• A foundational technique in statistics
  
• Models the relationship between one independent variable X and a dependent variable Y
  
• Example: Predict miles per gallon (mpg) from horsepower (hp) using mtcars dataset

We assume a linear relationship between \(Y\) and \(X\):

\[ Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 X + \epsilon \]

Where:

• \(Y\): Dependent variable
  
• \(X\): Independent variable
  
• \(\beta_0, \beta_1\): Model parameters
  
• \(\epsilon\): Random error term

We will use the mtcars dataset built into R.

\[ \text{mpg} = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \cdot \text{hp} \]