Analisis Data Multivariat 1 (Matriks)
Gania Zarakova Vijkonavo
2025-09-08
ANALISIS DATA MULTIVARIAT
MATRIKS DAN JARAK
Disusun oleh Gania Zarakova Vijkonavo
Tanggal: 2025-09-08
Pendahuluan
Analisis Data Multivariat merupakan salah satu teknik statistik yang menggunakan analisa data dengan lebih dari satu variabel dependen, di mana antar variabel memiliki interaksi satu sama lain dan pengaruhnya dapat dianalisis secara bersamaan. analisis Data Multivariat banyak diaplikasikan pada kasus nyata karena kompleks dan melibatkan banyak dimensi, contohnya tinggi badan, berat, umur, serta pendapatan.dengan Analisis Data Multivariat, kita dapat mengetahui pola serta hubungan dan struktur data yang multidimensi tersebut.
Matriks dan Jarak untuk Analisis Data Multivariat
Matriks
Matriks merupakan suatu susunan data berbentuk baris dan kolom
seperti tabel angka. Dalam Analisis Data Multivariat, data biasanya
disusun dalam bentuk baris dan kolom dengan tujuan memudahkan
representasi data multivariat secara terstruktur serta memungkinkan
operasi matematika dan statistik seperti penjumlahan, perkalian, invers,
dan eigen value.
Matriks juga menjadi basis untuk melanjutkan analisis seperti PCA,
cluster analysis, dan regresi multivariat.
Jarak
Jarak adalah ukuran seberapa “jauh” atau berbeda dua objek (observasi) dalam ruang multidimensi (banyak variabel). Dalam ADM, jarak penting untuk mengukur kemiripan atau perbedaan antar objek, juga digunakan untuk klasterisasi, multidimensional scaling, dan analisis diskriminan. Jenis jarak yang sering dipakai adalah:
Jarak Euclidean: Jarak lurus (garis terpendek)
antara dua titik dalam ruang berdimensi p.
Kegunaan: Mengukur kemiripan objek dalam ruang fitur kontinu. Sering
dipakai dalam klasterisasi (misalnya K-Means), analisis principal
component (PCA), dan visualisasi data.
Jarak Manhattan (City Block Distance): Jumlah nilai
absolut perbedaan antar koordinat dua titik, seperti berjalan di jalan
kota berbentuk grid (bergerak horizontal dan vertikal).
Kegunaan: Cocok untuk data yang berbentuk grid atau diskrit. Digunakan
dalam analisis teks (NLP) dan kualitas produk.
Jarak Chebyshev (Maximum Distance): Jarak maksimum
dari perbedaan absolut di antara dimensi-dimensi yang ada.
Kegunaan: Mengukur jarak terbesar antar dimensi, berguna dalam aplikasi
seperti gerakan raja catur dan kontrol kualitas produk.
Jarak Mahalanobis: Mengukur jarak antar titik dengan
mempertimbangkan varians dan korelasi antar variabel.
Kegunaan: Deteksi outlier dalam data multivariat dan analisis
diskriminan.
Jarak Minkowski: Generalisasi dari jarak Euclidean
dan Manhattan, dengan parameter p.
Kegunaan: Fleksibel untuk menyesuaikan jenis jarak sesuai kebutuhan
analisis.
Vektor Rata-Rata
Vektor rata-rata merupakan suatu kumpulan nilai rata-rata dari masing-masing variabel dalam dataset multivariat.
##SYNTAX berikut penggunaan syntax untuk matriks dan jarak pada analisis data multivariat 1. `
A <- matrix(c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), nrow=3, byrow=TRUE)
B <- matrix(c(9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1), nrow=3, byrow=TRUE)
A; B## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 3
## [2,] 4 5 6
## [3,] 7 8 9## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 9 8 7
## [2,] 6 5 4
## [3,] 3 2 1# install.packages("factoextra")
library(factoextra) ## Warning: package 'factoextra' was built under R version 4.4.3## Loading required package: ggplot2## Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 4.4.3## Welcome! Want to learn more? See two factoextra-related books at https://goo.gl/ve3WBaA + B # Penjumlahan## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 10 10 10
## [2,] 10 10 10
## [3,] 10 10 10A %*% B # Perkalian Matriks## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 30 24 18
## [2,] 84 69 54
## [3,] 138 114 90t(A) # Transpose## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 4 7
## [2,] 2 5 8
## [3,] 3 6 9det(A) # Determinan## [1] 6.661338e-16library(Matrix)
rankMatrix(A)## [1] 2
## attr(,"method")
## [1] "tolNorm2"
## attr(,"useGrad")
## [1] FALSE
## attr(,"tol")
## [1] 6.661338e-16A %*% A## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 30 36 42
## [2,] 66 81 96
## [3,] 102 126 150# Memanggil Komponen Matriks
A## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 3
## [2,] 4 5 6
## [3,] 7 8 9A[,2] # Kolom 2## [1] 2 5 8A[3,] # Baris 3## [1] 7 8 9A[3,2] # Sel(3, 2)## [1] 8A[c(1,3),2] # Sel(1,2) dan sel(3,2)## [1] 2 8A[,1:3] # kolom(1,2,3)## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 3
## [2,] 4 5 6
## [3,] 7 8 9A[2:3,] # baris(2,3)## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 4 5 6
## [2,] 7 8 9Q <- matrix(c(0, -1, 1, 0), nrow=2, byrow=TRUE)
t(Q) %*% Q # Harus = matriks identitas## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 0
## [2,] 0 1inv_Q = solve(Q); inv_Q # invers## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 0 1
## [2,] -1 0I <- diag(3)
I## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 0 0
## [2,] 0 1 0
## [3,] 0 0 1#------------------------------------------Eigen Value
# Eigen Value menunjukkan jumlah variasi (informasi) yang dapat dijelaskan oleh satu komponen
# Eigen Vector menunjukkan jumlah variasi (informasi) yang dijelaskan suatu komponen lainnya
# Eigen Value dan eigen vector ini sangat berguna dalam analisis data multivariat misalnya Principal Komponen Analysis, Factor Analysis, dll.
M <- matrix(c(2, -1, -1, 2), nrow=2)
eigen(M)$values # semua positif → definit positif## [1] 3 1N <- -M
eigen(N)$values # semua negatif → definit negatif## [1] -1 -3eig_A <- eigen(A)
eig_A$values## [1] 1.611684e+01 -1.116844e+00 -1.303678e-15eig_A$vectors## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] -0.2319707 -0.78583024 0.4082483
## [2,] -0.5253221 -0.08675134 -0.8164966
## [3,] -0.8186735 0.61232756 0.4082483set.seed(123)
v <- rnorm(5) # Vektor acak
M_random <- matrix(runif(9, min=0, max=10), nrow=3)
v; M_random## [1] -0.56047565 -0.23017749 1.55870831 0.07050839 0.12928774## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 9.568333 5.726334 2.4608773
## [2,] 4.533342 1.029247 0.4205953
## [3,] 6.775706 8.998250 3.2792072# Dekomposisi Singular Value (SVD)
## SVD memecah sebuah matriks p 4mCn menjadi tiga matriks
library(MASS)## Warning: package 'MASS' was built under R version 4.4.3A <- matrix(c(5,-3,6,2,-4,8,-2,5,-1,7,3,9), 4, 3, byrow=TRUE)
A## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 5 -3 6
## [2,] 2 -4 8
## [3,] -2 5 -1
## [4,] 7 3 9svd_result <- svd(A)
singular_value <- svd_result$d ; singular_value## [1] 16.07076 7.41936 3.11187U <- svd_result$u ; U## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] -0.5046975 0.2278362 -0.3742460
## [2,] -0.5178195 0.4138180 0.7413297
## [3,] 0.1646416 -0.6063789 0.5337354
## [4,] -0.6708477 -0.6396483 -0.1596770V <- svd_result$v ; V## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] -0.5341591 -0.17494276 -0.8270847
## [2,] 0.1490928 -0.98251336 0.1115295
## [3,] -0.8321330 -0.06373793 0.5509011# MATRIKS JARAK #
set.seed(321)
ss <- sample(1:50, 15)
df <- USArrests[ss, ]
df.scaled <- scale(df); df.scaled## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Wyoming -0.3721741 -0.02296746 -0.3418930 -0.62039386
## Illinois 0.4221896 1.02244775 1.2520675 0.62633064
## Mississippi 1.6799322 1.14124493 -1.4507350 -0.39776448
## Kansas -0.5486994 -0.56943449 0.0739228 -0.26418686
## New York 0.5766492 1.08184634 1.4599754 0.93801176
## Kentucky 0.2677300 -0.64071280 -0.8963140 -0.51650015
## Oklahoma -0.4163054 -0.14176464 0.2125281 0.03265231
## Hawaii -0.7031590 -1.38913505 1.2520675 0.06233622
## Missouri 0.1132704 0.17898775 0.3511333 1.24969289
## New Mexico 0.6428462 1.45011760 0.3511333 1.82852926
## Louisiana 1.5254725 1.02244775 0.0739228 0.35917539
## South Dakota -1.0341439 -0.91394632 -1.3814324 -1.03596869
## Iowa -1.3871944 -1.27033787 -0.5498008 -1.25859806
## North Dakota -1.6961136 -1.40101477 -1.4507350 -1.85227639
## Texas 0.9296998 0.45222127 1.0441596 0.84896001
## attr(,"scaled:center")
## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## 8.486667 162.933333 64.933333 19.780000
## attr(,"scaled:scale")
## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## 4.531929 84.177081 14.429467 6.737655## Jarak Euclidean
### Euclidean → Jarak lurus (garis terpendek) antara dua titik di ruang
###𝑝-dimensi [jarak lurus standar].
### contoh aplikasi:
### - menghitung jarak garis lurus antar dua koordinat (GPS)
### - Clustering (K-Means, Hierarchical) → objek yang jaraknya dekat digabungkan
dist.eucl <- dist(df.scaled, method = "euclidean"); dist.eucl## Wyoming Illinois Mississippi Kansas New York Kentucky
## Illinois 2.4122476
## Mississippi 2.6164146 3.1543527
## Kansas 0.7934567 2.3786048 3.1993198
## New York 2.7921742 0.4095812 3.3878156 2.7128511
## Kentucky 1.0532156 2.9515362 2.3433244 1.2948587 3.2757206
## Oklahoma 0.8659748 1.8685718 2.9986711 0.5547563 2.2043102 1.4993175
## Hawaii 2.2322175 2.7203365 4.4270510 1.4800030 2.9246694 2.5403456
## Missouri 2.0625111 1.4167282 3.0563398 1.8349434 1.5351057 2.3176129
## New Mexico 3.1109091 1.5775154 3.0617092 3.1551035 1.4705638 3.4011133
## Louisiana 2.4137967 1.6360410 1.7133330 2.6879097 1.7776353 2.4609320
## South Dakota 1.5765126 3.9457686 3.4644086 1.7515852 4.3067435 1.5082173
## Iowa 1.7426214 3.9154083 4.0958166 1.6038155 4.2724405 1.9508929
## North Dakota 2.5296038 4.8794481 4.4694938 2.6181473 5.2524274 2.5546862
## Texas 2.4496576 0.8218968 2.9692463 2.3259192 0.8377979 2.6949264
## Oklahoma Hawaii Missouri New Mexico Louisiana South Dakota
## Illinois
## Mississippi
## Kansas
## New York
## Kentucky
## Oklahoma
## Hawaii 1.6491638
## Missouri 1.3724911 2.3123720
## New Mexico 2.6268378 3.7154012 1.4937447
## Louisiana 2.2916633 3.5012381 1.8909275 1.7882330
## South Dakota 2.1588538 2.9115203 3.2767510 4.4281177 3.7902169
## Iowa 2.1130016 2.3395756 3.3845451 4.6758935 4.0922753 0.9964108
## North Dakota 3.0891779 3.4578871 4.3173165 5.5131433 4.8442635 1.1604313
## Texas 1.8768374 2.5920693 1.1756214 1.5867966 1.3643137 3.8935265
## Iowa North Dakota
## Illinois
## Mississippi
## Kansas
## New York
## Kentucky
## Oklahoma
## Hawaii
## Missouri
## New Mexico
## Louisiana
## South Dakota
## Iowa
## North Dakota 1.1298867
## Texas 3.9137858 4.8837032fviz_dist(dist.eucl)
## Jarak Chebyshev
### Chebyshev → jarak ditentukan oleh selisih terbesar.
### Jarak maksimum di antara perbedaan koordinat. Fokus pada dimensi dengan selisih terbesar.
### contoh aplikasi:
### - jarak langkah raja antara dua posisi = jarak Chebyshev.
### - Berguna di quality control multivariat, misalnya mengecek dimensi produk (lebar, panjang, tinggi) → fokus pada dimensi terburuk.
dist.cheb <- dist(df.scaled, method = "maximum"); dist.cheb## Wyoming Illinois Mississippi Kansas New York Kentucky
## Illinois 1.5939604
## Mississippi 2.0521063 2.7028025
## Kansas 0.5464670 1.5918822 2.2286315
## New York 1.8018683 0.3116811 2.9107104 1.6512808
## Kentucky 0.6399041 2.1483815 1.7819577 0.9702368 2.3562894
## Oklahoma 0.6530462 1.1642124 2.0962376 0.4276699 1.2474473 1.1088421
## Hawaii 1.5939604 2.4115828 2.7028025 1.1781447 2.4709814 2.1483815
## Missouri 1.8700867 0.9009342 1.8018683 1.5138797 1.1088421 1.7661930
## New Mexico 2.4489231 1.2021986 2.2262937 2.0927161 1.1088421 2.3450294
## Louisiana 1.8976467 1.1781447 1.5246578 2.0741719 1.3860526 1.6631605
## South Dakota 1.0395394 2.6334999 2.7140760 1.4553552 2.8414078 1.3018739
## Iowa 1.2473704 2.2927856 3.0671266 0.9944112 2.3521842 1.6549244
## North Dakota 1.3780473 2.7028025 3.3760458 1.5880895 2.9107104 1.9638436
## Texas 1.4693539 0.5702265 2.4948946 1.4783991 0.6296251 1.9404736
## Oklahoma Hawaii Missouri New Mexico Louisiana South Dakota
## Illinois
## Mississippi
## Kansas
## New York
## Kentucky
## Oklahoma
## Hawaii 1.2473704
## Missouri 1.2170406 1.5681228
## New Mexico 1.7958770 2.8392526 1.2711298
## Louisiana 1.9417780 2.4115828 1.4122022 1.4693539
## South Dakota 1.5939604 2.6334999 2.2856616 2.8644979 2.5596164
## Iowa 1.2912504 1.8018683 2.5082909 3.0871273 2.9126670 0.8316315
## North Dakota 1.8849287 2.7028025 3.1019693 3.6808057 3.2215862 0.8163077
## Texas 1.3460052 1.8413563 0.8164294 0.9978963 0.9702368 2.4255920
## Iowa North Dakota
## Illinois
## Mississippi
## Kansas
## New York
## Kentucky
## Oklahoma
## Hawaii
## Missouri
## New Mexico
## Louisiana
## South Dakota
## Iowa
## North Dakota 0.9009342
## Texas 2.3168942 2.7012364fviz_dist(dist.cheb)
## Jarak Manhattan
### Manhattan → Jumlah perbedaan absolut antar koordinat, seperti berjalan di jalan kota berbentuk grid [jarak berbasis grid (jumlah selisih)].
### contoh aplikasi:
### - menghitung jarak dalam gudang/grid jalan yang tidak memungkinkan jalur diagonal.
### - menghitung jarak antar dokumen berdasarkan frekuensi kata (NLP).
dist.man <- dist(df.scaled, method = "manhattan"); dist.man## Wyoming Illinois Mississippi Kansas New York Kentucky
## Illinois 4.6804639
## Mississippi 4.5477901 5.1034373
## Kansas 1.4950151 4.6314334 5.5975464
## New York 5.4139111 0.7334472 5.4091682 5.3648806
## Kentucky 1.9159642 5.1088324 3.8673166 2.1102578 5.8422796
## Oklahoma 1.3703957 3.6359252 5.4729270 0.9955082 4.3693724 2.8409781
## Hawaii 3.9738430 4.1009258 8.0763743 2.4788279 4.8343730 4.4465291
## Missouri 3.2505127 2.6766756 5.9782446 3.2014823 2.7867606 3.9878005
## New Mexico 5.6300548 2.7514592 5.3741207 5.5810243 2.4338278 6.0584233
## Louisiana 4.3384469 2.5485829 2.5548545 4.2894164 2.9731109 4.7668154
## South Dakota 3.0080629 7.6885267 5.4767741 3.0570933 8.4219740 2.5796943
## Iowa 3.1085028 7.7889667 7.2404771 3.1575333 8.5224139 3.3731605
## North Dakota 5.0427114 9.7231753 7.3728174 5.0917419 10.4566225 4.6143429
## Texas 4.6324690 1.5082739 5.1808752 4.5834386 1.4875431 5.0608376
## Oklahoma Hawaii Missouri New Mexico Louisiana
## Illinois
## Mississippi
## Kansas
## New York
## Kentucky
## Oklahoma
## Hawaii 2.6034473
## Missouri 2.2059740 4.4728430
## New Mexico 4.5855161 6.8523850 2.3795420
## Louisiana 3.5711187 6.1151982 3.4233902 3.0568606
## South Dakota 4.0526016 4.5379784 6.2585756 8.6381176 7.3465098
## Iowa 4.1530415 3.9256352 6.3590155 8.7385576 7.4469497
## North Dakota 6.0872501 5.6222495 8.2932241 10.6727662 9.3811583
## Texas 3.5879303 4.4687467 2.1834220 2.9573454 2.6260207
## South Dakota Iowa North Dakota
## Illinois
## Mississippi
## Kansas
## New York
## Kentucky
## Oklahoma
## Hawaii
## Missouri
## New Mexico
## Louisiana
## South Dakota
## Iowa 1.7637030
## North Dakota 2.0346485 1.9342086
## Texas 7.6405319 7.7409718 9.6751804fviz_dist(dist.man)
## Jarak Mahalanobis
### Mahalanobis → Jarak antar titik yang mempertimbangkan skala (varians) dan korelasi antar variabel.
### Contoh aplikasi:
### - misalnya mendeteksi transaksi keuangan yang tidak wajar
### - memisahkan kelompok dengan varians dan korelasi berbeda (Analisis Diskriminan)
library(StatMatch)## Warning: package 'StatMatch' was built under R version 4.4.3## Loading required package: proxy## Warning: package 'proxy' was built under R version 4.4.3##
## Attaching package: 'proxy'## The following object is masked from 'package:Matrix':
##
## as.matrix## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## as.dist, dist## The following object is masked from 'package:base':
##
## as.matrix## Loading required package: survey## Warning: package 'survey' was built under R version 4.4.3## Loading required package: grid## Loading required package: survival##
## Attaching package: 'survey'## The following object is masked from 'package:graphics':
##
## dotchart## Loading required package: lpSolve## Warning: package 'lpSolve' was built under R version 4.4.2## Loading required package: dplyr##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following object is masked from 'package:MASS':
##
## select## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, uniondist.mah <- mahalanobis.dist(df.scaled); dist.mah## Wyoming Illinois Mississippi Kansas New York Kentucky
## Wyoming 0.000000 1.7186109 2.820779 1.4195095 1.8695558 2.867847
## Illinois 1.718611 0.0000000 3.658323 2.2905255 0.4722069 3.878642
## Mississippi 2.820779 3.6583235 0.000000 3.2139075 3.6566922 2.544477
## Kansas 1.419510 2.2905255 3.213907 0.0000000 2.1522535 2.048031
## New York 1.869556 0.4722069 3.656692 2.1522535 0.0000000 3.698342
## Kentucky 2.867847 3.8786421 2.544477 2.0480310 3.6983422 0.000000
## Oklahoma 1.146496 1.8980286 3.237573 0.6499978 1.7772007 2.505941
## Hawaii 3.466671 3.6449604 4.722203 2.2108491 3.3748818 2.753554
## Missouri 3.198071 3.6796400 3.956918 2.2592572 3.3618939 2.642756
## New Mexico 3.281318 3.5101406 4.057258 3.1016653 3.2869855 3.870023
## Louisiana 2.284940 2.5550539 1.688058 2.2700723 2.4136664 2.119635
## South Dakota 1.826205 3.3564158 3.087365 1.6274307 3.3404110 2.261154
## Iowa 1.327907 2.6329606 3.559587 1.1128197 2.6839965 2.621704
## North Dakota 1.582582 3.1919907 3.553572 1.9466491 3.3317039 3.040465
## Texas 2.540604 2.4769381 3.093919 1.7462066 2.1399545 2.108949
## Oklahoma Hawaii Missouri New Mexico Louisiana South Dakota
## Wyoming 1.1464956 3.466671 3.198071 3.281318 2.284940 1.826205
## Illinois 1.8980286 3.644960 3.679640 3.510141 2.555054 3.356416
## Mississippi 3.2375727 4.722203 3.956918 4.057258 1.688058 3.087365
## Kansas 0.6499978 2.210849 2.259257 3.101665 2.270072 1.627431
## New York 1.7772007 3.374882 3.361894 3.286985 2.413666 3.340411
## Kentucky 2.5059414 2.753554 2.642756 3.870023 2.119635 2.261154
## Oklahoma 0.0000000 2.705865 2.203038 2.660216 2.350208 1.672866
## Hawaii 2.7058650 0.000000 3.193764 4.645567 3.383255 3.551072
## Missouri 2.2030382 3.193764 0.000000 1.836797 3.256319 2.505784
## New Mexico 2.6602159 4.645567 1.836797 0.000000 3.676879 3.026024
## Louisiana 2.3502077 3.383255 3.256319 3.676879 0.000000 3.021642
## South Dakota 1.6728664 3.551072 2.505784 3.026024 3.021642 0.000000
## Iowa 1.3299426 2.790197 3.145245 3.792086 2.954252 1.518854
## North Dakota 1.9813596 3.780966 3.590548 3.950259 3.434074 1.304743
## Texas 1.9635201 2.082005 2.576037 3.501666 1.527269 3.090805
## Iowa North Dakota Texas
## Wyoming 1.327907 1.582582 2.540604
## Illinois 2.632961 3.191991 2.476938
## Mississippi 3.559587 3.553572 3.093919
## Kansas 1.112820 1.946649 1.746207
## New York 2.683996 3.331704 2.139954
## Kentucky 2.621704 3.040465 2.108949
## Oklahoma 1.329943 1.981360 1.963520
## Hawaii 2.790197 3.780966 2.082005
## Missouri 3.145245 3.590548 2.576037
## New Mexico 3.792086 3.950259 3.501666
## Louisiana 2.954252 3.434074 1.527269
## South Dakota 1.518854 1.304743 3.090805
## Iowa 0.000000 1.045923 2.734770
## North Dakota 1.045923 0.000000 3.563193
## Texas 2.734770 3.563193 0.000000dist.mah_matrix <- as.matrix(dist.mah);dist.mah_matrix## Wyoming Illinois Mississippi Kansas New York Kentucky
## Wyoming 0.000000 1.7186109 2.820779 1.4195095 1.8695558 2.867847
## Illinois 1.718611 0.0000000 3.658323 2.2905255 0.4722069 3.878642
## Mississippi 2.820779 3.6583235 0.000000 3.2139075 3.6566922 2.544477
## Kansas 1.419510 2.2905255 3.213907 0.0000000 2.1522535 2.048031
## New York 1.869556 0.4722069 3.656692 2.1522535 0.0000000 3.698342
## Kentucky 2.867847 3.8786421 2.544477 2.0480310 3.6983422 0.000000
## Oklahoma 1.146496 1.8980286 3.237573 0.6499978 1.7772007 2.505941
## Hawaii 3.466671 3.6449604 4.722203 2.2108491 3.3748818 2.753554
## Missouri 3.198071 3.6796400 3.956918 2.2592572 3.3618939 2.642756
## New Mexico 3.281318 3.5101406 4.057258 3.1016653 3.2869855 3.870023
## Louisiana 2.284940 2.5550539 1.688058 2.2700723 2.4136664 2.119635
## South Dakota 1.826205 3.3564158 3.087365 1.6274307 3.3404110 2.261154
## Iowa 1.327907 2.6329606 3.559587 1.1128197 2.6839965 2.621704
## North Dakota 1.582582 3.1919907 3.553572 1.9466491 3.3317039 3.040465
## Texas 2.540604 2.4769381 3.093919 1.7462066 2.1399545 2.108949
## Oklahoma Hawaii Missouri New Mexico Louisiana South Dakota
## Wyoming 1.1464956 3.466671 3.198071 3.281318 2.284940 1.826205
## Illinois 1.8980286 3.644960 3.679640 3.510141 2.555054 3.356416
## Mississippi 3.2375727 4.722203 3.956918 4.057258 1.688058 3.087365
## Kansas 0.6499978 2.210849 2.259257 3.101665 2.270072 1.627431
## New York 1.7772007 3.374882 3.361894 3.286985 2.413666 3.340411
## Kentucky 2.5059414 2.753554 2.642756 3.870023 2.119635 2.261154
## Oklahoma 0.0000000 2.705865 2.203038 2.660216 2.350208 1.672866
## Hawaii 2.7058650 0.000000 3.193764 4.645567 3.383255 3.551072
## Missouri 2.2030382 3.193764 0.000000 1.836797 3.256319 2.505784
## New Mexico 2.6602159 4.645567 1.836797 0.000000 3.676879 3.026024
## Louisiana 2.3502077 3.383255 3.256319 3.676879 0.000000 3.021642
## South Dakota 1.6728664 3.551072 2.505784 3.026024 3.021642 0.000000
## Iowa 1.3299426 2.790197 3.145245 3.792086 2.954252 1.518854
## North Dakota 1.9813596 3.780966 3.590548 3.950259 3.434074 1.304743
## Texas 1.9635201 2.082005 2.576037 3.501666 1.527269 3.090805
## Iowa North Dakota Texas
## Wyoming 1.327907 1.582582 2.540604
## Illinois 2.632961 3.191991 2.476938
## Mississippi 3.559587 3.553572 3.093919
## Kansas 1.112820 1.946649 1.746207
## New York 2.683996 3.331704 2.139954
## Kentucky 2.621704 3.040465 2.108949
## Oklahoma 1.329943 1.981360 1.963520
## Hawaii 2.790197 3.780966 2.082005
## Missouri 3.145245 3.590548 2.576037
## New Mexico 3.792086 3.950259 3.501666
## Louisiana 2.954252 3.434074 1.527269
## South Dakota 1.518854 1.304743 3.090805
## Iowa 0.000000 1.045923 2.734770
## North Dakota 1.045923 0.000000 3.563193
## Texas 2.734770 3.563193 0.000000# Jarak Minkowski
# Jarak Minkowski adalah ukuran jarak antara dua titik dalam ruang vektor yang ditentukan oleh sebuah parameter p untuk mencari jarak umum karena menjadi bentuk dasar yang mencakup berbagai jenis jarak lain
# p=1 jarak Manhattan, p=2 jarak Euclidean, p->tak hingga jarak chebyshev
set.seed(123)
# Data random (5 observasi dengan 3 variabel)
data <- matrix(runif(15, min = 1, max = 10), nrow = 5, ncol = 3)
colnames(data) <- c("X1", "X2", "X3")
print("Data random:")## [1] "Data random:"print(data)## X1 X2 X3
## [1,] 3.588198 1.410008 9.611500
## [2,] 8.094746 5.752949 5.080007
## [3,] 4.680792 9.031771 7.098136
## [4,] 8.947157 5.962915 6.153701
## [5,] 9.464206 5.109533 1.926322# Tentukan dua titik yang akan dihitung jaraknya
p1 <- data[1, ];p1## X1 X2 X3
## 3.588198 1.410008 9.611500p2 <- data[2, ];p2## X1 X2 X3
## 8.094746 5.752949 5.080007# Fungsi jarak Minkowski
minkowski_distance <- function(x, y, p) {
sum(abs(x - y)^p)^(1/p)
}
# Contoh penggunaan dengan p = 1 (Manhattan), p = 2 (Euclidean), p = 3 (Minkowski umum)
dist_p1 <- minkowski_distance(p1, p2, p = 1);dist_p1## [1] 13.38098dist_p2 <- minkowski_distance(p1, p2, p = 2);dist_p2## [1] 7.726871dist_p3 <- minkowski_distance(p1, p2, p = 3);dist_p3## [1] 6.435156dist_inf <- max(abs(p1 - p2));dist_inf## [1] 4.531493# VEKTOR RATA-RATA #
# input data kadal
BB = c(6.2,11.5,8.7,10.1,7.8,6.9,12.0,3.1,14.8,9.4)
PM = c(61,73,68,70,64,60,76,49,84,71)
RTB = c(115,138,127,123,131,120,143,95,160,128)
lizard = as.matrix(cbind(BB,PM,RTB)); lizard## BB PM RTB
## [1,] 6.2 61 115
## [2,] 11.5 73 138
## [3,] 8.7 68 127
## [4,] 10.1 70 123
## [5,] 7.8 64 131
## [6,] 6.9 60 120
## [7,] 12.0 76 143
## [8,] 3.1 49 95
## [9,] 14.8 84 160
## [10,] 9.4 71 128# Matriks Rata-Rata
vecMeans = as.matrix(colMeans(lizard)); vecMeans## [,1]
## BB 9.05
## PM 67.60
## RTB 128.00vecRata = matrix(c(mean(BB), mean(PM), mean(RTB)), nrow=3, ncol=1); vecRata## [,1]
## [1,] 9.05
## [2,] 67.60
## [3,] 128.00# Matriks Kovarians
varkov = cov(lizard); varkov## BB PM RTB
## BB 10.98056 31.80000 54.96667
## PM 31.80000 94.04444 160.22222
## RTB 54.96667 160.22222 300.66667# Matriks Korelasi
korel = cor(lizard); korel## BB PM RTB
## BB 1.0000000 0.9895743 0.9566313
## PM 0.9895743 1.0000000 0.9528259
## RTB 0.9566313 0.9528259 1.0000000# Matriks Standardisasi (akar dari variansi masing-masing variabel)
n = nrow(lizard);n## [1] 10u = matrix(1,n,1); u## [,1]
## [1,] 1
## [2,] 1
## [3,] 1
## [4,] 1
## [5,] 1
## [6,] 1
## [7,] 1
## [8,] 1
## [9,] 1
## [10,] 1xbar = cbind((1/n)*t(u)%*%lizard); xbar## BB PM RTB
## [1,] 9.05 67.6 128D = lizard - u %*% xbar; D## BB PM RTB
## [1,] -2.85 -6.6 -13
## [2,] 2.45 5.4 10
## [3,] -0.35 0.4 -1
## [4,] 1.05 2.4 -5
## [5,] -1.25 -3.6 3
## [6,] -2.15 -7.6 -8
## [7,] 2.95 8.4 15
## [8,] -5.95 -18.6 -33
## [9,] 5.75 16.4 32
## [10,] 0.35 3.4 0S = (1/(n-1))*t(D)%*%D; S## BB PM RTB
## BB 10.98056 31.80000 54.96667
## PM 31.80000 94.04444 160.22222
## RTB 54.96667 160.22222 300.66667Ds = diag(sqrt(diag(S))); Ds## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 3.313692 0.000000 0.00000
## [2,] 0.000000 9.697651 0.00000
## [3,] 0.000000 0.000000 17.33974R = solve(Ds) %*% S %*% solve(Ds); R## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1.0000000 0.9895743 0.9566313
## [2,] 0.9895743 1.0000000 0.9528259
## [3,] 0.9566313 0.9528259 1.0000000