## Warning: Paket 'broom' wurde unter R Version 4.4.3 erstellt## Warning: Paket 'modelsummary' wurde unter R Version 4.4.3 erstellt## Warning: Paket 'stringr' wurde unter R Version 4.4.3 erstellt| term | statistic | Model 1: Baseline | Model 2: + Alcohol | Model 3: + Tabacco | Model 4: Alcohol*Gender | Model 5: Tabacco*Gender |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | estimate | 1.741*** | 1.684*** | 1.638*** | 1.722*** | 1.637*** |
| std.error | (0.036) | (0.057) | (0.057) | (0.093) | (0.058) | |
| p.value | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| agea_num | estimate | -0.003*** | -0.003*** | -0.003*** | -0.003*** | -0.002*** |
| std.error | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| p.value | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| gndrMale | estimate | -0.091*** | -0.077*** | -0.081*** | -0.185* | -0.079** |
| std.error | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.091) | (0.027) | |
| p.value | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (0.042) | (0.004) | |
| edu_groupedMedium | estimate | -0.106*** | -0.076* | -0.077* | -0.074* | -0.077* |
| std.error | (0.031) | (0.032) | (0.031) | (0.031) | (0.031) | |
| p.value | (<0.001) | (0.016) | (0.014) | (0.019) | (0.014) | |
| edu_groupedHigh | estimate | -0.143*** | -0.108** | -0.096** | -0.092** | -0.096** |
| std.error | (0.034) | (0.034) | (0.034) | (0.034) | (0.034) | |
| p.value | (<0.001) | (0.002) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.005) | |
| healthGood | estimate | 0.169*** | 0.171*** | 0.165*** | 0.166*** | 0.165*** |
| std.error | (0.024) | (0.024) | (0.024) | (0.024) | (0.024) | |
| p.value | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| healthFair | estimate | 0.368*** | 0.366*** | 0.353*** | 0.354*** | 0.353*** |
| std.error | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.027) | |
| p.value | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| healthBad | estimate | 0.732*** | 0.721*** | 0.700*** | 0.700*** | 0.700*** |
| std.error | (0.036) | (0.036) | (0.036) | (0.037) | (0.036) | |
| p.value | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| healthVery bad | estimate | 0.904*** | 0.880*** | 0.860*** | 0.856*** | 0.860*** |
| std.error | (0.085) | (0.085) | (0.085) | (0.085) | (0.085) | |
| p.value | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| alcfreqSeveral times a week | estimate | -0.024 | -0.021 | -0.106 | -0.022 | |
| std.error | (0.040) | (0.040) | (0.089) | (0.040) | ||
| p.value | (0.554) | (0.590) | (0.233) | (0.589) | ||
| alcfreqOnce a week | estimate | -0.017 | -0.011 | -0.105 | -0.012 | |
| std.error | (0.041) | (0.041) | (0.087) | (0.041) | ||
| p.value | (0.682) | (0.777) | (0.231) | (0.775) | ||
| alcfreq2-3 times a month | estimate | 0.002 | 0.016 | -0.082 | 0.016 | |
| std.error | (0.043) | (0.043) | (0.088) | (0.043) | ||
| p.value | (0.964) | (0.717) | (0.353) | (0.720) | ||
| alcfreqOnce a month | estimate | -0.003 | 0.009 | -0.112 | 0.009 | |
| std.error | (0.046) | (0.046) | (0.091) | (0.046) | ||
| p.value | (0.956) | (0.852) | (0.219) | (0.852) | ||
| alcfreqLess than once a month | estimate | 0.052 | 0.064 | 0.008 | 0.064 | |
| std.error | (0.043) | (0.043) | (0.088) | (0.043) | ||
| p.value | (0.224) | (0.133) | (0.931) | (0.134) | ||
| alcfreqNever | estimate | 0.100* | 0.112** | 0.023 | 0.112** | |
| std.error | (0.043) | (0.043) | (0.088) | (0.043) | ||
| p.value | (0.020) | (0.009) | (0.794) | (0.009) | ||
| smok_groupedCurrent smokers | estimate | 0.099*** | 0.099*** | 0.101** | ||
| std.error | (0.023) | (0.023) | (0.032) | |||
| p.value | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (0.002) | |||
| smok_groupedEx-smokers | estimate | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.026 | ||
| std.error | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.028) | |||
| p.value | (0.233) | (0.227) | (0.358) | |||
| alcfreqSeveral times a week × gndrMale | estimate | 0.101 | ||||
| std.error | (0.099) | |||||
| p.value | (0.307) | |||||
| alcfreqOnce a week × gndrMale | estimate | 0.117 | ||||
| std.error | (0.099) | |||||
| p.value | (0.234) | |||||
| alcfreq2-3 times a month × gndrMale | estimate | 0.131 | ||||
| std.error | (0.102) | |||||
| p.value | (0.198) | |||||
| alcfreqOnce a month × gndrMale | estimate | 0.185+ | ||||
| std.error | (0.108) | |||||
| p.value | (0.086) | |||||
| alcfreqLess than once a month × gndrMale | estimate | 0.027 | ||||
| std.error | (0.102) | |||||
| p.value | (0.788) | |||||
| alcfreqNever × gndrMale | estimate | 0.114 | ||||
| std.error | (0.101) | |||||
| p.value | (0.261) | |||||
| smok_groupedCurrent smokers × gndrMale | estimate | -0.003 | ||||
| std.error | (0.045) | |||||
| p.value | (0.938) | |||||
| smok_groupedEx-smokers × gndrMale | estimate | -0.004 | ||||
| std.error | (0.039) | |||||
| p.value | (0.921) | |||||
| R2 | 0.209 | 0.217 | 0.224 | 0.226 | 0.224 | |
| R2 Adj. | 0.206 | 0.213 | 0.218 | 0.218 | 0.218 | |
| Quelle: European Social Survey Round 11 (ESS11). |
The outcome variable of the models in Table 3 is depressive symptoms. The following categories were defined as reference groups: daily alcohol consumption, never smoked, female, very good subjective health and low level of education.
H1: The analysis shows no linear relationship between less frequent alcohol consumption and lower depressive symptoms. People who never consume alcohol report significantly more depressive symptoms compared to the reference group of daily consumers (est. = 0.1, p = 0.0198, Modell 2; est. = 0.023, p = 0.794, Modell 4). All other consumption categories do not differ significantly from the reference group. The results therefore speak against H1.
H2: There is a significant positive correlation between current smoking behavior and depressive symptoms (est. = 0.099, p = 1.57^{-5}, Modell 3), i.e. current smokers report more symptoms than people who have never smoked. There is no significant difference between former smokers and pepole who never smoked (est. = 0.024, p = 0.233 Modell 3). This partly confirms H2.
H3: To test for gender-specific differences, interaction effects with the characteristic “male” were included in Model 4 (alcohol × gender) and Model 5 (tobacco × gender). The results show that none of these interaction effects are statistically significant (all p > 0.05). A weak tendency can only be seen for the category “drink once a month × male” (est. = 0.185, p = 0.0859). Overall, there is no evidence for a significantly stronger association between alcohol or tobacco consumption and depressive symptoms in women compared to men. This does not support H3.