An analysis of NHANES data
Lead and cadmium are toxic heavy metals linked to various health issues, including cardiovascular disease. This interactive visualization explores how blood levels of these metals relate to systolic blood pressure (SBP) among U.S. adults, across different income groups (Below Poverty/Low/Mid/High Income) and genders (Male/Female).
The analysis uses data from the 2011–2012 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), restricted to participants with complete data on blood pressure, blood lead, blood cadmium, gender, and income (n = 6,095).
Income groups were defined using NHANES’s family poverty index (INDFMPIR), a ratio of family income to the poverty threshold. The categories are Below Poverty: INDFMPIR < 1;Low Income: 1 ≤ INDFMPIR < 2; Mid Income: 2 ≤ INDFMPIR < 4; High Income: INDFMPIR ≥ 4.
The relationship between blood lead levels and systolic blood pressure, analyzed across different income groups and genders. Hover over points for detailed information.
The relationship between blood cadmium levels and systolic blood pressure, analyzed across different income groups and genders. Hover over points for detailed information.
-Blood lead and cadmium levels are higher and more variable in lower-income groups.
-Lead exposure shows a modest positive association with systolic blood pressure, especially in low- and mid-income groups.
-Gender differences are minimal, with similar exposure and blood pressure patterns across males and females.