Urban-Rural News Media Attitudes in the US

Author

Jillian W. Reynolds

Published

June 22, 2025

1 Variables

Urbanicity

urbanicity = urban / total * 100

Urban-Rural Identity

URBAN_PLACEID: Regardless of where you currently live, do you usually think of yourself as a city person, a suburb person, a small-town person, a country or rural person, or something else?

1 = City person

2 = Suburb person

3 = Small-town person

4 = Country (or rural) person

5 = Something else

URBAN_PLACEIDIMP: How important is being a [city person/suburb person/small-town person/country or rural person] to your identity?

1 = Not at all important to 5 = Extremely important

Summary

1 = Rural identity extremely important

2 = Rural identity very important

3 = Rural identity moderately important

4 = Rural identity a little important

5 = Urban/rural identity not at all important

6 = Urban identity a little important

7 = Urban identity moderately important

8 = Urban identity very important

9 = Urban identity extremely important

For the next few items, we would like to know how important you think each one is to the United States maintaining a strong democracy.

CRIT

DEMNORMS_DEMCRIT: First, how important is it that news organizations are free to criticize political leaders?

1 = Not important at all to 5 = Extremely important

ACCESS

DEMNORMS_JOURNACCESS: Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose elected officials restricting journalists’ access to information about government decision-making?

1 = Not at all concerned to 5 = Extremely concerned

DEMNORMS_JOURNACCESSSTR: Do you [favor / oppose] that a great deal, moderately, or a little?

1 = A great deal to 3 = A little

Summary

1 = Favor a great deal to 7 = Oppose a great deal

Political

Party ID

1 = Strong Democrat

2 = Not very strong Democrat

3 = Independent-Democrat

4 = Independent

5 = Independent-Republican

6 = Not very strong Republican

7 = Strong Republican

Left-Right Ideology

In politics people sometimes talk of left and right.

CSES5_LRSELF: Where would you place yourself on this scale?

0 = Left

10 = Right

Sociodemographic

Age

18-79

80 = Age 80 or older

Education

1 = Less than high school credential

2 = High school credential

3 = Some post-high school, no bachelor’s degree

4 = Bachelor’s degree

5 = Graduate degree

Income

  1. Under $9,999
  2. $10,000-14,999
  3. $15,000-19,999
  4. $20,000-24,999
  5. $25,000-29,999
  6. $30,000-34,999
  7. $35,000-39,999
  8. $40,000-44,999
  9. $45,000-49,999
  10. $50,000-59,999
  11. $60,000-64,999
  12. $65,000-69,999
  13. $70,000-74,999
  14. $75,000-79,999
  15. $80,000-89,999
  16. $90,000-99,999
  17. $100,000-109,999
  18. $110,000-124,999
  19. $125,000-149,999
  20. $150,000-174,999
  21. $175,000-249,999
  22. $250,000 or more

Race/Ethnicity

  1. White, non-Hispanic
  2. Black, non-Hispanic
  3. Hispanic
  4. Asian or Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic alone
  5. Native American/Alaska Native or other race, non-Hispanic alone
  6. Multiple races, non-Hispanic

Sex

SELFGEND_GENDTYP: What is your sex?

1 = Male

2 = Female

2 Results

The final sample for analysis was 6,863 respondents.

2.1 Sample for Analysis

2.1.1 Characteristics by Variable

Characteristic N = 6,863
age_CV
    Mean (SD) 52 (17)
    Median (Q1, Q3) 53 (37, 66)
    Min, Max 18, 80
    Unknown 243
income_CV
    Mean (SD) 12 (7)
    Median (Q1, Q3) 12 (6, 18)
    Min, Max 1, 22
    Unknown 432
Characteristic N = 6,8631
PTYID_CVfct
    Republican 2,872 (42%)
    Independent 791 (12%)
    Democrat 3,200 (47%)
education_CVfct
    Less than high school credential 282 (4.2%)
    High school credential 1,070 (16%)
    Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 2,320 (34%)
    Bachelor's degree 1,748 (26%)
    Graduate degree 1,345 (20%)
    Unknown 98
race_CVfct
    White, non-Hispanic 5,018 (74%)
    Black, non-Hispanic 580 (8.5%)
    Hispanic 612 (9.0%)
    Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 228 (3.4%)
    NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 148 (2.2%)
    Multiple races, non-Hispanic 218 (3.2%)
    Unknown 59
sex_CVfct
    Male 3,148 (46%)
    Female 3,677 (54%)
    Unknown 38
1 n (%)

2.1.2 Sample Sizes by Analysis

Sample Sizes for Descriptive Statistics
variable n
urbanicity 6863
identity 6703
CRIT 6845
ACCESS 6843

Urbanicity

  • CRIT: 6845

  • ACCESS: 6843

Urban-Rural Identity

  • CRIT: 6686

  • ACCESS: 6683

CRIT and ACCESS: 6843

Urbanicity and Urban-Rural Identity: 6703

Urbanicity

  • CRIT: 6845

  • ACCESS: 6843

Urban-Rural Identity

  • CRIT: 6686

  • ACCESS: 6683

Complete cases for sociodemographic controls: 6214

Sample Sizes for Regression (CRIT)
variable n
urbanicity 6214
CRIT 6205
ACCESS 6200
Sample Sizes for Regression (ACCESS)
variable n
identity 6079
CRIT 6071
ACCESS 6065

2.2 Political Control Variables

2.2.1 Party ID

1 = Strong Democrat

2 = Not very strong Democrat

3 = Independent-Democrat

4 = Independent

5 = Independent-Republican

6 = Not very strong Republican

7 = Strong Republican

variable quantile_q25 quantile_q50 quantile_q75
PTYID_CV 2  4  6 
PTYID_CV p p_se p_low p_upp
1  0.216 0.007 0.203 0.23 
2  0.118 0.006 0.106 0.132
3  0.114 0.005 0.104 0.126
4  0.134 0.007 0.121 0.148
5  0.103 0.004 0.094 0.112
6  0.109 0.005 0.1   0.119
7  0.205 0.007 0.192 0.219
variable mean mean_se mean_low mean_upp sd
PTYID_CV  3.936 0.041  3.854  4.017  2.217

2.2.2 Left-Right Ideology

0 = Left
10 = Right

variable quantile_q25 quantile_q50 quantile_q75
LRSELF_CV 4  5  8 
LRSELF_CV p p_se p_low p_upp
 0  0.045 0.004 0.037 0.054
 1  0.028 0.002 0.024 0.033
 2  0.059 0.004 0.051 0.067
 3  0.07  0.004 0.062 0.079
 4  0.077 0.004 0.069 0.086
 5  0.252 0.007 0.239 0.266
 6  0.081 0.004 0.073 0.09 
 7  0.101 0.005 0.092 0.111
 8  0.11  0.005 0.1   0.121
 9  0.055 0.004 0.048 0.063
10  0.122 0.006 0.11  0.135
variable mean mean_se mean_low mean_upp sd
LRSELF_CV  5.712 0.052  5.607  5.818  2.713

2.3 News Media Attitudes

Unweighted

variable quantile_q25 quantile_q50 quantile_q75
CRIT 3  4     5 
ACCESS 3  3.667 5 
CRIT p p_se p_low p_upp
1  0.11  0.006 0.1   0.122
2  0.08  0.004 0.072 0.088
3  0.241 0.007 0.228 0.256
4  0.208 0.008 0.194 0.224
5  0.359 0.008 0.344 0.374
NA 0.002 4.948 × 10−4 0.001 0.003

CRIT

ACCESS p p_se p_low p_upp
1     0.076 0.005 0.068 0.086
1.667 0.072 0.004 0.064 0.082
2.333 0.018 0.003 0.014 0.024
3     0.313 0.007 0.3 0.326
3.667 0.033 0.003 0.027 0.04 
4.333 0.17  0.007 0.157 0.183
5     0.316 0.007 0.301 0.331
NA 0.001 3.766 × 10−4 8.803 × 10−4 0.002

ACCESS

variable mean mean_se mean_low mean_upp sd
CRIT  3.627 0.022  3.583  3.67   1.332
ACCESS  3.619 0.021  3.576  3.662  1.282

Survey/population weighted Pearson correlation between CRIT and ACCESS

variable corr corr_se corr_low corr_upp
0.403 0.018 0.366 0.44

2.4 Correlation: Urbanicity and Identity

Survey/population weighted Pearson’s correlation

corr corr_se corr_low corr_upp
0.338 0.016 0.306 0.37

2.5 Urbanicity

Urbanicity is the proportion of urban residents in a congressional district.

Urbanicity ranged from 25.13% urban to 100% urban.

2.5.1 Descriptive Statistics

Histogram for Urbanicity

Histogram for Urbanicity

Density Plot for Urbanicity

Density Plot for Urbanicity

Quantiles for Urbanicity
variable quantile_q25 quantile_q50 quantile_q75
urbanicity 63.773 83.621 97.908

0 = Rural (urbanicity < 50)

1 = Urban (urbanicity ≥ 50)

Proportions for Urbanicity (Dichotomized)
urban_fct p p_se p_low p_upp
0  0.104 0.006 0.093 0.116
1  0.896 0.006 0.884 0.907
Mean Urbanicity of Congressional Districts
variable mean mean_se mean_low mean_upp sd
urbanicity 78.84  0.384 78.069 79.61  19.71 

2.5.2 T-tests

0 = Rural (urbanicity < 50)

1 = Urban (urbanicity ≥ 50)

[[1]]

    Design-based t-test

data:  CRIT ~ urban_fct
t = 5.1401, df = 50, p-value = 4.575e-06
alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 0.2533057 0.5782489
sample estimates:
difference in mean 
         0.4157773 
[[1]]

    Design-based t-test

data:  ACCESS ~ urban_fct
t = 3.2046, df = 50, p-value = 0.002356
alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 0.08549376 0.37262981
sample estimates:
difference in mean 
         0.2290618

2.5.3 Correlation

Urbanicity and Attitudes

Survey/population weighted Pearson correlation

variable corr corr_se corr_low corr_upp
CRIT 0.152 0.016 0.118 0.185
ACCESS 0.105 0.017 0.071 0.139

2.5.4 Regression

2.5.4.1 Models

Call:
svyolr(CRIT_DVfct ~ urbanicity + PTYID_CV + LRSELF_CV + age_CV + 
    education_CVfct + income_CV + race_CVfct + sex_CVfct, design = anes_des, 
    method = "logistic")

Coefficients:
                                                                  Value
urbanicity                                                  0.009504263
PTYID_CV                                                   -0.193677543
LRSELF_CV                                                  -0.151737566
age_CV                                                      0.011491155
education_CVfctHigh school credential                      -0.270482210
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree  0.109978135
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                            0.616497051
education_CVfctGraduate degree                              0.749984905
income_CV                                                   0.027650296
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                              -0.361188153
race_CVfctHispanic                                         -0.148365706
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                         -0.192811038
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                     -0.141774771
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                     -0.157060224
sex_CVfctFemale                                            -0.505878494
                                                            Std. Error
urbanicity                                                 0.001778086
PTYID_CV                                                   0.017758056
LRSELF_CV                                                  0.016853222
age_CV                                                     0.001875303
education_CVfctHigh school credential                      0.138333620
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree 0.152480130
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                           0.155659112
education_CVfctGraduate degree                             0.161632559
income_CV                                                  0.004988203
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                              0.132081929
race_CVfctHispanic                                         0.091640986
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                         0.201823135
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                     0.195942776
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                     0.154420441
sex_CVfctFemale                                            0.068268914
                                                               t value
urbanicity                                                   5.3452215
PTYID_CV                                                   -10.9064610
LRSELF_CV                                                   -9.0034750
age_CV                                                       6.1276262
education_CVfctHigh school credential                       -1.9552890
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree   0.7212621
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                             3.9605587
education_CVfctGraduate degree                               4.6400608
income_CV                                                    5.5431377
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                               -2.7345766
race_CVfctHispanic                                          -1.6189885
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                          -0.9553466
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                      -0.7235519
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                      -1.0170948
sex_CVfctFemale                                             -7.4100855

Intercepts:
    Value    Std. Error t value 
1|2  -2.5209   0.2366   -10.6543
2|3  -1.8374   0.2307    -7.9636
3|4  -0.4695   0.2294    -2.0467
4|5   0.5691   0.2214     2.5701
(658 observations deleted due to missingness)
Call:
svyolr(ACCESS_DVfct ~ urbanicity + PTYID_CV + LRSELF_CV + age_CV + 
    education_CVfct + income_CV + race_CVfct + sex_CVfct, design = anes_des, 
    method = "logistic")

Coefficients:
                                                                  Value
urbanicity                                                  0.004162430
PTYID_CV                                                   -0.231817542
LRSELF_CV                                                  -0.161130466
age_CV                                                      0.007415208
education_CVfctHigh school credential                       0.136822090
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree  0.485796496
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                            0.725459645
education_CVfctGraduate degree                              0.907585065
income_CV                                                   0.009373033
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                              -0.588988778
race_CVfctHispanic                                         -0.105825309
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                         -0.375278124
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                     -0.267230033
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                     -0.224259518
sex_CVfctFemale                                            -0.360569175
                                                            Std. Error
urbanicity                                                 0.001844698
PTYID_CV                                                   0.018396852
LRSELF_CV                                                  0.015431660
age_CV                                                     0.002528997
education_CVfctHigh school credential                      0.156055794
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree 0.175674807
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                           0.174875870
education_CVfctGraduate degree                             0.193630832
income_CV                                                  0.005695015
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                              0.137153457
race_CVfctHispanic                                         0.105161770
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                         0.179252387
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                     0.341089349
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                     0.187660697
sex_CVfctFemale                                            0.059899134
                                                               t value
urbanicity                                                   2.2564289
PTYID_CV                                                   -12.6009355
LRSELF_CV                                                  -10.4415509
age_CV                                                       2.9320752
education_CVfctHigh school credential                        0.8767511
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree   2.7653168
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                             4.1484262
education_CVfctGraduate degree                               4.6871929
income_CV                                                    1.6458310
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                               -4.2943779
race_CVfctHispanic                                          -1.0063097
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                          -2.0935739
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                      -0.7834605
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                      -1.1950266
sex_CVfctFemale                                             -6.0196058

Intercepts:
                                  Value    Std. Error t value 
1|1.66666666666667                 -3.6826   0.2712   -13.5809
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333  -2.8660   0.2660   -10.7749
2.33333333333333|3                 -2.7207   0.2676   -10.1687
3|3.66666666666667                 -0.9715   0.2683    -3.6208
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333  -0.8131   0.2647    -3.0713
4.33333333333333|5                  0.0606   0.2695     0.2249
(663 observations deleted due to missingness)
olr_CRIT_IV1 olr_ACCESS_IV1
urbanicity 0.010*** 0.004*
<0.001 [0.006, 0.013] 0.030 [0.000, 0.008]
PTYID_CV -0.194*** -0.232***
<0.001 [-0.230, -0.158] <0.001 [-0.269, -0.195]
LRSELF_CV -0.152*** -0.161***
<0.001 [-0.186, -0.118] <0.001 [-0.192, -0.130]
age_CV 0.011*** 0.007**
<0.001 [0.008, 0.015] 0.006 [0.002, 0.013]
High school credential -0.270+ 0.137
0.058 [-0.551, 0.010] 0.386 [-0.180, 0.453]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 0.110 0.486**
0.475 [-0.199, 0.419] 0.009 [0.130, 0.842]
Bachelor's degree 0.616*** 0.725***
<0.001 [0.301, 0.932] <0.001 [0.371, 1.080]
Graduate degree 0.750*** 0.908***
<0.001 [0.422, 1.078] <0.001 [0.515, 1.300]
income_CV 0.028*** 0.009
<0.001 [0.018, 0.038] 0.109 [-0.002, 0.021]
Black, non-Hispanic -0.361** -0.589***
0.010 [-0.629, -0.093] <0.001 [-0.867, -0.311]
Hispanic -0.148 -0.106
0.114 [-0.334, 0.037] 0.321 [-0.319, 0.107]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic -0.193 -0.375*
0.346 [-0.602, 0.217] 0.043 [-0.739, -0.012]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic -0.142 -0.267
0.474 [-0.539, 0.256] 0.438 [-0.959, 0.425]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic -0.157 -0.224
0.316 [-0.470, 0.156] 0.240 [-0.605, 0.156]
Female -0.506*** -0.361***
<0.001 [-0.644, -0.367] <0.001 [-0.482, -0.239]
1|2 -2.521***
<0.001 [-3.001, -2.041]
2|3 -1.837***
<0.001 [-2.305, -1.369]
3|4 -0.470*
0.048 [-0.935, -0.004]
4|5 0.569*
0.014 [0.120, 1.018]
1|1.66666666666667 -3.683***
<0.001 [-4.232, -3.133]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 -2.866***
<0.001 [-3.405, -2.327]
2.33333333333333|3 -2.721***
<0.001 [-3.263, -2.178]
3|3.66666666666667 -0.972***
<0.001 [-1.516, -0.427]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 -0.813**
0.004 [-1.350, -0.276]
4.33333333333333|5 0.061
0.823 [-0.486, 0.607]
Num.Obs. 6205 6200
RMSE 3.78 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

2.5.4.2 Odds Ratios

Characteristic OR 95% CI
urbanicity 1.01 1.01, 1.01
PTYID_CV 0.82 0.80, 0.85
LRSELF_CV 0.86 0.83, 0.89
age_CV 1.01 1.01, 1.02
education_CVfct

    Less than high school credential — —
    High school credential 0.76 0.58, 1.00
    Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.12 0.83, 1.51
    Bachelor's degree 1.85 1.37, 2.51
    Graduate degree 2.12 1.54, 2.91
income_CV 1.03 1.02, 1.04
race_CVfct

    White, non-Hispanic — —
    Black, non-Hispanic 0.70 0.54, 0.90
    Hispanic 0.86 0.72, 1.03
    Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.82 0.56, 1.22
    NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.87 0.59, 1.27
    Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.85 0.63, 1.16
sex_CVfct

    Male — —
    Female 0.60 0.53, 0.69
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
Characteristic OR 95% CI
urbanicity 1.00 1.00, 1.01
PTYID_CV 0.79 0.77, 0.82
LRSELF_CV 0.85 0.83, 0.88
age_CV 1.01 1.00, 1.01
education_CVfct

    Less than high school credential — —
    High school credential 1.15 0.84, 1.56
    Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.63 1.15, 2.29
    Bachelor's degree 2.07 1.47, 2.91
    Graduate degree 2.48 1.70, 3.62
income_CV 1.01 1.00, 1.02
race_CVfct

    White, non-Hispanic — —
    Black, non-Hispanic 0.55 0.42, 0.73
    Hispanic 0.90 0.73, 1.11
    Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.69 0.48, 0.98
    NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.77 0.39, 1.49
    Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.80 0.55, 1.15
sex_CVfct

    Male — —
    Female 0.70 0.62, 0.78
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
olr_CRIT_IV1 olr_ACCESS_IV1
urbanicity 1.010*** 1.004*
<0.001 [1.006, 1.013] 0.030 [1.000, 1.008]
PTYID_CV 0.824*** 0.793***
<0.001 [0.795, 0.854] <0.001 [0.764, 0.823]
LRSELF_CV 0.859*** 0.851***
<0.001 [0.830, 0.889] <0.001 [0.825, 0.878]
age_CV 1.012*** 1.007**
<0.001 [1.008, 1.015] 0.006 [1.002, 1.013]
High school credential 0.763+ 1.147
0.058 [0.576, 1.010] 0.386 [0.836, 1.574]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.116 1.625**
0.475 [0.819, 1.521] 0.009 [1.138, 2.321]
Bachelor's degree 1.852*** 2.066***
<0.001 [1.351, 2.540] <0.001 [1.449, 2.945]
Graduate degree 2.117*** 2.478***
<0.001 [1.525, 2.938] <0.001 [1.673, 3.670]
income_CV 1.028*** 1.009
<0.001 [1.018, 1.038] 0.109 [0.998, 1.021]
Black, non-Hispanic 0.697** 0.555***
0.010 [0.533, 0.911] <0.001 [0.420, 0.733]
Hispanic 0.862 0.900
0.114 [0.716, 1.038] 0.321 [0.727, 1.113]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.825 0.687*
0.346 [0.548, 1.242] 0.043 [0.478, 0.988]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.868 0.765
0.474 [0.583, 1.291] 0.438 [0.383, 1.529]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.855 0.799
0.316 [0.625, 1.169] 0.240 [0.546, 1.169]
Female 0.603*** 0.697***
<0.001 [0.525, 0.693] <0.001 [0.618, 0.787]
1|2 0.080***
<0.001 [0.050, 0.130]
2|3 0.159***
<0.001 [0.100, 0.254]
3|4 0.625*
0.048 [0.393, 0.996]
4|5 1.767*
0.014 [1.128, 2.768]
1|1.66666666666667 0.025***
<0.001 [0.015, 0.044]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 0.057***
<0.001 [0.033, 0.098]
2.33333333333333|3 0.066***
<0.001 [0.038, 0.113]
3|3.66666666666667 0.379***
<0.001 [0.220, 0.652]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 0.443**
0.004 [0.259, 0.759]
4.33333333333333|5 1.062
0.823 [0.615, 1.835]
Num.Obs. 6205 6200
RMSE 3.78 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

2.5.4.3 Plots

2.6 Urban-Rural Identity

Rural = Small-town person or Country (or rural) person

Urban = City person or suburb person


1 = Rural identity extremely important

2 = Rural identity very important

3 = Rural identity moderately important

4 = Rural identity a little important

5 = Urban/rural identity not at all important

6 = Urban identity a little important

7 = Urban identity moderately important

8 = Urban identity very important

9 = Urban identity extremely important


2.6.1 Descriptive Statistics

2.6.1.1 Place Identification

PLACEID p p_se p_low p_upp
1 0.293 0.008 0.277 0.308
2 0.258 0.008 0.242 0.275
3 0.241 0.006 0.228 0.254
4 0.19  0.006 0.178 0.203
5 0.018 0.002 0.014 0.022
NA 0.001 4.931 × 10−4 4.083 × 10−4 0.003
PLACEID_fct p p_se p_low p_upp
rural 0.431 0.009 0.413 0.448
urban 0.551 0.008 0.534 0.568
NA 0.019 0.002 0.015 0.023

2.6.1.2 Urban-Rural Identity

Urban-Rural Identity

Urban-Rural Identity

Proportions for Urban-Rural Identity
identity p p_se p_low p_upp
1  0.046 0.003 0.041 0.053
2  0.085 0.004 0.077 0.095
3  0.117 0.006 0.106 0.129
4  0.071 0.004 0.063 0.08 
5  0.367 0.007 0.353 0.381
6  0.098 0.006 0.088 0.11 
7  0.126 0.006 0.114 0.14 
8  0.043 0.003 0.037 0.049
9  0.027 0.003 0.021 0.035
NA 0.019 0.002 0.016 0.024
Quantiles for Urban-Rural Identity
variable quantile_q25 quantile_q50 quantile_q75
identity 3  5  6 
variable mean mean_se mean_low mean_upp sd
identity  4.838 0.036  4.766  4.91   1.874

2.6.2 T-tests

[[1]]

    Design-based t-test

data:  CRIT ~ PLACEID_fct
t = 8.9556, df = 50, p-value = 5.744e-12
alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 0.3724968 0.5878933
sample estimates:
difference in mean 
          0.480195 
[[1]]

    Design-based t-test

data:  ACCESS ~ PLACEID_fct
t = 9.3225, df = 50, p-value = 1.613e-12
alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 0.3150907 0.4881515
sample estimates:
difference in mean 
         0.4016211

2.6.3 Correlation

Urban-Rural Identity and Attitudes

Survey/population weighted Pearson correlation

variable corr corr_se corr_low corr_upp
CRIT 0.164 0.02  0.124 0.205
ACCESS 0.146 0.018 0.111 0.182

2.6.4 Regression

2.6.4.1 Models

Call:
svyolr(CRIT_DVfct ~ identity + PTYID_CV + LRSELF_CV + age_CV + 
    education_CVfct + income_CV + race_CVfct + sex_CVfct, design = anes_des, 
    method = "logistic")

Coefficients:
                                                                 Value
identity                                                    0.08720308
PTYID_CV                                                   -0.19182345
LRSELF_CV                                                  -0.14605363
age_CV                                                      0.01207186
education_CVfctHigh school credential                      -0.26594502
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree  0.11304086
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                            0.59785235
education_CVfctGraduate degree                              0.75173316
income_CV                                                   0.02964178
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                              -0.34583140
race_CVfctHispanic                                         -0.07002553
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                         -0.14265626
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                     -0.15847093
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                     -0.14717950
sex_CVfctFemale                                            -0.51593494
                                                            Std. Error
identity                                                   0.020422068
PTYID_CV                                                   0.017342684
LRSELF_CV                                                  0.017016239
age_CV                                                     0.001875902
education_CVfctHigh school credential                      0.137874105
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree 0.149386229
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                           0.153724436
education_CVfctGraduate degree                             0.160758201
income_CV                                                  0.005270070
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                              0.134650484
race_CVfctHispanic                                         0.092834351
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                         0.207032748
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                     0.206763474
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                     0.159312324
sex_CVfctFemale                                            0.074743016
                                                               t value
identity                                                     4.2700417
PTYID_CV                                                   -11.0607708
LRSELF_CV                                                   -8.5831909
age_CV                                                       6.4352288
education_CVfctHigh school credential                       -1.9288975
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree   0.7567020
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                             3.8891172
education_CVfctGraduate degree                               4.6761730
income_CV                                                    5.6245513
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                               -2.5683636
race_CVfctHispanic                                          -0.7543062
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                          -0.6890517
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                      -0.7664358
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                      -0.9238425
sex_CVfctFemale                                             -6.9027847

Intercepts:
    Value    Std. Error t value 
1|2  -2.7331   0.1899   -14.3887
2|3  -2.0488   0.1800   -11.3812
3|4  -0.6854   0.1779    -3.8536
4|5   0.3454   0.1797     1.9225
(792 observations deleted due to missingness)
Call:
svyolr(ACCESS_DVfct ~ identity + PTYID_CV + LRSELF_CV + age_CV + 
    education_CVfct + income_CV + race_CVfct + sex_CVfct, design = anes_des, 
    method = "logistic")

Coefficients:
                                                                  Value
identity                                                    0.054330667
PTYID_CV                                                   -0.227310501
LRSELF_CV                                                  -0.158236972
age_CV                                                      0.007621686
education_CVfctHigh school credential                       0.137655566
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree  0.507773931
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                            0.731144542
education_CVfctGraduate degree                              0.892053593
income_CV                                                   0.009203884
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                              -0.594190204
race_CVfctHispanic                                         -0.102643077
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                         -0.374821440
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                     -0.475460245
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                     -0.193837250
sex_CVfctFemale                                            -0.357942320
                                                            Std. Error
identity                                                   0.019676160
PTYID_CV                                                   0.020105465
LRSELF_CV                                                  0.016548500
age_CV                                                     0.002565248
education_CVfctHigh school credential                      0.158351810
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree 0.179355863
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                           0.178276268
education_CVfctGraduate degree                             0.195872104
income_CV                                                  0.005682000
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                              0.135991986
race_CVfctHispanic                                         0.106424760
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                         0.178117481
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                     0.296679134
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                     0.192738010
sex_CVfctFemale                                            0.059421730
                                                               t value
identity                                                     2.7612434
PTYID_CV                                                   -11.3059060
LRSELF_CV                                                   -9.5620131
age_CV                                                       2.9711301
education_CVfctHigh school credential                        0.8693021
education_CVfctSome post-high school, no bachelor's degree   2.8310975
education_CVfctBachelor's degree                             4.1011883
education_CVfctGraduate degree                               4.5542656
income_CV                                                    1.6198319
race_CVfctBlack, non-Hispanic                               -4.3693031
race_CVfctHispanic                                          -0.9644661
race_CVfctAsian/NHPI, non-Hispanic                          -2.1043496
race_CVfctNA/AN or other, non-Hispanic                      -1.6026076
race_CVfctMultiple races, non-Hispanic                      -1.0057033
sex_CVfctFemale                                             -6.0237613

Intercepts:
                                  Value    Std. Error t value 
1|1.66666666666667                 -3.6993   0.2914   -12.6946
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333  -2.8835   0.2836   -10.1674
2.33333333333333|3                 -2.7414   0.2824    -9.7067
3|3.66666666666667                 -0.9859   0.2765    -3.5652
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333  -0.8264   0.2740    -3.0158
4.33333333333333|5                  0.0542   0.2724     0.1990
(798 observations deleted due to missingness)
olr_CRIT_IV2 olr_ACCESS_IV2
identity 0.087*** 0.054**
<0.001 [0.046, 0.129] 0.009 [0.014, 0.094]
PTYID_CV -0.192*** -0.227***
<0.001 [-0.227, -0.157] <0.001 [-0.268, -0.187]
LRSELF_CV -0.146*** -0.158***
<0.001 [-0.181, -0.112] <0.001 [-0.192, -0.125]
age_CV 0.012*** 0.008**
<0.001 [0.008, 0.016] 0.005 [0.002, 0.013]
High school credential -0.266+ 0.138
0.062 [-0.546, 0.014] 0.390 [-0.183, 0.459]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 0.113 0.508**
0.454 [-0.190, 0.416] 0.008 [0.144, 0.872]
Bachelor's degree 0.598*** 0.731***
<0.001 [0.286, 0.910] <0.001 [0.370, 1.093]
Graduate degree 0.752*** 0.892***
<0.001 [0.426, 1.078] <0.001 [0.495, 1.289]
income_CV 0.030*** 0.009
<0.001 [0.019, 0.040] 0.114 [-0.002, 0.021]
Black, non-Hispanic -0.346* -0.594***
0.015 [-0.619, -0.073] <0.001 [-0.870, -0.318]
Hispanic -0.070 -0.103
0.456 [-0.258, 0.118] 0.341 [-0.318, 0.113]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic -0.143 -0.375*
0.495 [-0.563, 0.277] 0.042 [-0.736, -0.014]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic -0.158 -0.475
0.448 [-0.578, 0.261] 0.118 [-1.077, 0.126]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic -0.147 -0.194
0.362 [-0.470, 0.176] 0.321 [-0.585, 0.197]
Female -0.516*** -0.358***
<0.001 [-0.668, -0.364] <0.001 [-0.478, -0.237]
1|2 -2.733***
<0.001 [-3.118, -2.348]
2|3 -2.049***
<0.001 [-2.414, -1.684]
3|4 -0.685***
<0.001 [-1.046, -0.325]
4|5 0.345+
0.062 [-0.019, 0.710]
1|1.66666666666667 -3.699***
<0.001 [-4.290, -3.108]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 -2.884***
<0.001 [-3.459, -2.308]
2.33333333333333|3 -2.741***
<0.001 [-3.314, -2.169]
3|3.66666666666667 -0.986**
0.001 [-1.547, -0.425]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 -0.826**
0.005 [-1.382, -0.271]
4.33333333333333|5 0.054
0.843 [-0.498, 0.607]
Num.Obs. 6071 6065
RMSE 3.78 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

2.6.4.2 Odds Ratios

Characteristic OR 95% CI
identity 1.09 1.05, 1.14
PTYID_CV 0.83 0.80, 0.85
LRSELF_CV 0.86 0.84, 0.89
age_CV 1.01 1.01, 1.02
education_CVfct

    Less than high school credential — —
    High school credential 0.77 0.58, 1.00
    Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.12 0.84, 1.50
    Bachelor's degree 1.82 1.35, 2.46
    Graduate degree 2.12 1.55, 2.91
income_CV 1.03 1.02, 1.04
race_CVfct

    White, non-Hispanic — —
    Black, non-Hispanic 0.71 0.54, 0.92
    Hispanic 0.93 0.78, 1.12
    Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.87 0.58, 1.30
    NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.85 0.57, 1.28
    Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.86 0.63, 1.18
sex_CVfct

    Male — —
    Female 0.60 0.52, 0.69
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
Characteristic OR 95% CI
identity 1.06 1.02, 1.10
PTYID_CV 0.80 0.77, 0.83
LRSELF_CV 0.85 0.83, 0.88
age_CV 1.01 1.00, 1.01
education_CVfct

    Less than high school credential — —
    High school credential 1.15 0.84, 1.57
    Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.66 1.17, 2.36
    Bachelor's degree 2.08 1.46, 2.95
    Graduate degree 2.44 1.66, 3.58
income_CV 1.01 1.00, 1.02
race_CVfct

    White, non-Hispanic — —
    Black, non-Hispanic 0.55 0.42, 0.72
    Hispanic 0.90 0.73, 1.11
    Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.69 0.48, 0.97
    NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.62 0.35, 1.11
    Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.82 0.56, 1.20
sex_CVfct

    Male — —
    Female 0.70 0.62, 0.79
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
olr_CRIT_IV2 olr_ACCESS_IV2
identity 1.091*** 1.056**
<0.001 [1.047, 1.137] 0.009 [1.015, 1.099]
PTYID_CV 0.825*** 0.797***
<0.001 [0.797, 0.855] <0.001 [0.765, 0.830]
LRSELF_CV 0.864*** 0.854***
<0.001 [0.835, 0.894] <0.001 [0.825, 0.883]
age_CV 1.012*** 1.008**
<0.001 [1.008, 1.016] 0.005 [1.002, 1.013]
High school credential 0.766+ 1.148
0.062 [0.580, 1.014] 0.390 [0.832, 1.582]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.120 1.662**
0.454 [0.827, 1.516] 0.008 [1.155, 2.391]
Bachelor's degree 1.818*** 2.077***
<0.001 [1.331, 2.483] <0.001 [1.447, 2.982]
Graduate degree 2.121*** 2.440***
<0.001 [1.531, 2.938] <0.001 [1.640, 3.630]
income_CV 1.030*** 1.009
<0.001 [1.019, 1.041] 0.114 [0.998, 1.021]
Black, non-Hispanic 0.708* 0.552***
0.015 [0.539, 0.930] <0.001 [0.419, 0.727]
Hispanic 0.932 0.902
0.456 [0.772, 1.126] 0.341 [0.727, 1.120]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.867 0.687*
0.495 [0.570, 1.319] 0.042 [0.479, 0.987]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.853 0.622
0.448 [0.561, 1.298] 0.118 [0.341, 1.135]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.863 0.824
0.362 [0.625, 1.192] 0.321 [0.557, 1.218]
Female 0.597*** 0.699***
<0.001 [0.513, 0.695] <0.001 [0.620, 0.789]
1|2 0.065***
<0.001 [0.044, 0.096]
2|3 0.129***
<0.001 [0.089, 0.186]
3|4 0.504***
<0.001 [0.351, 0.723]
4|5 1.413+
0.062 [0.981, 2.034]
1|1.66666666666667 0.025***
<0.001 [0.014, 0.045]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 0.056***
<0.001 [0.031, 0.099]
2.33333333333333|3 0.064***
<0.001 [0.036, 0.114]
3|3.66666666666667 0.373**
0.001 [0.213, 0.654]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 0.438**
0.005 [0.251, 0.763]
4.33333333333333|5 1.056
0.843 [0.608, 1.834]
Num.Obs. 6071 6065
RMSE 3.78 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

2.6.4.3 Plots

CRIT

2.6.4.4 Urban-Rural Identity as a Factor

2.6.4.4.1 Models
olr_CRIT_IV2fct olr_ACCESS_IV2fct
Rural identity very important 0.887 0.919
0.496 [0.621, 1.266] 0.658 [0.626, 1.351]
Rural identity moderately important 1.036 1.225
0.846 [0.715, 1.501] 0.369 [0.777, 1.932]
Rural identity a little important 1.369 1.312
0.200 [0.838, 2.237] 0.204 [0.856, 2.011]
Urban/rural identity not at all important 1.638** 1.454+
0.004 [1.183, 2.267] 0.081 [0.952, 2.219]
Urban identity a little important 1.490* 1.684*
0.048 [1.003, 2.213] 0.021 [1.087, 2.606]
Urban identity moderately important 1.480+ 1.472+
0.054 [0.993, 2.204] 0.056 [0.989, 2.191]
Urban identity very important 1.523* 1.238
0.041 [1.018, 2.280] 0.408 [0.736, 2.082]
Urban identity extremely important 1.655 1.186
0.207 [0.745, 3.677] 0.584 [0.632, 2.225]
PTYID_CV 0.822*** 0.795***
<0.001 [0.793, 0.852] <0.001 [0.764, 0.828]
LRSELF_CV 0.869*** 0.857***
<0.001 [0.839, 0.901] <0.001 [0.829, 0.887]
age_CV 1.012*** 1.007**
<0.001 [1.008, 1.016] 0.007 [1.002, 1.013]
High school credential 0.754+ 1.110
0.060 [0.561, 1.013] 0.530 [0.793, 1.555]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.096 1.619*
0.567 [0.794, 1.513] 0.013 [1.118, 2.344]
Bachelor's degree 1.770** 1.987***
0.002 [1.265, 2.478] <0.001 [1.368, 2.886]
Graduate degree 2.075*** 2.345***
<0.001 [1.473, 2.922] <0.001 [1.566, 3.512]
income_CV 1.029*** 1.008
<0.001 [1.018, 1.040] 0.146 [0.997, 1.020]
Black, non-Hispanic 0.707* 0.554***
0.021 [0.529, 0.945] <0.001 [0.417, 0.736]
Hispanic 0.927 0.897
0.422 [0.766, 1.121] 0.317 [0.722, 1.115]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.862 0.686*
0.466 [0.570, 1.302] 0.040 [0.480, 0.982]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.853 0.613
0.456 [0.554, 1.312] 0.114 [0.332, 1.133]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.858 0.831
0.355 [0.614, 1.198] 0.355 [0.556, 1.243]
Female 0.601*** 0.701***
<0.001 [0.516, 0.698] <0.001 [0.620, 0.793]
1|2 0.056***
<0.001 [0.035, 0.089]
2|3 0.111***
<0.001 [0.072, 0.173]
3|4 0.438***
<0.001 [0.283, 0.677]
4|5 1.235
0.336 [0.794, 1.921]
1|1.66666666666667 0.024***
<0.001 [0.011, 0.052]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 0.055***
<0.001 [0.026, 0.116]
2.33333333333333|3 0.064***
<0.001 [0.030, 0.134]
3|3.66666666666667 0.372*
0.011 [0.178, 0.779]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 0.437*
0.028 [0.210, 0.909]
4.33333333333333|5 1.055
0.882 [0.507, 2.198]
Num.Obs. 6071 6065
RMSE 3.78 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
olr_CRIT_IV2 olr_CRIT_IV2_stan olr_CRIT_IV2fct olr_ACCESS_IV2 olr_ACCESS_IV2_stan olr_ACCESS_IV2fct
identity 1.091*** 1.056**
<0.001 [1.047, 1.137] 0.009 [1.015, 1.099]
PTYID_CV 0.825*** 0.825*** 0.822*** 0.797*** 0.797*** 0.795***
<0.001 [0.797, 0.855] <0.001 [0.797, 0.855] <0.001 [0.793, 0.852] <0.001 [0.765, 0.830] <0.001 [0.765, 0.830] <0.001 [0.764, 0.828]
LRSELF_CV 0.864*** 0.864*** 0.869*** 0.854*** 0.854*** 0.857***
<0.001 [0.835, 0.894] <0.001 [0.835, 0.894] <0.001 [0.839, 0.901] <0.001 [0.825, 0.883] <0.001 [0.825, 0.883] <0.001 [0.829, 0.887]
age_CV 1.012*** 1.012*** 1.012*** 1.008** 1.008** 1.007**
<0.001 [1.008, 1.016] <0.001 [1.008, 1.016] <0.001 [1.008, 1.016] 0.005 [1.002, 1.013] 0.005 [1.002, 1.013] 0.007 [1.002, 1.013]
High school credential 0.766+ 0.766+ 0.754+ 1.148 1.148 1.110
0.062 [0.580, 1.014] 0.062 [0.580, 1.014] 0.060 [0.561, 1.013] 0.390 [0.832, 1.582] 0.390 [0.832, 1.582] 0.530 [0.793, 1.555]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.120 1.120 1.096 1.662** 1.662** 1.619*
0.454 [0.827, 1.516] 0.454 [0.827, 1.516] 0.567 [0.794, 1.513] 0.008 [1.155, 2.391] 0.008 [1.155, 2.391] 0.013 [1.118, 2.344]
Bachelor's degree 1.818*** 1.818*** 1.770** 2.077*** 2.078*** 1.987***
<0.001 [1.331, 2.483] <0.001 [1.331, 2.483] 0.002 [1.265, 2.478] <0.001 [1.447, 2.982] <0.001 [1.447, 2.982] <0.001 [1.368, 2.886]
Graduate degree 2.121*** 2.121*** 2.075*** 2.440*** 2.440*** 2.345***
<0.001 [1.531, 2.938] <0.001 [1.531, 2.938] <0.001 [1.473, 2.922] <0.001 [1.640, 3.630] <0.001 [1.640, 3.630] <0.001 [1.566, 3.512]
income_CV 1.030*** 1.030*** 1.029*** 1.009 1.009 1.008
<0.001 [1.019, 1.041] <0.001 [1.019, 1.041] <0.001 [1.018, 1.040] 0.114 [0.998, 1.021] 0.114 [0.998, 1.021] 0.146 [0.997, 1.020]
Black, non-Hispanic 0.708* 0.708* 0.707* 0.552*** 0.552*** 0.554***
0.015 [0.539, 0.930] 0.015 [0.539, 0.930] 0.021 [0.529, 0.945] <0.001 [0.419, 0.727] <0.001 [0.419, 0.727] <0.001 [0.417, 0.736]
Hispanic 0.932 0.932 0.927 0.902 0.902 0.897
0.456 [0.772, 1.126] 0.456 [0.772, 1.126] 0.422 [0.766, 1.121] 0.341 [0.727, 1.120] 0.341 [0.727, 1.120] 0.317 [0.722, 1.115]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.867 0.867 0.862 0.687* 0.687* 0.686*
0.495 [0.570, 1.319] 0.495 [0.570, 1.319] 0.466 [0.570, 1.302] 0.042 [0.479, 0.987] 0.042 [0.479, 0.987] 0.040 [0.480, 0.982]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.853 0.853 0.853 0.622 0.622 0.613
0.448 [0.561, 1.298] 0.448 [0.561, 1.298] 0.456 [0.554, 1.312] 0.118 [0.341, 1.135] 0.118 [0.341, 1.135] 0.114 [0.332, 1.133]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.863 0.863 0.858 0.824 0.824 0.831
0.362 [0.625, 1.192] 0.362 [0.625, 1.192] 0.355 [0.614, 1.198] 0.321 [0.557, 1.218] 0.321 [0.557, 1.218] 0.355 [0.556, 1.243]
Female 0.597*** 0.597*** 0.601*** 0.699*** 0.699*** 0.701***
<0.001 [0.513, 0.695] <0.001 [0.513, 0.695] <0.001 [0.516, 0.698] <0.001 [0.620, 0.789] <0.001 [0.620, 0.789] <0.001 [0.620, 0.793]
1|2 0.065*** 0.043*** 0.056***
<0.001 [0.044, 0.096] <0.001 [0.029, 0.062] <0.001 [0.035, 0.089]
2|3 0.129*** 0.085*** 0.111***
<0.001 [0.089, 0.186] <0.001 [0.060, 0.120] <0.001 [0.072, 0.173]
3|4 0.504*** 0.331*** 0.438***
<0.001 [0.351, 0.723] <0.001 [0.236, 0.464] <0.001 [0.283, 0.677]
4|5 1.413+ 0.927 1.235
0.062 [0.981, 2.034] 0.646 [0.665, 1.292] 0.336 [0.794, 1.921]
identity_stan 1.174*** 1.105**
<0.001 [1.088, 1.267] 0.009 [1.027, 1.189]
Rural identity very important 0.887 0.919
0.496 [0.621, 1.266] 0.658 [0.626, 1.351]
Rural identity moderately important 1.036 1.225
0.846 [0.715, 1.501] 0.369 [0.777, 1.932]
Rural identity a little important 1.369 1.312
0.200 [0.838, 2.237] 0.204 [0.856, 2.011]
Urban/rural identity not at all important 1.638** 1.454+
0.004 [1.183, 2.267] 0.081 [0.952, 2.219]
Urban identity a little important 1.490* 1.684*
0.048 [1.003, 2.213] 0.021 [1.087, 2.606]
Urban identity moderately important 1.480+ 1.472+
0.054 [0.993, 2.204] 0.056 [0.989, 2.191]
Urban identity very important 1.523* 1.238
0.041 [1.018, 2.280] 0.408 [0.736, 2.082]
Urban identity extremely important 1.655 1.186
0.207 [0.745, 3.677] 0.584 [0.632, 2.225]
1|1.66666666666667 0.025*** 0.019*** 0.024***
<0.001 [0.014, 0.045] <0.001 [0.011, 0.032] <0.001 [0.011, 0.052]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 0.056*** 0.043*** 0.055***
<0.001 [0.031, 0.099] <0.001 [0.026, 0.071] <0.001 [0.026, 0.116]
2.33333333333333|3 0.064*** 0.050*** 0.064***
<0.001 [0.036, 0.114] <0.001 [0.030, 0.082] <0.001 [0.030, 0.134]
3|3.66666666666667 0.373** 0.287*** 0.372*
0.001 [0.213, 0.654] <0.001 [0.176, 0.468] 0.011 [0.178, 0.779]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 0.438** 0.337*** 0.437*
0.005 [0.251, 0.763] <0.001 [0.208, 0.545] 0.028 [0.210, 0.909]
4.33333333333333|5 1.056 0.812 1.055
0.843 [0.608, 1.834] 0.388 [0.500, 1.317] 0.882 [0.507, 2.198]
Num.Obs. 6071 6071 6071 6065 6065 6065
RMSE 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.81 3.81 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
olr_CRIT_IV2 olr_ACCESS_IV2 olr_CRIT_IV2fct olr_ACCESS_IV2fct
identity 1.091*** 1.056**
<0.001 [1.047, 1.137] 0.009 [1.015, 1.099]
PTYID_CV 0.825*** 0.797*** 0.822*** 0.795***
<0.001 [0.797, 0.855] <0.001 [0.765, 0.830] <0.001 [0.793, 0.852] <0.001 [0.764, 0.828]
LRSELF_CV 0.864*** 0.854*** 0.869*** 0.857***
<0.001 [0.835, 0.894] <0.001 [0.825, 0.883] <0.001 [0.839, 0.901] <0.001 [0.829, 0.887]
age_CV 1.012*** 1.008** 1.012*** 1.007**
<0.001 [1.008, 1.016] 0.005 [1.002, 1.013] <0.001 [1.008, 1.016] 0.007 [1.002, 1.013]
High school credential 0.766+ 1.148 0.754+ 1.110
0.062 [0.580, 1.014] 0.390 [0.832, 1.582] 0.060 [0.561, 1.013] 0.530 [0.793, 1.555]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.120 1.662** 1.096 1.619*
0.454 [0.827, 1.516] 0.008 [1.155, 2.391] 0.567 [0.794, 1.513] 0.013 [1.118, 2.344]
Bachelor's degree 1.818*** 2.077*** 1.770** 1.987***
<0.001 [1.331, 2.483] <0.001 [1.447, 2.982] 0.002 [1.265, 2.478] <0.001 [1.368, 2.886]
Graduate degree 2.121*** 2.440*** 2.075*** 2.345***
<0.001 [1.531, 2.938] <0.001 [1.640, 3.630] <0.001 [1.473, 2.922] <0.001 [1.566, 3.512]
income_CV 1.030*** 1.009 1.029*** 1.008
<0.001 [1.019, 1.041] 0.114 [0.998, 1.021] <0.001 [1.018, 1.040] 0.146 [0.997, 1.020]
Black, non-Hispanic 0.708* 0.552*** 0.707* 0.554***
0.015 [0.539, 0.930] <0.001 [0.419, 0.727] 0.021 [0.529, 0.945] <0.001 [0.417, 0.736]
Hispanic 0.932 0.902 0.927 0.897
0.456 [0.772, 1.126] 0.341 [0.727, 1.120] 0.422 [0.766, 1.121] 0.317 [0.722, 1.115]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.867 0.687* 0.862 0.686*
0.495 [0.570, 1.319] 0.042 [0.479, 0.987] 0.466 [0.570, 1.302] 0.040 [0.480, 0.982]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.853 0.622 0.853 0.613
0.448 [0.561, 1.298] 0.118 [0.341, 1.135] 0.456 [0.554, 1.312] 0.114 [0.332, 1.133]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.863 0.824 0.858 0.831
0.362 [0.625, 1.192] 0.321 [0.557, 1.218] 0.355 [0.614, 1.198] 0.355 [0.556, 1.243]
Female 0.597*** 0.699*** 0.601*** 0.701***
<0.001 [0.513, 0.695] <0.001 [0.620, 0.789] <0.001 [0.516, 0.698] <0.001 [0.620, 0.793]
1|2 0.065*** 0.056***
<0.001 [0.044, 0.096] <0.001 [0.035, 0.089]
2|3 0.129*** 0.111***
<0.001 [0.089, 0.186] <0.001 [0.072, 0.173]
3|4 0.504*** 0.438***
<0.001 [0.351, 0.723] <0.001 [0.283, 0.677]
4|5 1.413+ 1.235
0.062 [0.981, 2.034] 0.336 [0.794, 1.921]
1|1.66666666666667 0.025*** 0.024***
<0.001 [0.014, 0.045] <0.001 [0.011, 0.052]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 0.056*** 0.055***
<0.001 [0.031, 0.099] <0.001 [0.026, 0.116]
2.33333333333333|3 0.064*** 0.064***
<0.001 [0.036, 0.114] <0.001 [0.030, 0.134]
3|3.66666666666667 0.373** 0.372*
0.001 [0.213, 0.654] 0.011 [0.178, 0.779]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 0.438** 0.437*
0.005 [0.251, 0.763] 0.028 [0.210, 0.909]
4.33333333333333|5 1.056 1.055
0.843 [0.608, 1.834] 0.882 [0.507, 2.198]
Rural identity very important 0.887 0.919
0.496 [0.621, 1.266] 0.658 [0.626, 1.351]
Rural identity moderately important 1.036 1.225
0.846 [0.715, 1.501] 0.369 [0.777, 1.932]
Rural identity a little important 1.369 1.312
0.200 [0.838, 2.237] 0.204 [0.856, 2.011]
Urban/rural identity not at all important 1.638** 1.454+
0.004 [1.183, 2.267] 0.081 [0.952, 2.219]
Urban identity a little important 1.490* 1.684*
0.048 [1.003, 2.213] 0.021 [1.087, 2.606]
Urban identity moderately important 1.480+ 1.472+
0.054 [0.993, 2.204] 0.056 [0.989, 2.191]
Urban identity very important 1.523* 1.238
0.041 [1.018, 2.280] 0.408 [0.736, 2.082]
Urban identity extremely important 1.655 1.186
0.207 [0.745, 3.677] 0.584 [0.632, 2.225]
Num.Obs. 6071 6065 6071 6065
RMSE 3.78 3.81 3.78 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
2.6.4.4.2 Plots

2.7 Comparing Urbanicity and Urban-Rural Identity

2.7.1 Continuous Urban-Rural Identity

olr_CRIT_IV1 olr_CRIT_IV2 olr_ACCESS_IV1 olr_ACCESS_IV2
urbanicity 1.010*** 1.004*
<0.001 [1.006, 1.013] 0.030 [1.000, 1.008]
PTYID_CV 0.824*** 0.825*** 0.793*** 0.797***
<0.001 [0.795, 0.854] <0.001 [0.797, 0.855] <0.001 [0.764, 0.823] <0.001 [0.765, 0.830]
LRSELF_CV 0.859*** 0.864*** 0.851*** 0.854***
<0.001 [0.830, 0.889] <0.001 [0.835, 0.894] <0.001 [0.825, 0.878] <0.001 [0.825, 0.883]
age_CV 1.012*** 1.012*** 1.007** 1.008**
<0.001 [1.008, 1.015] <0.001 [1.008, 1.016] 0.006 [1.002, 1.013] 0.005 [1.002, 1.013]
High school credential 0.763+ 0.766+ 1.147 1.148
0.058 [0.576, 1.010] 0.062 [0.580, 1.014] 0.386 [0.836, 1.574] 0.390 [0.832, 1.582]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.116 1.120 1.625** 1.662**
0.475 [0.819, 1.521] 0.454 [0.827, 1.516] 0.009 [1.138, 2.321] 0.008 [1.155, 2.391]
Bachelor's degree 1.852*** 1.818*** 2.066*** 2.077***
<0.001 [1.351, 2.540] <0.001 [1.331, 2.483] <0.001 [1.449, 2.945] <0.001 [1.447, 2.982]
Graduate degree 2.117*** 2.121*** 2.478*** 2.440***
<0.001 [1.525, 2.938] <0.001 [1.531, 2.938] <0.001 [1.673, 3.670] <0.001 [1.640, 3.630]
income_CV 1.028*** 1.030*** 1.009 1.009
<0.001 [1.018, 1.038] <0.001 [1.019, 1.041] 0.109 [0.998, 1.021] 0.114 [0.998, 1.021]
Black, non-Hispanic 0.697** 0.708* 0.555*** 0.552***
0.010 [0.533, 0.911] 0.015 [0.539, 0.930] <0.001 [0.420, 0.733] <0.001 [0.419, 0.727]
Hispanic 0.862 0.932 0.900 0.902
0.114 [0.716, 1.038] 0.456 [0.772, 1.126] 0.321 [0.727, 1.113] 0.341 [0.727, 1.120]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.825 0.867 0.687* 0.687*
0.346 [0.548, 1.242] 0.495 [0.570, 1.319] 0.043 [0.478, 0.988] 0.042 [0.479, 0.987]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.868 0.853 0.765 0.622
0.474 [0.583, 1.291] 0.448 [0.561, 1.298] 0.438 [0.383, 1.529] 0.118 [0.341, 1.135]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.855 0.863 0.799 0.824
0.316 [0.625, 1.169] 0.362 [0.625, 1.192] 0.240 [0.546, 1.169] 0.321 [0.557, 1.218]
Female 0.603*** 0.597*** 0.697*** 0.699***
<0.001 [0.525, 0.693] <0.001 [0.513, 0.695] <0.001 [0.618, 0.787] <0.001 [0.620, 0.789]
1|2 0.080*** 0.065***
<0.001 [0.050, 0.130] <0.001 [0.044, 0.096]
2|3 0.159*** 0.129***
<0.001 [0.100, 0.254] <0.001 [0.089, 0.186]
3|4 0.625* 0.504***
0.048 [0.393, 0.996] <0.001 [0.351, 0.723]
4|5 1.767* 1.413+
0.014 [1.128, 2.768] 0.062 [0.981, 2.034]
identity 1.091*** 1.056**
<0.001 [1.047, 1.137] 0.009 [1.015, 1.099]
1|1.66666666666667 0.025*** 0.025***
<0.001 [0.015, 0.044] <0.001 [0.014, 0.045]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 0.057*** 0.056***
<0.001 [0.033, 0.098] <0.001 [0.031, 0.099]
2.33333333333333|3 0.066*** 0.064***
<0.001 [0.038, 0.113] <0.001 [0.036, 0.114]
3|3.66666666666667 0.379*** 0.373**
<0.001 [0.220, 0.652] 0.001 [0.213, 0.654]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 0.443** 0.438**
0.004 [0.259, 0.759] 0.005 [0.251, 0.763]
4.33333333333333|5 1.062 1.056
0.823 [0.615, 1.835] 0.843 [0.608, 1.834]
Num.Obs. 6205 6071 6200 6065
RMSE 3.78 3.78 3.81 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

2.7.2 Ordinal Urban-Rural Identity

olr_CRIT_IV1 olr_CRIT_IV2fct olr_ACCESS_IV1 olr_ACCESS_IV2fct
urbanicity 1.010*** 1.004*
<0.001 [1.006, 1.013] 0.030 [1.000, 1.008]
PTYID_CV 0.824*** 0.822*** 0.793*** 0.795***
<0.001 [0.795, 0.854] <0.001 [0.793, 0.852] <0.001 [0.764, 0.823] <0.001 [0.764, 0.828]
LRSELF_CV 0.859*** 0.869*** 0.851*** 0.857***
<0.001 [0.830, 0.889] <0.001 [0.839, 0.901] <0.001 [0.825, 0.878] <0.001 [0.829, 0.887]
age_CV 1.012*** 1.012*** 1.007** 1.007**
<0.001 [1.008, 1.015] <0.001 [1.008, 1.016] 0.006 [1.002, 1.013] 0.007 [1.002, 1.013]
High school credential 0.763+ 0.754+ 1.147 1.110
0.058 [0.576, 1.010] 0.060 [0.561, 1.013] 0.386 [0.836, 1.574] 0.530 [0.793, 1.555]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.116 1.096 1.625** 1.619*
0.475 [0.819, 1.521] 0.567 [0.794, 1.513] 0.009 [1.138, 2.321] 0.013 [1.118, 2.344]
Bachelor's degree 1.852*** 1.770** 2.066*** 1.987***
<0.001 [1.351, 2.540] 0.002 [1.265, 2.478] <0.001 [1.449, 2.945] <0.001 [1.368, 2.886]
Graduate degree 2.117*** 2.075*** 2.478*** 2.345***
<0.001 [1.525, 2.938] <0.001 [1.473, 2.922] <0.001 [1.673, 3.670] <0.001 [1.566, 3.512]
income_CV 1.028*** 1.029*** 1.009 1.008
<0.001 [1.018, 1.038] <0.001 [1.018, 1.040] 0.109 [0.998, 1.021] 0.146 [0.997, 1.020]
Black, non-Hispanic 0.697** 0.707* 0.555*** 0.554***
0.010 [0.533, 0.911] 0.021 [0.529, 0.945] <0.001 [0.420, 0.733] <0.001 [0.417, 0.736]
Hispanic 0.862 0.927 0.900 0.897
0.114 [0.716, 1.038] 0.422 [0.766, 1.121] 0.321 [0.727, 1.113] 0.317 [0.722, 1.115]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.825 0.862 0.687* 0.686*
0.346 [0.548, 1.242] 0.466 [0.570, 1.302] 0.043 [0.478, 0.988] 0.040 [0.480, 0.982]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.868 0.853 0.765 0.613
0.474 [0.583, 1.291] 0.456 [0.554, 1.312] 0.438 [0.383, 1.529] 0.114 [0.332, 1.133]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.855 0.858 0.799 0.831
0.316 [0.625, 1.169] 0.355 [0.614, 1.198] 0.240 [0.546, 1.169] 0.355 [0.556, 1.243]
Female 0.603*** 0.601*** 0.697*** 0.701***
<0.001 [0.525, 0.693] <0.001 [0.516, 0.698] <0.001 [0.618, 0.787] <0.001 [0.620, 0.793]
1|2 0.080*** 0.056***
<0.001 [0.050, 0.130] <0.001 [0.035, 0.089]
2|3 0.159*** 0.111***
<0.001 [0.100, 0.254] <0.001 [0.072, 0.173]
3|4 0.625* 0.438***
0.048 [0.393, 0.996] <0.001 [0.283, 0.677]
4|5 1.767* 1.235
0.014 [1.128, 2.768] 0.336 [0.794, 1.921]
Rural identity very important 0.887 0.919
0.496 [0.621, 1.266] 0.658 [0.626, 1.351]
Rural identity moderately important 1.036 1.225
0.846 [0.715, 1.501] 0.369 [0.777, 1.932]
Rural identity a little important 1.369 1.312
0.200 [0.838, 2.237] 0.204 [0.856, 2.011]
Urban/rural identity not at all important 1.638** 1.454+
0.004 [1.183, 2.267] 0.081 [0.952, 2.219]
Urban identity a little important 1.490* 1.684*
0.048 [1.003, 2.213] 0.021 [1.087, 2.606]
Urban identity moderately important 1.480+ 1.472+
0.054 [0.993, 2.204] 0.056 [0.989, 2.191]
Urban identity very important 1.523* 1.238
0.041 [1.018, 2.280] 0.408 [0.736, 2.082]
Urban identity extremely important 1.655 1.186
0.207 [0.745, 3.677] 0.584 [0.632, 2.225]
1|1.66666666666667 0.025*** 0.024***
<0.001 [0.015, 0.044] <0.001 [0.011, 0.052]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 0.057*** 0.055***
<0.001 [0.033, 0.098] <0.001 [0.026, 0.116]
2.33333333333333|3 0.066*** 0.064***
<0.001 [0.038, 0.113] <0.001 [0.030, 0.134]
3|3.66666666666667 0.379*** 0.372*
<0.001 [0.220, 0.652] 0.011 [0.178, 0.779]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 0.443** 0.437*
0.004 [0.259, 0.759] 0.028 [0.210, 0.909]
4.33333333333333|5 1.062 1.055
0.823 [0.615, 1.835] 0.882 [0.507, 2.198]
Num.Obs. 6205 6071 6200 6065
RMSE 3.78 3.78 3.81 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

2.7.3 Rescaled

Urbanicity and Urban-Rural Identity rescaled 0-1

olr_CRIT_IV1_rs olr_CRIT_IV2_rs olr_ACCESS_IV1_rs olr_ACCESS_IV2_rs
urbanicity_rescaled 2.037*** 1.366*
<0.001 [1.556, 2.668] 0.030 [1.032, 1.807]
PTYID_CV 0.824*** 0.825*** 0.793*** 0.797***
<0.001 [0.795, 0.854] <0.001 [0.797, 0.855] <0.001 [0.764, 0.823] <0.001 [0.765, 0.830]
LRSELF_CV 0.859*** 0.864*** 0.851*** 0.854***
<0.001 [0.830, 0.889] <0.001 [0.835, 0.894] <0.001 [0.825, 0.878] <0.001 [0.825, 0.883]
age_CV 1.012*** 1.012*** 1.007** 1.008**
<0.001 [1.008, 1.015] <0.001 [1.008, 1.016] 0.006 [1.002, 1.013] 0.005 [1.002, 1.013]
High school credential 0.763+ 0.766+ 1.147 1.148
0.058 [0.576, 1.010] 0.062 [0.580, 1.014] 0.386 [0.836, 1.574] 0.390 [0.832, 1.582]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.116 1.120 1.626** 1.662**
0.475 [0.819, 1.521] 0.454 [0.827, 1.516] 0.009 [1.138, 2.321] 0.008 [1.155, 2.391]
Bachelor's degree 1.852*** 1.818*** 2.066*** 2.077***
<0.001 [1.351, 2.540] <0.001 [1.331, 2.483] <0.001 [1.449, 2.945] <0.001 [1.447, 2.982]
Graduate degree 2.117*** 2.121*** 2.478*** 2.440***
<0.001 [1.525, 2.938] <0.001 [1.531, 2.938] <0.001 [1.673, 3.670] <0.001 [1.640, 3.630]
income_CV 1.028*** 1.030*** 1.009 1.009
<0.001 [1.018, 1.038] <0.001 [1.019, 1.041] 0.109 [0.998, 1.021] 0.114 [0.998, 1.021]
Black, non-Hispanic 0.697** 0.708* 0.555*** 0.552***
0.010 [0.533, 0.911] 0.015 [0.539, 0.930] <0.001 [0.420, 0.733] <0.001 [0.419, 0.727]
Hispanic 0.862 0.932 0.900 0.902
0.114 [0.716, 1.038] 0.456 [0.772, 1.126] 0.321 [0.727, 1.113] 0.341 [0.727, 1.120]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.825 0.867 0.687* 0.687*
0.346 [0.548, 1.242] 0.495 [0.570, 1.319] 0.043 [0.478, 0.988] 0.042 [0.479, 0.987]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.868 0.853 0.765 0.622
0.474 [0.583, 1.291] 0.448 [0.561, 1.298] 0.438 [0.383, 1.529] 0.118 [0.341, 1.135]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.855 0.863 0.799 0.824
0.316 [0.625, 1.169] 0.362 [0.625, 1.192] 0.240 [0.546, 1.169] 0.321 [0.557, 1.218]
Female 0.603*** 0.597*** 0.697*** 0.699***
<0.001 [0.525, 0.693] <0.001 [0.513, 0.695] <0.001 [0.618, 0.787] <0.001 [0.620, 0.789]
1|2 0.063*** 0.060***
<0.001 [0.041, 0.097] <0.001 [0.041, 0.087]
2|3 0.125*** 0.118***
<0.001 [0.083, 0.189] <0.001 [0.083, 0.168]
3|4 0.492** 0.462***
0.001 [0.327, 0.742] <0.001 [0.326, 0.653]
4|5 1.391+ 1.295
0.099 [0.937, 2.067] 0.142 [0.914, 1.835]
identity_rescaled 2.009*** 1.545**
<0.001 [1.442, 2.798] 0.009 [1.122, 2.125]
1|1.66666666666667 0.023*** 0.023***
<0.001 [0.013, 0.038] <0.001 [0.013, 0.042]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 0.051*** 0.053***
<0.001 [0.031, 0.085] <0.001 [0.030, 0.092]
2.33333333333333|3 0.059*** 0.061***
<0.001 [0.036, 0.099] <0.001 [0.035, 0.106]
3|3.66666666666667 0.341*** 0.353***
<0.001 [0.205, 0.566] <0.001 [0.206, 0.607]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 0.399*** 0.414**
<0.001 [0.242, 0.658] 0.002 [0.243, 0.708]
4.33333333333333|5 0.957 1.000
0.861 [0.576, 1.588] 1.000 [0.587, 1.704]
Num.Obs. 6205 6071 6200 6065
RMSE 3.78 3.78 3.81 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

2.7.4 Standardized

Urbanicity and Urban-Rural Identity standardized

olr_CRIT_IV1_stan olr_CRIT_IV2_stan olr_ACCESS_IV1_stan olr_ACCESS_IV2_stan
urbanicity_stan 1.203*** 1.084*
<0.001 [1.122, 1.290] 0.030 [1.008, 1.166]
PTYID_CV 0.824*** 0.825*** 0.793*** 0.797***
<0.001 [0.795, 0.854] <0.001 [0.797, 0.855] <0.001 [0.764, 0.823] <0.001 [0.765, 0.830]
LRSELF_CV 0.859*** 0.864*** 0.851*** 0.854***
<0.001 [0.830, 0.889] <0.001 [0.835, 0.894] <0.001 [0.825, 0.878] <0.001 [0.825, 0.883]
age_CV 1.012*** 1.012*** 1.007** 1.008**
<0.001 [1.008, 1.015] <0.001 [1.008, 1.016] 0.006 [1.002, 1.013] 0.005 [1.002, 1.013]
High school credential 0.764+ 0.766+ 1.147 1.148
0.059 [0.577, 1.011] 0.062 [0.580, 1.014] 0.386 [0.836, 1.574] 0.390 [0.832, 1.582]
Some post-high school, no bachelor's degree 1.117 1.120 1.625** 1.662**
0.473 [0.820, 1.522] 0.454 [0.827, 1.516] 0.009 [1.138, 2.321] 0.008 [1.155, 2.391]
Bachelor's degree 1.853*** 1.818*** 2.066*** 2.078***
<0.001 [1.352, 2.541] <0.001 [1.331, 2.483] <0.001 [1.449, 2.945] <0.001 [1.447, 2.982]
Graduate degree 2.118*** 2.121*** 2.478*** 2.440***
<0.001 [1.526, 2.939] <0.001 [1.531, 2.938] <0.001 [1.673, 3.670] <0.001 [1.640, 3.630]
income_CV 1.028*** 1.030*** 1.009 1.009
<0.001 [1.018, 1.038] <0.001 [1.019, 1.041] 0.108 [0.998, 1.021] 0.114 [0.998, 1.021]
Black, non-Hispanic 0.697** 0.708* 0.555*** 0.552***
0.010 [0.534, 0.911] 0.015 [0.539, 0.930] <0.001 [0.420, 0.733] <0.001 [0.419, 0.727]
Hispanic 0.863 0.932 0.900 0.902
0.116 [0.716, 1.039] 0.456 [0.772, 1.126] 0.321 [0.727, 1.113] 0.341 [0.727, 1.120]
Asian/NHPI, non-Hispanic 0.825 0.867 0.687* 0.687*
0.348 [0.548, 1.243] 0.495 [0.570, 1.319] 0.043 [0.478, 0.988] 0.042 [0.479, 0.987]
NA/AN or other, non-Hispanic 0.870 0.853 0.766 0.622
0.481 [0.585, 1.294] 0.448 [0.561, 1.298] 0.438 [0.383, 1.529] 0.118 [0.341, 1.135]
Multiple races, non-Hispanic 0.855 0.863 0.799 0.824
0.317 [0.625, 1.169] 0.362 [0.625, 1.192] 0.240 [0.546, 1.169] 0.321 [0.557, 1.218]
Female 0.603*** 0.597*** 0.697*** 0.699***
<0.001 [0.525, 0.693] <0.001 [0.513, 0.695] <0.001 [0.618, 0.787] <0.001 [0.620, 0.789]
1|2 0.038*** 0.043***
<0.001 [0.026, 0.056] <0.001 [0.029, 0.062]
2|3 0.076*** 0.085***
<0.001 [0.053, 0.107] <0.001 [0.060, 0.120]
3|4 0.297*** 0.331***
<0.001 [0.210, 0.420] <0.001 [0.236, 0.464]
4|5 0.840 0.927
0.305 [0.598, 1.180] 0.646 [0.665, 1.292]
identity_stan 1.174*** 1.105**
<0.001 [1.088, 1.267] 0.009 [1.027, 1.189]
1|1.66666666666667 0.018*** 0.019***
<0.001 [0.011, 0.031] <0.001 [0.011, 0.032]
1.66666666666667|2.33333333333333 0.041*** 0.043***
<0.001 [0.025, 0.068] <0.001 [0.026, 0.071]
2.33333333333333|3 0.047*** 0.050***
<0.001 [0.029, 0.078] <0.001 [0.030, 0.082]
3|3.66666666666667 0.273*** 0.287***
<0.001 [0.168, 0.443] <0.001 [0.176, 0.468]
3.66666666666667|4.33333333333333 0.320*** 0.337***
<0.001 [0.199, 0.515] <0.001 [0.208, 0.545]
4.33333333333333|5 0.766 0.812
0.264 [0.476, 1.233] 0.388 [0.500, 1.317]
Num.Obs. 6205 6071 6200 6065
RMSE 3.78 3.78 3.81 3.81
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001