HW-4
LMD
2025-06-04
This study employs a cross-sectional observational study design to investigate the social determinants of depression using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) Wave 11. The analysis focuses on the relationship between depressive symptoms, measured through the CES- D8 scale, and two key independent variables: the frequency of social meetings and alcohol consumption. This design allows for an exploration of the associations between the variables at a single point in time, providing valuable insights into their potential relationships within a defined population.
Hypothesis 1: Higher frequency of social meetings is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms.
Hypothesis 2: Higher alcohol consumption is associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms.
Data sample from Germany
## [1] 2420Distribution of gender and histogram of age distribution
##
## Male Female
## 1214 1206
#### CES-D8 (depresion scale) summary
##
## Cronbach's alpha for the 'df_de[, c("d20", "d21", "d22", "d23", "d24", "d25", "d26", "d27")]' data-set
##
## Items: 8
## Sample units: 2420
## alpha: 0.794## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
## 0.000 3.000 5.000 5.578 7.000 24.000 21
##
## 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
## 66 148 225 339 339 274 226 216 142 118 77 42 51 31 33 20 13 10 5 6
## 20 21 22 23 24
## 7 5 2 2 2Depression Scale
likert_df = df[,CES_D8]
likert(likert_df)## Item None or almost none of the time Some of the time Most of the time
## 1 fltdpr 64.915835 29.06631 4.557165
## 2 flteeff 48.395568 38.42383 9.814171
## 3 slprl 43.873854 39.87056 11.625059
## 4 wrhpp 4.003510 23.53973 48.886939
## 5 fltlnl 68.136458 24.27532 5.302253
## 6 enjlf 5.338783 24.82572 44.804153
## 7 fltsd 52.489933 41.07451 4.859808
## 8 cldgng 55.673484 36.10353 6.217928
## All or almost all of the time
## 1 1.460694
## 2 3.366431
## 3 4.630532
## 4 23.569817
## 5 2.285972
## 6 25.031346
## 7 1.575748
## 8 2.005056plot(likert(likert_df))
Including Plots
## Item None or almost none of the time Some of the time Most of the time
## 1 fltdpr 64.915835 29.06631 4.557165
## 2 flteeff 48.395568 38.42383 9.814171
## 3 slprl 43.873854 39.87056 11.625059
## 4 wrhpp 4.003510 23.53973 48.886939
## 5 fltlnl 68.136458 24.27532 5.302253
## 6 enjlf 5.338783 24.82572 44.804153
## 7 fltsd 52.489933 41.07451 4.859808
## 8 cldgng 55.673484 36.10353 6.217928
## All or almost all of the time Mean Count
## 1 1.460694 1.425627 39981
## 2 3.366431 1.681515 39983
## 3 4.630532 1.770123 40017
## 4 23.569817 2.920231 39890
## 5 2.285972 1.417377 39983
## 6 25.031346 2.895281 39878
## 7 1.575748 1.555214 39981
## 8 2.005056 1.545546 39949Kruscal test of depression and alcohol frequency
##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: df_de$depression and df_de$alcfreq
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 53.529, df = 6, p-value = 9.182e-10Kruscal test of depression and alcohol frequency
##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: df_de$depression and df_de$sclmeet
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 96.496, df = 6, p-value < 2.2e-16Post-stratification weight (pspwght) model was used to weight the linear regression.
Linear regression models for Models with Weights
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = depression ~ sclmeet + alcfreq, data = df_de, weights = pspwght)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept) sclmeetLess than once a month
## 8.3701 0.5960
## sclmeetOnce a month sclmeetSeveral times a month
## -1.8784 -2.1628
## sclmeetOnce a week sclmeetSeveral times a week
## -2.5941 -2.7147
## sclmeetEvery day alcfreqSeveral times a week
## -2.9354 -0.9539
## alcfreqOnce a week alcfreq2-3 times a month
## -0.3524 -0.5506
## alcfreqOnce a month alcfreqLess than once a month
## -0.3755 0.1154
## alcfreqNever
## 0.6195##
## Call:
## lm(formula = depression ~ sclmeet + alcfreq + gndr, data = df_de,
## weights = pspwght)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept) sclmeetLess than once a month
## 8.4017 0.4728
## sclmeetOnce a month sclmeetSeveral times a month
## -1.9976 -2.3090
## sclmeetOnce a week sclmeetSeveral times a week
## -2.7293 -2.8487
## sclmeetEvery day alcfreqSeveral times a week
## -3.0703 -1.0460
## alcfreqOnce a week alcfreq2-3 times a month
## -0.5901 -0.8099
## alcfreqOnce a month alcfreqLess than once a month
## -0.6030 -0.1929
## alcfreqNever gndrFemale
## 0.3264 0.6394Linear regression models for Models WITHOUT Weights
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = depression ~ sclmeet + alcfreq, data = df_de)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept) sclmeetLess than once a month
## 8.6917 -1.3012
## sclmeetOnce a month sclmeetSeveral times a month
## -2.8431 -3.3279
## sclmeetOnce a week sclmeetSeveral times a week
## -3.2670 -3.8773
## sclmeetEvery day alcfreqSeveral times a week
## -4.3205 -0.2978
## alcfreqOnce a week alcfreq2-3 times a month
## -0.1703 0.1837
## alcfreqOnce a month alcfreqLess than once a month
## 0.1689 0.8344
## alcfreqNever
## 1.2288##
## Call:
## lm(formula = depression ~ sclmeet + alcfreq + gndr, data = df_de)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept) sclmeetLess than once a month
## 8.71499 -1.42540
## sclmeetOnce a month sclmeetSeveral times a month
## -2.95021 -3.47151
## sclmeetOnce a week sclmeetSeveral times a week
## -3.39492 -4.01660
## sclmeetEvery day alcfreqSeveral times a week
## -4.43249 -0.39334
## alcfreqOnce a week alcfreq2-3 times a month
## -0.35225 -0.05480
## alcfreqOnce a month alcfreqLess than once a month
## -0.06769 0.57234
## alcfreqNever gndrFemale
## 0.95934 0.60181The comparison of both models with the weight and without the data from the table. In the case of gender we see that it goes from a coefficient of 0.079 for females to 0.075 when applying the weight formula to the model. In this case generating that being of the female gender tends to have even greater values of depression when applying the weight in the model.
PREDICTOR OF CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT DEPRESSION
1 is clinically significant depressive symptoms and 0 is not
##
## 0 1
## 1975 424Logistic Regression Model
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = depressed ~ sclmeet + alcfreq + gndr, family = binomial,
## data = df_de)
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 0.2615 0.4277 0.611 0.540880
## sclmeetLess than once a month -0.6743 0.4157 -1.622 0.104768
## sclmeetOnce a month -1.5502 0.4142 -3.743 0.000182 ***
## sclmeetSeveral times a month -1.8232 0.3950 -4.616 3.91e-06 ***
## sclmeetOnce a week -1.9462 0.4021 -4.840 1.30e-06 ***
## sclmeetSeveral times a week -2.2184 0.3958 -5.605 2.09e-08 ***
## sclmeetEvery day -2.1696 0.4344 -4.995 5.88e-07 ***
## alcfreqSeveral times a week -0.5522 0.2619 -2.109 0.034960 *
## alcfreqOnce a week -0.5558 0.2628 -2.115 0.034438 *
## alcfreq2-3 times a month -0.4777 0.2778 -1.719 0.085549 .
## alcfreqOnce a month -0.1768 0.2887 -0.612 0.540273
## alcfreqLess than once a month 0.2513 0.2558 0.983 0.325771
## alcfreqNever 0.3204 0.2526 1.268 0.204726
## gndrFemale 0.3673 0.1174 3.129 0.001756 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 2232.1 on 2391 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 2065.9 on 2378 degrees of freedom
## (28 observations deleted due to missingness)
## AIC: 2093.9
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4## (Intercept) sclmeetLess than once a month
## 0.2615484 -0.6743487
## sclmeetOnce a month sclmeetSeveral times a month
## -1.5501548 -1.8231595
## sclmeetOnce a week sclmeetSeveral times a week
## -1.9461797 -2.2184420
## sclmeetEvery day alcfreqSeveral times a week
## -2.1696397 -0.5521973
## alcfreqOnce a week alcfreq2-3 times a month
## -0.5557599 -0.4776823
## alcfreqOnce a month alcfreqLess than once a month
## -0.1767962 0.2513248
## alcfreqNever gndrFemale
## 0.3204029 0.3672742## (Intercept) sclmeetLess than once a month
## 1.2989398 0.5094882
## sclmeetOnce a month sclmeetSeveral times a month
## 0.2122151 0.1615146
## sclmeetOnce a week sclmeetSeveral times a week
## 0.1428186 0.1087785
## sclmeetEvery day alcfreqSeveral times a week
## 0.1142188 0.5756835
## alcfreqOnce a week alcfreq2-3 times a month
## 0.5736362 0.6202192
## alcfreqOnce a month alcfreqLess than once a month
## 0.8379506 1.2857276
## alcfreqNever gndrFemale
## 1.3776827 1.4437937## Waiting for profiling to be done...## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 0.56471700 3.0581029
## sclmeetLess than once a month 0.22058549 1.1386125
## sclmeetOnce a month 0.09204662 0.4722883
## sclmeetSeveral times a month 0.07265726 0.3462953
## sclmeetOnce a week 0.06338926 0.3105368
## sclmeetSeveral times a week 0.04885606 0.2336281
## sclmeetEvery day 0.04756556 0.2638045
## alcfreqSeveral times a week 0.34710946 0.9719397
## alcfreqOnce a week 0.34528378 0.9702897
## alcfreq2-3 times a month 0.36139860 1.0775219
## alcfreqOnce a month 0.47702324 1.4843752
## alcfreqLess than once a month 0.78641727 2.1492030
## alcfreqNever 0.84819797 2.2898717
## gndrFemale 1.14800149 1.8193069## [1] 0.2064042Alcohol frequency
####Compared to the reference category (likely “Daily” or an omitted baseline group), individuals who consume alcohol once or several times a week have significantly lower odds of being depressed
Social meeting
####Compared to those who never meet others, individuals who meet socially more often have significantly lower odds of reporting depression