IAD
## 9 B6 N593JB JFK MCO
## 10 AA N3ALAA LGA ORD
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
flights |>
select(tail_num = tailnum)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 1
## tail_num
## <chr>
## 1 N14228
## 2 N24211
## 3 N619AA
## 4 N804JB
## 5 N668DN
## 6 N39463
## 7 N516JB
## 8 N829AS
## 9 N593JB
## 10 N3ALAA
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
flights |>
rename(tail_num = tailnum)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tail_num <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
relocate(time_hour, air_time)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## time_hour air_time year month day dep_time sched_dep_time
## <dttm> <dbl> <int> <int> <int> <int> <int>
## 1 2013-01-01 05:00:00 227 2013 1 1 517 515
## 2 2013-01-01 05:00:00 227 2013 1 1 533 529
## 3 2013-01-01 05:00:00 160 2013 1 1 542 540
## 4 2013-01-01 05:00:00 183 2013 1 1 544 545
## 5 2013-01-01 06:00:00 116 2013 1 1 554 600
## 6 2013-01-01 05:00:00 150 2013 1 1 554 558
## 7 2013-01-01 06:00:00 158 2013 1 1 555 600
## 8 2013-01-01 06:00:00 53 2013 1 1 557 600
## 9 2013-01-01 06:00:00 140 2013 1 1 557 600
## 10 2013-01-01 06:00:00 138 2013 1 1 558 600
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 12 more variables: dep_delay <dbl>, arr_time <int>, sched_arr_time <int>,
## # arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>, tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>,
## # dest <chr>, distance <dbl>, hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>
flights |>
relocate(year:dep_time, .after = time_hour)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time arr_delay carrier flight
## <int> <dbl> <int> <int> <dbl> <chr> <int>
## 1 515 2 830 819 11 UA 1545
## 2 529 4 850 830 20 UA 1714
## 3 540 2 923 850 33 AA 1141
## 4 545 -1 1004 1022 -18 B6 725
## 5 600 -6 812 837 -25 DL 461
## 6 558 -4 740 728 12 UA 1696
## 7 600 -5 913 854 19 B6 507
## 8 600 -3 709 723 -14 EV 5708
## 9 600 -3 838 846 -8 B6 79
## 10 600 -2 753 745 8 AA 301
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 12 more variables: tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>,
## # distance <dbl>, hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>, year <int>,
## # month <int>, day <int>, dep_time <int>
flights |>
relocate(starts_with("arr"), .before = dep_time)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## year month day arr_time arr_delay dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int> <dbl>
## 1 2013 1 1 830 11 517 515 2
## 2 2013 1 1 850 20 533 529 4
## 3 2013 1 1 923 33 542 540 2
## 4 2013 1 1 1004 -18 544 545 -1
## 5 2013 1 1 812 -25 554 600 -6
## 6 2013 1 1 740 12 554 558 -4
## 7 2013 1 1 913 19 555 600 -5
## 8 2013 1 1 709 -14 557 600 -3
## 9 2013 1 1 838 -8 557 600 -3
## 10 2013 1 1 753 8 558 600 -2
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: sched_arr_time <int>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
filter(dest == "IAH") |>
mutate(speed = distance / air_time * 60) |>
select(year:day, dep_time, carrier, flight, speed) |>
arrange(desc(speed))
## # A tibble: 7,198 × 7
## year month day dep_time carrier flight speed
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <chr> <int> <dbl>
## 1 2013 7 9 707 UA 226 522.
## 2 2013 8 27 1850 UA 1128 521.
## 3 2013 8 28 902 UA 1711 519.
## 4 2013 8 28 2122 UA 1022 519.
## 5 2013 6 11 1628 UA 1178 515.
## 6 2013 8 27 1017 UA 333 515.
## 7 2013 8 27 1205 UA 1421 515.
## 8 2013 8 27 1758 UA 302 515.
## 9 2013 9 27 521 UA 252 515.
## 10 2013 8 28 625 UA 559 515.
## # ℹ 7,188 more rows
arrange(
select(
mutate(
filter(
flights,
dest == "IAH"
),
speed = distance / air_time * 60
),
year:day, dep_time, carrier, flight, speed
),
desc(speed)
)
## # A tibble: 7,198 × 7
## year month day dep_time carrier flight speed
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <chr> <int> <dbl>
## 1 2013 7 9 707 UA 226 522.
## 2 2013 8 27 1850 UA 1128 521.
## 3 2013 8 28 902 UA 1711 519.
## 4 2013 8 28 2122 UA 1022 519.
## 5 2013 6 11 1628 UA 1178 515.
## 6 2013 8 27 1017 UA 333 515.
## 7 2013 8 27 1205 UA 1421 515.
## 8 2013 8 27 1758 UA 302 515.
## 9 2013 9 27 521 UA 252 515.
## 10 2013 8 28 625 UA 559 515.
## # ℹ 7,188 more rows
flights1 <- filter(flights, dest == "IAH")
flights2 <- mutate(flights1, speed = distance / air_time * 60)
flights3 <- select(flights2, year:day, dep_time, carrier, flight, speed)
arrange(flights3, desc(speed))
## # A tibble: 7,198 × 7
## year month day dep_time carrier flight speed
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <chr> <int> <dbl>
## 1 2013 7 9 707 UA 226 522.
## 2 2013 8 27 1850 UA 1128 521.
## 3 2013 8 28 902 UA 1711 519.
## 4 2013 8 28 2122 UA 1022 519.
## 5 2013 6 11 1628 UA 1178 515.
## 6 2013 8 27 1017 UA 333 515.
## 7 2013 8 27 1205 UA 1421 515.
## 8 2013 8 27 1758 UA 302 515.
## 9 2013 9 27 521 UA 252 515.
## 10 2013 8 28 625 UA 559 515.
## # ℹ 7,188 more rows
flights |>
group_by(month)
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## # Groups: month [12]
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
flights |>
group_by(month) |>
summarize(
avg_delay = mean(dep_delay)
)
## # A tibble: 12 × 2
## month avg_delay
## <int> <dbl>
## 1 1 NA
## 2 2 NA
## 3 3 NA
## 4 4 NA
## 5 5 NA
## 6 6 NA
## 7 7 NA
## 8 8 NA
## 9 9 NA
## 10 10 NA
## 11 11 NA
## 12 12 NA
flights |>
group_by(month) |>
summarize(
avg_delay = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE)
)
## # A tibble: 12 × 2
## month avg_delay
## <int> <dbl>
## 1 1 10.0
## 2 2 10.8
## 3 3 13.2
## 4 4 13.9
## 5 5 13.0
## 6 6 20.8
## 7 7 21.7
## 8 8 12.6
## 9 9 6.72
## 10 10 6.24
## 11 11 5.44
## 12 12 16.6
flights |>
group_by(month) |>
summarize(
avg_delay = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE),
n = n()
)
## # A tibble: 12 × 3
## month avg_delay n
## <int> <dbl> <int>
## 1 1 10.0 27004
## 2 2 10.8 24951
## 3 3 13.2 28834
## 4 4 13.9 28330
## 5 5 13.0 28796
## 6 6 20.8 28243
## 7 7 21.7 29425
## 8 8 12.6 29327
## 9 9 6.72 27574
## 10 10 6.24 28889
## 11 11 5.44 27268
## 12 12 16.6 28135
flights |>
group_by(dest) |>
slice_max(arr_delay, n = 1) |>
relocate(dest)
## # A tibble: 108 × 19
## # Groups: dest [105]
## dest year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time
## <chr> <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int>
## 1 ABQ 2013 7 22 2145 2007 98 132
## 2 ACK 2013 7 23 1139 800 219 1250
## 3 ALB 2013 1 25 123 2000 323 229
## 4 ANC 2013 8 17 1740 1625 75 2042
## 5 ATL 2013 7 22 2257 759 898 121
## 6 AUS 2013 7 10 2056 1505 351 2347
## 7 AVL 2013 8 13 1156 832 204 1417
## 8 BDL 2013 2 21 1728 1316 252 1839
## 9 BGR 2013 12 1 1504 1056 248 1628
## 10 BHM 2013 4 10 25 1900 325 136
## # ℹ 98 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: sched_arr_time <int>, arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>,
## # flight <int>, tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
daily <- flights |>
group_by(year, month, day)
daily
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## # Groups: year, month, day [365]
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
daily_flights <- daily |>
summarize(n = n())
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'year', 'month'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
daily_flights <- daily |>
summarize(
n = n(),
.groups = "drop_last"
)
daily_flights
## # A tibble: 365 × 4
## # Groups: year, month [12]
## year month day n
## <int> <int> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 842
## 2 2013 1 2 943
## 3 2013 1 3 914
## 4 2013 1 4 915
## 5 2013 1 5 720
## 6 2013 1 6 832
## 7 2013 1 7 933
## 8 2013 1 8 899
## 9 2013 1 9 902
## 10 2013 1 10 932
## # ℹ 355 more rows
daily |>
ungroup()
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # ℹ 336,766 more rows
## # ℹ 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>, carrier <chr>, flight <int>,
## # tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>, air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>,
## # hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>
daily |>
ungroup() |>
summarize(
avg_delay = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE),
flights = n()
)
## # A tibble: 1 × 2
## avg_delay flights
## <dbl> <int>
## 1 12.6 336776
flights |>
summarize(
delay = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE),
n = n(),
.by = month
)
## # A tibble: 12 × 3
## month delay n
## <int> <dbl> <int>
## 1 1 10.0 27004
## 2 10 6.24 28889
## 3 11 5.44 27268
## 4 12 16.6 28135
## 5 2 10.8 24951
## 6 3 13.2 28834
## 7 4 13.9 28330
## 8 5 13.0 28796
## 9 6 20.8 28243
## 10 7 21.7 29425
## 11 8 12.6 29327
## 12 9 6.72 27574
flights |>
summarize(
delay = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE),
n = n(),
.by = c(origin, dest)
)
## # A tibble: 224 × 4
## origin dest delay n
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <int>
## 1 EWR IAH 11.8 3973
## 2 LGA IAH 9.06 2951
## 3 JFK MIA 9.34 3314
## 4 JFK BQN 6.67 599
## 5 LGA ATL 11.4 10263
## 6 EWR ORD 14.6 6100
## 7 EWR FLL 13.5 3793
## 8 LGA IAD 16.7 1803
## 9 JFK MCO 10.6 5464
## 10 LGA ORD 10.7 8857
## # ℹ 214 more rows
batters <- Lahman::Batting |>
group_by(playerID) |>
summarize(
performance = sum(H, na.rm = TRUE) / sum(AB, na.rm = TRUE),
n = sum(AB, na.rm = TRUE)
)
batters
## # A tibble: 20,985 × 3
## playerID performance n
## <chr> <dbl> <int>
## 1 aardsda01 0 4
## 2 aaronha01 0.305 12364
## 3 aaronto01 0.229 944
## 4 aasedo01 0 5
## 5 abadan01 0.0952 21
## 6 abadfe01 0.111 9
## 7 abadijo01 0.224 49
## 8 abbated01 0.254 3044
## 9 abbeybe01 0.169 225
## 10 abbeych01 0.281 1756
## # ℹ 20,975 more rows
batters |>
filter(n > 100) |>
ggplot(aes(x = n, y = performance)) +
geom_point(alpha = 1/10) +
geom_smooth(se = FALSE)
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula = 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'
batters |>
arrange(desc(performance))
## # A tibble: 20,985 × 3
## playerID performance n
## <chr> <dbl> <int>
## 1 abramge01 1 1
## 2 alberan01 1 1
## 3 banisje01 1 1
## 4 bartocl01 1 1
## 5 bassdo01 1 1
## 6 birasst01 1 2
## 7 bruneju01 1 1
## 8 burnscb01 1 1
## 9 cammaer01 1 1
## 10 campsh01 1 1
## # ℹ 20,975 more rows