Con R
2025-06-30
Variable aleatoria discreta o continua positiva.
Es el tiempo desde: un inicio definido –> un evento definido.
Cuando los eventos de inicio o fin no son observados.
En la censura a la derecha, sólo sabemos que la ocurrencia del evento excedió un valor particular.
Censura a la izquierda, el evento ocurrió antes de cierto momento.
Censura intervalar: el evento ocurrió entre determinado intervalo de tiempo.
Tipo I: Los tiempos de censura están pre especificados.
Tipo II: Los individuos (u objetos) son observados hasta que una fracción del total han presentado el evento \(\rightarrow\) contexto industrial.
Aleatorio: importante que así sea para evitar sesgo. El abandono del estudio por parte de los pacientes (debe ser no informativa) o los eventos competitivos. Otra forma es la censura administrativa \(\rightarrow\) es independiente del mecanismo de generación del evento.
Los objetivos fundamentales de un análisis de sobrevida son:
Describir la distribución de los tiempos hasta un evento.
Comparar dos o más curvas de sobrevida.
Evaluar el efecto que distintos factores tienen sobre la supervivencia.
Importante
BD Cáncer de Próstata
# Hay dos outcomes de interes, muerte por cáncer de próstata
#y muerte por cualquier causa.
prostateSurvival[88:95,] grade stage ageGroup survTime status
88 poor T2 75-79 33 0
89 mode T2 75-79 6 0
90 mode T1c 75-79 15 2
91 mode T2 70-74 6 2
92 mode T1ab 80+ 93 1
93 poor T2 80+ 60 2
94 mode T2 80+ 1 0
95 mode T1ab 75-79 34 0
id ttr relapse grp age gender race employment
1 21 182 0 patchOnly 36 Male white ft
2 113 14 1 patchOnly 41 Male white other
3 39 5 1 combination 25 Female white other
4 80 16 1 combination 54 Male white ft
5 87 0 1 combination 45 Male white other
6 29 182 0 combination 43 Male hispanic ft
7 16 14 1 patchOnly 66 Male black pt
8 35 77 1 patchOnly 78 Female black other
9 54 2 1 patchOnly 40 Female black ft
10 70 0 1 patchOnly 38 Male black ft
11 84 12 1 patchOnly 64 Female black other
12 85 182 0 combination 51 Male black ft
13 25 21 1 patchOnly 37 Female white pt
14 47 3 1 patchOnly 65 Male white other
15 59 170 1 patchOnly 42 Female white ft
16 63 25 1 patchOnly 40 Male white other
17 102 4 1 patchOnly 65 Female white other
18 3 182 0 combination 52 Female white other
19 15 140 1 combination 43 Male white ft
20 32 63 1 combination 34 Female white ft
21 79 15 1 combination 46 Female white other
22 90 140 1 combination 60 Male white ft
23 110 110 1 combination 49 Female white other
24 127 182 0 combination 58 Female white ft
25 119 0 1 patchOnly 48 Male hispanic other
26 33 182 0 combination 54 Female hispanic other
27 62 15 1 patchOnly 49 Female black pt
28 67 182 0 patchOnly 55 Male black ft
29 112 4 1 patchOnly 33 Male black ft
30 60 56 1 combination 49 Female black ft
31 93 2 1 combination 46 Male black ft
32 122 80 1 patchOnly 34 Female other ft
33 130 182 0 combination 46 Female white pt
34 19 56 1 patchOnly 52 Male black other
35 65 0 1 patchOnly 52 Female black ft
36 4 14 1 patchOnly 48 Female white ft
37 20 14 1 patchOnly 48 Female white ft
38 22 28 1 patchOnly 56 Female white ft
39 26 182 0 patchOnly 58 Male white other
40 43 6 1 patchOnly 60 Male white ft
41 107 182 0 patchOnly 55 Male white ft
42 111 14 1 patchOnly 43 Female white ft
43 117 15 1 patchOnly 55 Female white ft
44 8 182 0 combination 70 Female white other
45 12 75 1 combination 62 Female white pt
46 13 30 1 combination 86 Male white other
47 23 4 1 combination 52 Male white ft
48 30 56 1 combination 27 Female white ft
49 34 182 0 combination 52 Male white ft
50 36 182 0 combination 62 Male white ft
51 38 5 1 combination 57 Female white ft
52 44 8 1 combination 40 Male white ft
53 61 140 1 combination 49 Male white other
54 68 20 1 combination 68 Female white other
55 69 63 1 combination 47 Female white pt
56 82 30 1 combination 46 Female white ft
57 97 8 1 combination 55 Male white pt
58 106 50 1 combination 29 Male white ft
59 114 14 1 combination 64 Female white pt
60 120 0 1 combination 52 Male white ft
61 40 84 1 patchOnly 38 Female hispanic ft
62 49 0 1 patchOnly 35 Male hispanic other
63 125 105 1 patchOnly 50 Female hispanic other
64 123 182 0 combination 63 Female hispanic other
65 7 182 0 patchOnly 58 Male black ft
66 9 182 0 patchOnly 56 Male black ft
67 37 7 1 patchOnly 44 Female black other
68 52 182 0 patchOnly 34 Female black ft
69 86 0 1 patchOnly 49 Female black ft
70 94 8 1 patchOnly 43 Female black other
71 104 1 1 patchOnly 39 Female black ft
72 42 182 0 combination 41 Female black ft
73 75 12 1 combination 46 Female black other
74 100 182 0 combination 46 Female black ft
75 1 49 1 patchOnly 53 Female white pt
76 6 182 0 patchOnly 58 Male white ft
77 11 182 0 patchOnly 40 Female white ft
78 24 2 1 patchOnly 62 Female white other
79 27 182 0 patchOnly 53 Male white ft
80 31 56 1 patchOnly 44 Female white ft
81 56 182 0 patchOnly 64 Female white other
82 72 0 1 patchOnly 50 Female white ft
83 78 28 1 patchOnly 47 Male white ft
84 81 155 1 patchOnly 49 Female white pt
85 83 2 1 patchOnly 51 Male white other
86 88 0 1 patchOnly 41 Female white other
87 91 0 1 patchOnly 22 Female white pt
88 95 1 1 patchOnly 22 Female white pt
89 99 140 1 patchOnly 34 Female white ft
90 101 1 1 patchOnly 48 Female white ft
91 115 28 1 patchOnly 30 Female white ft
92 116 1 1 patchOnly 31 Male white ft
93 124 182 0 patchOnly 44 Female white ft
94 126 77 1 patchOnly 56 Female white ft
95 129 56 1 patchOnly 29 Female white ft
96 2 182 0 combination 69 Male white other
97 5 182 0 combination 41 Male white ft
98 14 182 0 combination 52 Female white other
99 18 182 0 combination 52 Female white ft
100 51 182 0 combination 53 Male white ft
101 57 21 1 combination 31 Female white ft
102 64 60 1 combination 70 Female white other
103 76 0 1 combination 43 Male white other
104 92 182 0 combination 58 Female white ft
105 98 65 1 combination 48 Female white ft
106 103 182 0 combination 72 Male white other
107 105 182 0 combination 61 Female white other
108 121 182 0 combination 53 Female white ft
109 96 182 0 combination 63 Female other other
110 46 2 1 combination 40 Female hispanic pt
111 28 40 1 patchOnly 39 Female black ft
112 53 100 1 patchOnly 60 Female black ft
113 55 1 1 patchOnly 54 Female black other
114 73 45 1 patchOnly 68 Female black ft
115 77 14 1 patchOnly 54 Female black ft
116 109 30 1 patchOnly 51 Male black other
117 17 42 1 combination 39 Female black ft
118 45 2 1 combination 47 Female black ft
119 48 182 0 combination 33 Female black ft
120 50 60 1 combination 27 Female black ft
121 74 10 1 combination 45 Female black ft
122 89 0 1 combination 36 Female black ft
123 108 170 1 combination 39 Male black ft
124 118 15 1 combination 56 Female black other
125 128 182 0 combination 50 Female black pt
Age Gender OS Death RFS Recurrence CXCL17T CD4N Ki67
1 57 0 83 0 13 1 113.94724 0 6.04350
2 58 1 81 0 81 0 54.07154 NA NA
3 65 1 79 0 79 0 22.18883 NA NA
65 38 1 5 1 5 1 106.78169 0 44.24411
71 57 1 11 1 11 1 98.49680 0 99.59232
# --- Parte 1: Crear el data set ---
# 1. Definir los datos para cada paciente
pacientes <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
# Tiempo de supervivencia en "tiempo del paciente" (años)
# Paciente 1: 1995 - 1990 = 5 años
# Paciente 2: 1995 - 1990 = 5 años
# Paciente 3: 1995 - 1991 = 4 años
# Paciente 4: 1994 - 1991 = 3 años
# Paciente 5: 1993 - 1992 = 1 año
survival_time <- c(5, 5, 4, 3, 1)
# Indicador de censura (1 = evento/muerte, 0 = censurado)
# Paciente 1: Censurado (0)
# Paciente 2: Censurado (0)
# Paciente 3: Muerte (1)
# Paciente 4: Muerte (1)
# Paciente 5: Muerte (1)
censoring_indicator <- c(0, 0, 1, 1, 1)
# 2. Crear el data frame
survival_data <- data.frame(
ID_Paciente = pacientes,
Tiempo = survival_time,
Estado = censoring_indicator
)
# 3. Mostrar el data frame resultante
print("Data set de supervivencia:")
print(survival_data)[1] "Data set de supervivencia:"
ID_Paciente Tiempo Estado
1 1 5 0
2 2 5 0
3 3 4 1
4 4 3 1
5 5 1 1
La tasa de incidencia que calculaste (eventos / años-persona) te da una excelente fotografía promedio de la velocidad a la que ocurren los eventos en tu población. Es un único número que resume el riesgo global.
Sin embargo, el análisis de sobrevida va un paso más allá. Es necesario porque:

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