/* Genel yazı tipi ve sayfa ayarları */
body {
font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', 'Times New Roman', serif; /* Akademik serif yazı tipi */
font-size: 19px; /* Daha büyük yazı boyutu */
font-weight: 500; /* Yazılar daha belirgin */
background-color: #fffde7; /* Tereyağı sarısına yakın açık pastel sarı */
color: #4e342e; /* Daha koyu kahverengi tonu (yüksek kontrast için) */
}
/* Başlıklar */
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #f57f17; /* Doygun altın sarısı ton */
font-weight: 700; /* Daha kalın başlıklar */
text-transform: uppercase;
font-family: 'Lora', 'Georgia', serif; /* Akademik ve zarif serif başlık fontu */
}
/* İçindekiler tablosu */
.tocify {
background-color: #fff8e1; /* Tereyağı sarısı tonu */
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 12px;
font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif; /* Temiz sans-serif font */
font-size: 17px;
color: #3e2723; /* Koyu kahverengi metin */
font-weight: 600;
}
/* Kod bloklarının (chunk) arka planı */
pre {
background-color: #fff9c4 !important; /* Açık sarı arka plan */
color: #e65100 !important; /* Koyu kehribar kod yazısı */
padding: 14px;
border-radius: 8px;
font-family: 'Fira Code', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;
font-size: 17px;
font-weight: 600;
}
/* Inline kodlar */
code {
background-color: #fff59d; /* Yumuşak sarı ton */
color: #bf360c; /* Derin kehribar */
padding: 4px 8px;
border-radius: 4px;
font-size: 17px;
font-weight: bold;
}
/* Grafik ve görseller */
img, .figure {
border: 2px solid #fbc02d; /* Doygun tereyağı sarısı çerçeve */
border-radius: 10px;
padding: 6px;
}library(dplyr)
library(psych)
library(ggplot2)
library(tidyr)
library(tidyverse)
library(QuantPsyc)
library(EFAtools)
library(EFA.MRFA)
library(EFA.dimensions)
library(knitr)
library(data.table)
library(lavaan)
library(lavaanPlot)
library(devtools)
library(DT)
library(tibble)
library(EFAfactors)
library(outliers)
library(foreign)
library(haven)
library(highr)
library(corrplot)
library(semptools)
library(semTools)
library(sur)
library(gtools)
library(irtoys)
library(kableExtra)
library(lattice)
library(ggfortify)
library(latticeExtra)
library(plotly)
library(flextable)
library(purrr)
library(rgl)
library(olsrr)
library(scatterplot3d)
library(broom)
library(GGally)
library(stargazer)
library(effectsize)
library(rockchalk)
library(quartets)
library(flextable)
library(apaTables)
library(officer)
library("MPsychoR")
library("Gifi")
library("mirt")
library("EGAnet")
library("eRm")
library("TAM")
library("ltm")
library("WrightMap")
library("cowplot")
library(reshape2)
library(gridExtra)b <- rnorm(20, 0, 1)
theta <- rnorm(1000, 0, 1)
madde_sayisi <- length(b)
kisi_sayisi <- length(theta)
replikasyon <- 10## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7]
## [1,] -1.387853 1.353601 -0.956557 0.5945626 -0.2119407 -0.2315621 -0.5376479
## [2,] -1.387853 1.353601 -0.956557 0.5945626 -0.2119407 -0.2315621 -0.5376479
## [3,] -1.387853 1.353601 -0.956557 0.5945626 -0.2119407 -0.2315621 -0.5376479
## [4,] -1.387853 1.353601 -0.956557 0.5945626 -0.2119407 -0.2315621 -0.5376479
## [5,] -1.387853 1.353601 -0.956557 0.5945626 -0.2119407 -0.2315621 -0.5376479
## [6,] -1.387853 1.353601 -0.956557 0.5945626 -0.2119407 -0.2315621 -0.5376479
## [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14]
## [1,] -0.3575869 -0.9632025 0.7296106 -2.163172 0.4720347 -0.8929801 -0.1926912
## [2,] -0.3575869 -0.9632025 0.7296106 -2.163172 0.4720347 -0.8929801 -0.1926912
## [3,] -0.3575869 -0.9632025 0.7296106 -2.163172 0.4720347 -0.8929801 -0.1926912
## [4,] -0.3575869 -0.9632025 0.7296106 -2.163172 0.4720347 -0.8929801 -0.1926912
## [5,] -0.3575869 -0.9632025 0.7296106 -2.163172 0.4720347 -0.8929801 -0.1926912
## [6,] -0.3575869 -0.9632025 0.7296106 -2.163172 0.4720347 -0.8929801 -0.1926912
## [,15] [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20]
## [1,] -0.2261482 -0.1458366 -1.59404 -1.413965 -1.002925 0.8625241
## [2,] -0.2261482 -0.1458366 -1.59404 -1.413965 -1.002925 0.8625241
## [3,] -0.2261482 -0.1458366 -1.59404 -1.413965 -1.002925 0.8625241
## [4,] -0.2261482 -0.1458366 -1.59404 -1.413965 -1.002925 0.8625241
## [5,] -0.2261482 -0.1458366 -1.59404 -1.413965 -1.002925 0.8625241
## [6,] -0.2261482 -0.1458366 -1.59404 -1.413965 -1.002925 0.8625241
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,] 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259
## [2,] 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996
## [3,] 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108
## [4,] -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051
## [5,] 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625
## [6,] -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120
## [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12]
## [1,] 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259
## [2,] 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996
## [3,] 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108
## [4,] -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051
## [5,] 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625
## [6,] -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120
## [,13] [,14] [,15] [,16] [,17] [,18]
## [1,] 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259 0.0533259
## [2,] 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996 0.7179996
## [3,] 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108 1.0017108
## [4,] -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051 -1.0925051
## [5,] 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625 1.0288625
## [6,] -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120 -0.1408120
## [,19] [,20]
## [1,] 0.0533259 0.0533259
## [2,] 0.7179996 0.7179996
## [3,] 1.0017108 1.0017108
## [4,] -1.0925051 -1.0925051
## [5,] 1.0288625 1.0288625
## [6,] -0.1408120 -0.1408120
dir.create("Rasch")
for (r in 1:replikasyon){
logit <- (theta.mat - b.mat) # 2 matrisin farki alinarak "logit" degeri elde ediliyor.
P <- 1/(1 + exp(-logit)) # bireyin maddeyi dogru cevaplama olasiligi hesaplanirken "logit" degeri "exp" kisminin icerisine konuyor. "P" degeri ise bireyin maddeyi dogru cevaplama olasiligi
head(P)
rand <- matrix(runif(kisi_sayisi * madde_sayisi), kisi_sayisi, madde_sayisi)
res <- ifelse(P > rand, 1, 0)
write.table(res, file = paste("Rasch/Rasch_rep", r, "txt", sep = ""), sep = ",", row.names = F, col.names = F, na = " ", quote = F)
}“runif” fonksiyonu ile random sayi üretimi saglanmaktadir. Bu fonksiyon 0 ile 1 arasinda random sayi uretir, hicbir argumanini degistirmez isen
Başına “matrix()” ekleyerek “runif” fonksiyonu matris formuna dönüşür. “rand” isimli bir nesneye atanir.
“irtoys” paketinde yer alan “sim” fonksiyonu ile de ayni işlem gerçekleştirilmektedir.
“sim” fonksiyonu “ip” ve “x” adında 2 argüman ile çalışmaktadır.
“ip” argümanı: madde parametreleri, 3 sütunlu bir matris olmalıdır.
Birinci sütun: “item discrimination” yani a parametresi;
İkinci sütun: “item difficulty” yani b parametresi;
Üçüncü sütun: “asymptote” yani c parametresini içerir.
“x” argümanı: latent variable için theta değerleri girilmektedir. Eğer girmezsen “NULL” kabul edilir ve -4 ile +4 araliginda random şekilde girer.
pa için: 50 tane madde parametresi üretilmiş.
Birinci sütun “a parametresi” 0.8 ile 2.0 araliginda random olarak değerler üretilmiştir.
İkinci sütun “b parametresi” -2.4 ile +2.4 aralığında random sayılardan üretilmiştir.
Üçüncü sütun “c parametresi” ise tamamen 0 olarak üretilmiştir. Burada üretilecek olan verinin 2PL olduğu görülmektedir çünkü clerin hepsi 0 olarak kodlanmış.
x = rnorm(1000)) ile ortalaması 0 ve standart sapması 1 olan 1000 tane veri üretilmiştir.
rs ise 50 maddeye 1000 bireyin verdiği yanıtları içeren çıktı 1-0 matris şeklinde üretilmiştir.
# pa <- cbind(runif(20, .8, 2), runif(20, -2.4, 2.4), rep(0, 50))
# rs <- sim(ip = pa, x = rnorm(1000))
# i = irf(ip = ip, x = NULL)
# head(i$f)
# d = dim(i$f)
# u = runif(d[1] * d[2])
# dim(u) = d
# return(ifelse(i$f > u, 1, 0))irf() fonksiyonu ise item response function. Madde parametreleri belli, yetenek düzeyleri belli her bir bireyin her bir maddeye doğru cevaplama olasılığını hesaplar. Bunun hesaplaması ise \(1/(1 + exp(-logit))\) şeklindedir fakat irf ile doğrudan hesaplanabilir.
i olarak bunu nesneye atadığımızda her bir bireyin her bir maddeye doğru cevaplama olasılığı elde edildi. head(i$f) ile bunları yazdırabiliriz.
“i$x” ile elde edilen çıktı bizim girdiğimiz yeteneklerin AYNISI.
“i$f” ise maddenin doğru cevaplanma olasılığının hesaplanması. Biz buna bakarak sırası ile birinci bireyin birinci maddeyi doğru cevaplama olasılığı, birinci bireyin ikinci maddeyi doğru cevaplama olasılığı … şeklinde devam etmektedir. Özetle p thetaların değerlerini madde parametrelerine dayalı olarak görebiliyoruz.
d nesnesi ise i$f’nin boyut sayısını d adındaki bir matrise atarak 1000 satırlı ve 50 sütunlu bir matris oluşturur. Bunu daha sonrasında 1000 * 50’lik random sayı üretmek için kullanıyor.
u adında bir vektöre bu ürettiği 1000 satırlı 50 sütunlu veriyi atıyor.
Bu u vektörünü AYNI d boyutlarına getiriyor.
En sonunda ise return kısmı ile bizim hesapladığımız olasılıklar ile random sayıları karşılaştırıyor. Bizim hesapladığımız olasılık random sayıdan BÜYÜK ise 1 eğer KÜÇÜK ise 0 değerini atıyor ve bu şekilde 1-0 matrisi elde ediliyor.
ÖRNEK:
## [1] 0.25 0.50 0.25
plot(x, y, type = "h", col = "red", lwd = 10, main = "bozuk parayi iki kere havaya atma") # toplam 4 durum var ve %25, %25 ve %50 olasılık var. dbinom dağılımı ile 0 ile 2 arasında ve \(size = 2\) deme nedenimin ‘yazı’ ya da ‘tura’ olasılıkları olduğundandır ve \(p = 0.5\) diyerek yazı ya da tura gelme olasılığı belirtilmektedir.
ÖRNEK:
x <- 0:4
y <- dbinom(x, size = 4, p = 0.5)
plot(x, y, type = "h", col = "red", lwd = 10, main = "bozuk parayi dort kere havaya atma")ÖRNEK:
x <- 0:30
y <- dbinom(x, size = 30, p = 0.5)
plot(x, y, type = "h", col = "red", lwd = 10, main = "bozuk parayi otuz kere havaya atma")Normal, log-normal, ki-kare, binom, poisson, uniform, gamma, beta vb. gibi çeşitli dağılımlar bulunmaktadır.
p, olasılık (probability) kümülatif dağılım fonksiyonuna ilişkin bilgiler
q, çeyreklik (quantile) kümülatif dağılım fonksiyonunun tersine ilişkin bilgiler
d, yoğunluk (density) yoğunluk fonksiyonuna ilişkin bilgiler
r, rastgele (random) belirlenen dağılımdaki rastgele veriyi
Normal dağılıma uygun veri üretmek için rnorm() kullanılmaktadır.
a parametresi için log-normal dağılım uygun çünkü negatif değer almıyor ve 0 ile +2 aralığında dağılım gösteriyor.
b parametresi için standart normal dağılım gibi dağılır çünkü -3 ile + aralığında dağılım gösterir.
c parametresş için runif ile üretilebilir çünkü 0 ile 0.3 aralığında dağılım gösterir.
beta dağılımı sağa çarpık veri üretiminde kullanılır.
## [1] 51.81834
Veri üretiminde tek bir örneklemin elde edilmesi güvenilir olmayabilir.
## [1] 94.02889
Veri üretme çalışmalarında tekrarlamaların yapılması önemlidir.
İterasyon, veri üretiminin fonksiyonlar ve döngüler kullanılarak genişletilmesi ve genellenebilir sonuçlar elde edilmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
ÖRNEK:
n_k <- 10 # küçük örneklem
n_b <- 100 # büyük örneklem
tekrar <- 10000 # tekrar sayısı
kucuk_orn <- numeric(tekrar) # küçük örneklem ortalama - bu 10000 elemanlı BOŞ VEKTÖR oluşturuyor
buyuk_orn <- numeric(tekrar) # büyük örneklem ortalama - bu 10000 elemanlı BOŞ VEKTÖR oluşturuyor
orneklem.normal <- rnorm(n = 1000, mean = 35, sd = 15)
for (i in 1:tekrar){
kucuk_orn[i] <- mean(rnorm(n = n_k, mean = 35, sd = 15))
buyuk_orn[i] <- mean(rnorm(n = n_b, mean = 35, sd = 15))
}par(mfrow = c(3, 1))
hist(orneklem.normal, breaks = 50, main = "Dağılımı", xlab = "", col = "steelblue")
hist(kucuk_orn, breaks = 50, main = "Küçük Örneklemlerin \n Ortalama Dağılımı", xlab = "Ortalama", col = "steelblue")
hist(buyuk_orn, breaks = 50, main = "Büyük Örneklemlerin \n Ortalama Dağılımı", xlab = "Ortalama", col = "steelblue")par(mfrow = c(3, 1)) kodu 3 satır ve 1 sütundan oluşan grafik alanı oluşturuyor. Sırası ile orneklem.normal, kucuk_orn ve buyuk_orn çizdiriliyor.
Grafikler aşağı doğru gittikçe ranjın daraldığı görülmektedir. Bunun nedeni ise;
Örneklem ortalamaları dağılımının standart sapması $ $ şeklinde elde edilir.
ÖRNEK:
Örneklem büyüklüğü: 30, 100 ve 1000 olacak şekilde seçilsin.
or30 <- numeric(30)
or100 <- numeric(100)
or1000 <- numeric(1000)
setwd("C:/Users/User/Desktop/uretim")
veri <- 1:10000
or30 <- list()
or100 <- list()
or1000 <- list()
for (i in 1:100){
or30[[i]] <- sample(veri, 30)
or100[[i]] <- sample(veri, 100)
or1000[[i]] <- sample(veri, 1000)
write.csv(or30[[i]], file = paste0("or30_", i, ".csv"), row.names = FALSE)
write.csv(or100[[i]], file = paste0("or100_", i, ".csv"), row.names = FALSE)
write.csv(or1000[[i]], file = paste0("or1000_", i, ".csv"), row.names = FALSE)
}## [1] 4781.400 4853.900 5400.767 5061.867 4692.300 5845.533 4876.267 5589.400
## [9] 5202.333 5110.000 5484.767 5351.633 5107.200 4182.867 5874.900 5016.400
## [17] 4516.167 4610.733 4738.600 4858.300 4527.133 4439.433 4937.067 4263.567
## [25] 5620.033 4516.400 5743.667 4736.667 5151.633 4333.833 4874.067 4889.700
## [33] 4605.333 5662.700 5422.000 5173.667 4014.533 4168.233 4118.367 4601.667
## [41] 4546.567 4740.667 5599.167 3793.500 4918.233 4888.633 4893.600 5735.700
## [49] 5097.300 4018.967 4270.767 4686.367 4899.100 4603.033 4924.167 4303.467
## [57] 5121.300 5431.767 5878.833 4925.400 4724.733 5295.267 4943.333 3853.167
## [65] 4866.600 5400.900 5819.167 4856.900 4615.500 5881.933 4610.200 5275.767
## [73] 4728.867 6060.000 5237.367 5078.367 4623.100 5799.533 5230.867 4359.400
## [81] 5006.033 5291.300 5377.067 5493.667 5540.100 6051.633 5716.867 5322.533
## [89] 5201.767 5632.033 4560.233 4355.600 5601.733 5171.067 5171.933 3876.100
## [97] 4734.867 5781.167 4475.300 4353.133
## [1] 4422.73 5029.51 5035.19 5406.71 5218.80 4945.87 5422.70 5123.51 5191.77
## [10] 4649.31 4503.82 4891.57 4520.05 5113.28 4804.93 5003.94 4584.85 4687.11
## [19] 4913.49 5019.76 5635.00 4946.13 4812.62 4969.97 5035.20 5404.70 5341.31
## [28] 4960.30 5370.34 5173.79 4908.05 4701.11 4884.06 4909.14 4935.74 4834.59
## [37] 4767.24 4789.50 5344.10 4713.52 4919.14 4769.78 5022.27 5446.28 4320.43
## [46] 4731.26 4997.12 4924.28 4986.47 4592.74 4680.53 4773.75 5214.04 5159.08
## [55] 4872.67 5133.91 5028.47 5341.73 5178.79 5154.08 5358.39 4869.79 4922.12
## [64] 4820.61 4836.85 4789.63 5036.09 4911.12 5330.69 4865.25 4811.68 5281.30
## [73] 4955.72 4965.00 5082.01 5050.16 5132.00 5078.40 4979.97 4903.15 4358.46
## [82] 5066.43 4869.69 5022.78 4832.37 5052.16 5117.35 4634.66 5339.24 4842.49
## [91] 5065.21 4604.56 4880.40 5373.02 4673.79 5136.03 4920.74 5078.49 4534.20
## [100] 5541.37
## [1] 4947.465 4910.765 4991.182 5000.803 5064.328 5001.775 5089.557 4902.961
## [9] 5051.777 5023.604 4982.469 4961.062 4955.285 4939.319 5094.405 5170.115
## [17] 4923.720 5055.782 5046.290 4978.048 4902.681 5046.872 4925.971 5003.087
## [25] 4831.999 4989.874 4860.286 4900.585 4967.294 5039.941 4959.909 5020.605
## [33] 4942.469 5111.720 4946.170 4907.272 4962.763 4941.783 4868.863 5213.325
## [41] 5099.293 4941.679 4988.861 5068.539 5018.644 5009.442 4900.901 4977.274
## [49] 4959.542 4949.122 4926.148 5033.756 5019.854 4980.884 4994.691 4930.106
## [57] 4912.487 5020.441 4815.073 4974.399 5064.321 4992.349 5036.517 5102.549
## [65] 5073.382 4983.870 4853.780 5088.949 4963.228 5120.680 4970.167 4906.210
## [73] 5102.610 5049.048 5064.928 5063.182 5072.556 5112.053 5146.998 4981.064
## [81] 4950.983 5070.888 5079.054 4961.883 4979.383 5090.838 4978.446 4987.380
## [89] 5031.194 5010.130 4943.788 4991.984 4938.573 5030.559 5117.959 5026.900
## [97] 4965.263 4905.283 4987.749 4994.023
setwd("C:/Users/User/Desktop/uretim")
or30_ort <- c() # boş nesne
or100_ort <- c() # boş nesne
or1000_ort <- c() # boş nesne
for (i in 1:100){
or30_ort[i] <- mean(read.csv(paste0("or30_", i, ".csv"), header = TRUE)[,1])
or100_ort[i] <- mean(read.csv(paste0("or100_", i, ".csv"), header = TRUE)[,1])
or1000_ort[i] <- mean(read.csv(paste0("or1000_", i, ".csv"), header = TRUE)[,1])
}par(mfrow = c(1, 3))
hist(or30_ort, main = "30", xlab = "Ortalama", ylab = "Frekans")
hist(or100_ort, main = "100", xlab = "Ortalama", ylab = "Frekans")
hist(or1000_ort, main = "1000", xlab = "Ortalama", ylab = "Frekans")setwd("C:/Users/User/Desktop/uretim")
or30_ort[i] <- mean(read.csv(paste0("or30_", i, ".csv"), header = TRUE)[,1])
or100_ort[i] <- mean(read.csv(paste0("or100_", i, ".csv"), header = TRUE)[,1])
or1000_ort[i] <- mean(read.csv(paste0("or1000_", i, ".csv"), header = TRUE)[,1])
par(mfrow = c(1, 3))
hist(or30_ort, main = "30", xlab = "Ortalama", ylab = "Frekans", xlim = c(40, 60), ylim = c(0,25))
hist(or100_ort, main = "100", xlab = "Ortalama", ylab = "Frekans", xlim = c(40, 60), ylim = c(0,25))
hist(or1000_ort, main = "1000", xlab = "Ortalama", ylab = "Frekans", xlim = c(40, 60), ylim = c(0,25))Mutlaka kaydetmek gerekiyor ve büyük veride çalışırkan “.Rdata” olarak kaydetmek daha işe yarar olabilir.
“.dir.create” ile oluşturma önemlidir.
Ölçme ve değerlendirme alanında gerçekleştirilen bazı çalışmalarda, çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda, veri setlerinin üretilmesi gerekebilir.
Bu çalışmalarda veri setleri çoğunlukla Monte Carlo (MC) teknikleri kullanılarak üretilir.
MC yaklaşımında matematiksel bir model kullanılarak bilgisayar yazılımı aracılığıyla rastgele örneklemler elde edilebilir.
MC çalışmaları ile parametre değerlerini belirlemek, çalışmada bazı faktörleri (madde sayısı gibi) sabit tutup bazı faktörleri (örneklem büyüklüğü gibi) manipüle ederek değişkenlerin etkilerini incelemek mümkündür.
Böylece belli özellikleri önceden bilinen veri setleri, ele alınan koşullar altında, yöntemlerin veya modellerin değerlendirilmesine ve karşılatırılmasına olanak sağlar.
Ancak sonuçların kullanışlılığı için MC çalışmalarında modellenen koşulların gerçek uygulamalara ne kadar yakın olduğuna, replikasyon sayısına, vb. dikkat edilmesi gerekir (Harwell & Others, 1996).
Revelle (2019) tarafından üretilen psych ile YEM, MTK, ve KTK ya uygun veriler üretilebilir.
Partchev (2017) tarafından yazılan irtoys paketinde bulunan 1, 2 ve 3 parametreli lojistik modele uygun veriler üretilebilir.
Chalmers (2019) tarafından hazırlanan mirt paketiyle hem tamamlayıcı hem de tamamlayıcı olmayan ÇBMTK verisi üretilebilir.
Aşama 1. 3PL modele dayali 10 maddelik veri veri üretilmesi
set.seed(123)
madde_sayisi <- 10
madde_parametreleri <- cbind(
rnorm(madde_sayisi, mean = 1.0, sd = 0.4) * 1.702, # a parametresi (ortalama daha yüksek ayırıcılık)
rnorm(madde_sayisi, mean = 0.0, sd = 1.0) * 1.702, # b parametresi (daha geniş zorluk dağılımı)
rnorm(madde_sayisi, mean = 0.20, sd = 0.03) # c parametresi (daha düşük varyanslı tahmin)
)
colnames(madde_parametreleri) <- c("a", "b", "c")
madde_parametreleri## a b c
## [1,] 1.3204282 2.0833872 0.1679653
## [2,] 1.5452952 0.6124031 0.1934608
## [3,] 2.7631686 0.6821130 0.1692199
## [4,] 1.7500021 0.1883820 0.1781333
## [5,] 1.7900191 -0.9460416 0.1812488
## [6,] 2.8696162 3.0413262 0.1493992
## [7,] 2.0157918 0.8473415 0.2251336
## [8,] 0.8407463 -3.3471824 0.2046012
## [9,] 1.2343906 1.1937077 0.1658559
## [10,] 1.3985933 -0.8046910 0.2376144
| Sütun | Parametre | Açıklama |
|---|---|---|
a |
Ayırıcılık (Discrimination) | Maddenin bireyleri ayırt etme gücüdür. Yüksek a → daha iyi ayırt eder. |
b |
Güçlük (Difficulty) | Maddenin ne kadar zor olduğunu gösterir. Yüksek b → daha zor madde. |
c |
Tahmin (Guessing) | Düşük yetenekli bireyin maddeyi doğru tahmin etme olasılığıdır. |
| Madde | a (Ayırıcılık) |
b (Güçlük) |
c (Tahmin) |
Yorum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.32 | 2.08 | 0.168 | Yüksek güçlük, ortalama ayırıcılık, makul tahmin |
| 2 | 1.54 | 0.61 | 0.193 | Kolay madde, güçlü ayırıcılık, tahminle yapılabilirlik orta |
| 4 | 1.75 | 1.88 | 0.178 | Zor madde, güçlü ayırıcılık, düşük tahmin |
| 6 | 2.01 | 0.45 | 0.225 | Kolay ve çok ayırt edici, ama yüksek tahmin oranı var |
| 9 | 1.23 | -1.13 | 0.165 | Çok kolay, ortalama ayırıcılık, düşük tahmin |
SONUÇ:
Ayırıcılık (a) değerleri 1.2 – 2.7 aralığında, bu oldukça iyi. 0.5’in altı zayıf olurdu, burada yok.
Güçlük (b) çok çeşitli: bazı maddeler oldukça kolay (-1.1), bazıları oldukça zor (2.0+).
Tahmin (c) parametresi çoğunlukla 0.16 – 0.23 aralığında ve makul görünüyor. Genellikle 0.25’in üzerine çıkması model açısından sorun olabilir.
Aşama 2. Yetenek parametrelerinin belirlenmesi
# Aşama 2 – 1000 birey için yetenek (theta) değerlerinin üretilmesi
set.seed(456) # Sabit tohum, tekrarlanabilirlik için
birey_sayisi <- 1000
# Yetenek puanları normal dağılımdan gelir: ort = 0, sd = 1
yetenek <- rnorm(birey_sayisi, mean = 0, sd = 1)
yetenek[1:10]## [1] -1.3435214 0.6217756 0.8008747 -1.3888924 -0.7143569 -0.3240611
## [7] 0.6906430 0.2505479 1.0073523 0.5732347
Yukarıdaki kod bloğu şu işlemleri yapar:
set.seed(456): Rastgele sayı üretimini tekrarlanabilir hale getirir. Aynı seed ile her çalıştırmada aynı sonuç elde edilir.
birey_sayisi <- 1000: 1000 bireylik bir örneklem oluşturulacak.
rnorm(…) fonksiyonu: 1000 birey için ortalaması 0, standart sapması 1 olan normal dağılımdan yetenek (θ) değeri üretir. Bu dağılım, genellikle bireylerin yeteneklerinin toplumda nasıl dağıldığını modellemek için kullanılır.
yetenek[1:10]: Üretilen 1000 değerin sadece ilk 10 tanesi ekrana yazdırılır.
[1] -1.3435 0.6218 0.8007 -1.3889 -0.7144 -0.3241 0.6906 0.2505 1.0074 0.5732 değerleri için:
Bu değerler, bireylerin gizil yetenek düzeylerini (theta) temsil eder.
Pozitif theta → birey göreli olarak daha YÜKSEK yetenekli.
Negatif theta → birey göreli olarak daha DÜŞÜK yetenekli.
Ortalaması sıfır olduğundan dolayı çoğu birey ortalama civarında konumlanır.
Aşama 3. irtoys paketi sim fonksiyonu ile veri üretilmesi
library(irtoys)
# Veri üretimi (theta = yetenek, ip = madde parametreleri)
veri <- irtoys::sim(ip = madde_parametreleri, x = yetenek)
colnames(veri) <- paste0("madde", 1:ncol(veri))
head(veri)## madde1 madde2 madde3 madde4 madde5 madde6 madde7 madde8 madde9 madde10
## [1,] 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
## [2,] 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [3,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [4,] 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
## [5,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [6,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
| Satır | Birey (gizil yetenek θ) |
|---|---|
| 1 | Birey 1 (örneğin \(θ = -1.3\) gibi bir değer) |
| 2 | Birey 2 |
| … | … |
| Sütun | Anlamı |
|---|---|
madde1 |
1. maddeye verilen yanıt |
madde2 |
2. maddeye verilen yanıt |
| … | … |
madde10 |
10. maddeye verilen yanıt |
Birey 1:
madde2, madde5, madde8, madde10 maddelerine doğru yanıt vermiş (1)
Diğer maddelere yanlış yanıt vermiş (0)
Bu sonuç, birey 1’in yetenek düzeyi (θ) ile madde parametrelerinin (a, b, c) etkileşimi sonucunda irtoys::sim() fonksiyonu tarafından olasılık temelli olarak oluşturulmuştur.
Birey 2:
irtoys paketi - sim fonksiyonu ile veri üretilmesi:
library(irtoys)
ip <- madde_parametreleri # a, b, c parametreleri içeren matris
x <- yetenek # bireylerin theta (yetenek) değerleri
sim(ip = ip, x = x)## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
## [1,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [2,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [3,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [4,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [5,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [6,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [7,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [8,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [9,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [10,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [11,] 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [12,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [13,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [14,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [15,] 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
## [16,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [17,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [18,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [19,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [20,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
## [21,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [22,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [23,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [24,] 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [25,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [26,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [27,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [28,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [29,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [30,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [31,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [32,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [33,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [34,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [35,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [36,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [37,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [38,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [39,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [40,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [41,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [42,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [43,] 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
## [44,] 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
## [45,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [46,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [47,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [48,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [49,] 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
## [50,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [51,] 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [52,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [53,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [54,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [55,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [56,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [57,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [58,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [59,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [60,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [61,] 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [62,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [63,] 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [64,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [65,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [66,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [67,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [68,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
## [69,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [70,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
## [71,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [72,] 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [73,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
## [74,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [75,] 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
## [76,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [77,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [78,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
## [79,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [80,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [81,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [82,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
## [83,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [84,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [85,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [86,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [87,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [88,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [89,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [90,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
## [91,] 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
## [92,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [93,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [94,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [95,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [96,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [97,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [98,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [99,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [100,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [101,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [102,] 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [103,] 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
## [104,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [105,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [106,] 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [107,] 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [108,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [109,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
## [110,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [111,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [112,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [113,] 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [114,] 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [115,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [116,] 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [117,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [118,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [119,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [120,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [121,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
## [122,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [123,] 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [124,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [125,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [126,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [127,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [128,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
## [129,] 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [130,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [131,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [132,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [133,] 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [134,] 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [135,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [136,] 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [137,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [138,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [139,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [140,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [141,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
## [142,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [143,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [144,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [145,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
## [146,] 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [147,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [148,] 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [149,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [150,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [151,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [152,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
## [153,] 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [154,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [155,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [156,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [157,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [158,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [159,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
## [160,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
## [161,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [162,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [163,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [164,] 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [165,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [166,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [167,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [168,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [169,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [170,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [171,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [172,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [173,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [174,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [175,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [176,] 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [177,] 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
## [178,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [179,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [180,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [181,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [182,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [183,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [184,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [185,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [186,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [187,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [188,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [189,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [190,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [191,] 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [192,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [193,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [194,] 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [195,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [196,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [197,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [198,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [199,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [200,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [201,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [202,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [203,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [204,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [205,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [206,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [207,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
## [208,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
## [209,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [210,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [211,] 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [212,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [213,] 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [214,] 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [215,] 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
## [216,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [217,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [218,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [219,] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [220,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [221,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [222,] 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [223,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [224,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [225,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [226,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [227,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [228,] 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [229,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [230,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [231,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [232,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [233,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [234,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [235,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [236,] 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [237,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [238,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
## [239,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [240,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [241,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [242,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [243,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [244,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [245,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [246,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [247,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [248,] 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [249,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [250,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [251,] 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [252,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [253,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
## [254,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [255,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [256,] 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [257,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
## [258,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [259,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [260,] 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [261,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [262,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [263,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [264,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [265,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [266,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [267,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
## [268,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [269,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [270,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [271,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [272,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [273,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [274,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [275,] 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [276,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [277,] 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
## [278,] 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [279,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [280,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [281,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [282,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [283,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [284,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [285,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [286,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [287,] 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
## [288,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [289,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [290,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [291,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [292,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
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## [1000,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## function (ip, x = NULL)
## {
## if (is.list(ip))
## ip = ip$est
## i = irf(ip = ip, x = x)
## d = dim(i$f)
## u = runif(d[1] * d[2])
## dim(u) = d
## return(ifelse(i$f > u, 1, 0))
## }
## <bytecode: 0x000001946057a000>
## <environment: namespace:irtoys>
| Kod Satırı | Anlamı |
|---|---|
ip <- madde_parametreleri |
Test maddelerinin a, b, c parametrelerini belirtir. |
x <- yetenek |
1000 bireyin yetenek düzeylerini içerir. |
sim(ip = ip, x = x) |
Her bireyin her maddeye verdiği yanıtları (0/1) simüle eder. |
Çağırılan *irtoys::sim fonksiyonu şu işe yarar:
Eğer ip bir liste ise (örn., başka bir fonksiyondan çıkmışsa), doğrudan ip$est alınır.
irf() fonksiyonu, IRT modeline göre bireylerin maddelere doğru cevap verme olasılıklarını (P(θ)) hesaplar.
i$f bir olasılık matrisidir (birey × madde).
u: her birey-madde çifti için [0,1] aralığında rastgele sayı üretir.
Eğer bireyin doğru cevap verme olasılığı (i$f) rastgele sayıdan büyükse → 1 (doğru cevap),
Değilse → 0 (yanlış cevap).
Aşama 4. Üretilen verinin parametrelerinin kestirimi
library(mirt)
# 3PL modelinin kestirimi (tek boyutlu model)
model3PL <- mirt(
data = veri, # birey × madde cevap matrisi
model = 1, # tek boyutlu model
itemtype = "3PL", # 3 parametreli lojistik model
verbose = FALSE, # çıktı bastırmasın
technical = list(NCYCLES = 1000), # iterasyon sayısı
message = FALSE # ekranda bilgi mesajı verme
)
tahminler <- coef(model3PL, IRTpars = TRUE, simplify = TRUE)$items
head(tahminler)## a b g u
## madde1 0.5346753 2.1739212 0.0016349080 1
## madde2 1.3880737 0.6635933 0.2023431388 1
## madde3 2.1282934 0.5296218 0.1414705694 1
## madde4 1.4483793 -0.2397431 0.0008915659 1
## madde5 3.4861738 -0.4115075 0.4850981041 1
## madde6 0.7224205 4.2387380 0.1002120211 1
| Satır | Anlamı |
|---|---|
mirt(...) |
3PL modeliyle tüm madde parametrelerinin kestirimi yapılır. |
NCYCLES = 1000 |
Maksimum 1000 iterasyon denenir. |
coef(..., IRTpars = TRUE) |
Parametreleri a-b-c formatında verir. |
$items |
Sadece madde parametrelerini getirir (birey değil). |
| Parametre | Açıklama |
|---|---|
a |
Ayırıcılık (Discrimination) |
b |
Güçlük (Difficulty) |
g |
Tahmin (Guessing) → 3PL’de genellikle “c” olarak bilinir |
u |
Üst asymptot (Upper bound), genelde 1’dir ve sabitlenir |
madde6:
\(a = 0.5347\): Ayırıcılığı ortalamanın altında, bireyleri çok iyi ayırt edemiyor.
\(b = 2.1739\): Zor bir madde (bireyin yeteneği 2.17’nin üstünde olmalı ki doğru cevaplasın).
\(g = 0.0016\): Çok düşük tahmin olasılığı (neredeyse hiç kimse tahminle doğru cevap veremez).
\(u = 1\): Doğru cevap verme olasılığının üst sınırı; genelde 1 olarak kalır.
madde2:
\(a = 1.2807\): Güçlü ayırıcılık, yetenekli bireylerle olmayanları iyi ayırır.
\(b = 0.6636\): Orta düzey güçlük
\(g = 0.2023\): Ortalama düzey bir “tahminle doğru yapma” olasılığı (beklenen sınırda).
madde5:
\(a = 0.7327\): Orta seviyede ayırıcılık.
\(b = -0.4115\): Kolay madde; negatif b → düşük yetenekli bireyler bile doğru cevaplayabilir.
\(g = 0.4851\): Yüksek bir guessing değeri — bu madde şansla yapılabilir durumda olabilir (problemli olabilir).
Veri üretimini tekrarlamak için FONKSİYON yazılması gerek!!
Fonksiyon1
madde sayısı ve birey sayısına bağlı olarak
madde parametresi üretsin
yetenek parametresi üretsin
madde cevapları üretsin
çıktıda madde parametrelerini, yetenek parametrelerini ve cevap matrisini tutsun
veri_uretimi <- function(madde_sayisi, birey_sayisi, seed) {
set.seed(seed)
madde_parametreleri <- cbind(
rnorm(madde_sayisi, mean = 1.0, sd = 0.3) * 1.702, # a
rnorm(madde_sayisi, mean = 0.0, sd = 1.0) * 1.702, # b
rnorm(madde_sayisi, mean = 0.20, sd = 0.03) # c
)
yetenek <- rnorm(birey_sayisi, mean = 0, sd = 1)
cevaplar <- irtoys::sim(ip = madde_parametreleri, x = yetenek)
colnames(cevaplar) <- paste0("madde", 1:madde_sayisi)
veri <- list(
maddepar = madde_parametreleri,
yetenek = yetenek,
cevaplar = cevaplar,
seed = seed
)
return(veri)
}## a b c
## [1,] 1.3204282 2.0833872 0.1679653
## [2,] 1.5452952 0.6124031 0.1934608
## [3,] 2.7631686 0.6821130 0.1692199
## [4,] 1.7500021 0.1883820 0.1781333
## [5,] 1.7900191 -0.9460416 0.1812488
## [6,] 2.8696162 3.0413262 0.1493992
## [7,] 2.0157918 0.8473415 0.2251336
## [8,] 0.8407463 -3.3471824 0.2046012
## [9,] 1.2343906 1.1937077 0.1658559
## [10,] 1.3985933 -0.8046910 0.2376144
| Madde | a (Ayırıcılık) |
b (Zorluk) |
c (Tahmin) |
|---|---|---|---|
| [1] | 1.3204 | 2.0839 | 0.1677 |
| [2] | 1.5453 | 0.6124 | 0.1935 |
| [3] | 2.7632 | 0.6821 | 0.1692 |
| [4] | 1.7500 | 0.1884 | 0.1781 |
| [5] | 1.7900 | -0.9460 | 0.1814 |
| [6] | 2.8696 | 3.0414 | 0.1494 |
| [7] | 2.0158 | 0.8473 | 0.2251 |
| [8] | 0.8407 | -3.3472 | 0.2046 |
| [9] | 1.2344 | 1.1937 | 0.1659 |
| [10] | 1.3986 | -0.8047 | 0.2376 |
a – Ayırıcılık (Discrimination):
Maddenin bireyleri doğru şekilde ayırt etme gücünü gösterir.
Yüksek a değeri (\(>1.5\)): Madde çok iyi ayırıcıdır (ör.: madde 3, 6, 7).
Düşük a değeri (\(<1.0\)): Ayırma gücü zayıf (ör.: madde 8).
b – Güçlük (Difficulty):
Maddenin doğru cevaplanması için gereken yetenek (theta) düzeyidir.
\(b ≈ 0\): Ortalama zorlukta madde.
Pozitif b: Zor madde (ör.: madde 1, 6).
Negatif b: Kolay madde (ör.: madde 5, 8, 10).
c – Tahmin (Guessing):
Düşük yetenekli bireyin maddeyi tahminle doğru cevaplama olasılığıdır.
Genelde 0.10 – 0.25 aralığında olur.
c değeri çok yükselirse (ör.: madde 10 → \(0.2376\)), madde şansa açık olabilir.
Yeni veri üretimi: 10 madde, 800 birey, farklı seed:
## [1] -1.0257576 1.8198706 -1.2704175 0.5888158 -0.6342534 -1.2658154
Yukarıdaki komut, veri_2 nesnesi içindeki yetenek vektörünün ilk 6 elemanını verir.
| Birey | Yetenek (θ) | Yorum |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -1.03 | Aşağı yukarı düşük yetenek düzeyi |
| 2 | 1.82 | Oldukça yüksek yetenekli birey |
| 3 | -1.27 | Düşük yetenekli |
| 4 | 0.59 | Ortalama üstü |
| 5 | -0.63 | Ortalama altı |
| 6 | -1.27 | Tekrar düşük düzeyde |
Yetenekler genellikle ortalaması 0, standart sapması 1 olan normal dağılımdan simüle edilir.
Bu değerler, bireyin bir maddeyi doğru cevaplama olasılığına doğrudan etki eder.
Yüksek θ (pozitif) → doğru cevap verme olasılığı YÜKSEK.
Düşük θ (negatif) → doğru cevap verme olasılığı DÜŞÜK.
Madde Parametrelerinin İlk 4 Satırı:
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 2.018958 -0.6734753 0.1926629
## [2,] 1.720199 -2.9871020 0.2220136
## [3,] 2.096773 -0.7164803 0.2855834
## [4,] 2.351733 1.3018762 0.2201458
Yukarıdaki çıktıda, veri_2$maddepar nesnesinin ilk 4 satırı görüntülenmiş.
| Sütun | Parametre | Açıklama |
|---|---|---|
| [,1] | a |
Ayırıcılık parametresi (discrimination) |
| [,2] | b |
Zorluk parametresi (difficulty) |
| [,3] | c |
Tahmin parametresi (guessing) |
Madde 1
\(a = 2.02\): Çok iyi ayırt edici (1.5 üzeri genellikle yüksek sayılır)
\(b = -0.67\): Göreli olarak kolay madde (NEGATİF b)
\(c = 0.193\): Şansa doğru yapma olasılığı normal seviyede
Madde 2
\(a = 1.72\): Güçlü ayırt edici
\(b = -2.99\): Çok kolay madde (ÇOK DÜŞÜK b)
\(c = 0.222\): Şansa doğru yapma olasılığı biraz yüksek
Madde 3
\(a = 2.10\): Çok güçlü ayırt edici
\(b = -0.72\): Kolay
\(c = 0.286\): Şansa yapılabilirliği yüksek (bu değer çok yüksek, dikkat edilmesi gerekir)
Madde 4
\(a = 2.35\): Çok yüksek ayırt edici madde
\(b = 1.30\): Zor madde (\(b > 1\))
\(c = 0.220\): Şansa yapılabilirlik normal
Cevap Matrisinin İlk 4 Satırı:
## madde1 madde2 madde3 madde4 madde5 madde6 madde7 madde8 madde9 madde10
## [1,] 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
## [2,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [3,] 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
## [4,] 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Yukarıdaki çıktı, veri_2$cevaplar nesnesinin ilk 4 satırını (yani ilk 4 bireyin cevaplarını) göstermektedir.
Her satır: bir bireyi (öğrenciyi, katılımcıyı) temsil eder.
Her sütun: bir maddeyi (soruyu) temsil eder.
Her hücre:
1: birey maddeye doğru cevap vermiş.
0: birey maddeye yanlış cevap vermiş.
veri_uretimi fonksiyonu ile üretilen veri girdi olsun
hangi modele göre kestirim yapacağı argüman olsun. (2PL ya da 3PL)
çıktı olarak kestirilen parametre matrisi verilsin
kestirilen_par <- function(cevap_matrisi, par = 3) {
# 3PL mi yoksa 2PL mi kullanılacak kontrol edilir
if (par == 3) {
model <- mirt::mirt(
data = cevap_matrisi,
model = 1, # tek boyutlu model
itemtype = "3PL", # 3-parametreli model
verbose = FALSE,
technical = list(NCYCLES = 1000),
message = FALSE
)
} else {
model <- mirt::mirt(
data = cevap_matrisi,
model = 1, # tek boyutlu model
itemtype = "2PL", # 2-parametreli model
verbose = FALSE,
technical = list(NCYCLES = 1000),
message = FALSE
)
}
tahmin <- as.data.frame(
mirt::coef(model, IRTpars = TRUE, simplify = TRUE)$items[, 1:3]
)
return(tahmin)
}tahmin_3PL <- kestirilen_par(veri_2$cevaplar, par = 3)
tahmin_2PL <- kestirilen_par(veri_2$cevaplar, par = 2)
head(tahmin_3PL)| Madde | a (Ayırıcılık) |
b (Zorluk) |
g (Tahmin) |
Yorum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| madde1 | 2.29 | -0.55 | 0.183 | Ayırt ediciliği yüksek, kolay madde |
| madde2 | 2.23 | -2.60 | 0.0017 | Çok kolay madde, şansa doğru yapma neredeyse yok |
| madde3 | 1.49 | -1.18 | 0.104 | Orta düzey ayırt edicilik, kolay madde |
| madde4 | 2.91 | 1.28 | 0.237 | Çok ayırt edici ve zor madde, tahmin etkisi biraz yüksek |
| madde5 | 2.81 | 1.55 | 0.161 | Çok ayırt edici, zor madde ama tahmin etkisi dengeli |
| madde6 | 1.92 | -0.046 | 0.310 | Kolay madde, ama tahmin oranı çok yüksek (problemli olabilir) |
Ayırıcılık (a):
Güçlük (b):
madde2, madde3, madde6 kolay maddeler.
madde4, madde5 zor maddeler.
Tahmin (g):
madde2: \(0.0017\) → Şansa yapılma olasılığı neredeyse yok.
madde6: \(0.310\) → Çok yüksek, bu madde şansa yapılabilir; gözden geçirilmesi gerekir.
RMSE her bir madde için her bir replikasyonda kestirilen parametre değeri ile gerçek parametre değeri arasındaki farkın karesinin ortalamasının kareköküdür.
BIAS kestirime ilişkin sistematik hatayı ifade eden yanlılık her bir madde için her bir replikasyonda kestirilen parametre değerinin ortalaması ile gerçek parametre değeri arasındaki farktır.
SE kestirime ilişkin rastgele hatayı ifade eden standart hata her bir madde için her bir replikasyonda kestirilen parametre değeri ile ortalama parametre kestirimi arasındaki farkın karesinin ortalamasının kareköküdür. Diğer bir ifadeyle replikasyonlarda kestirilen parametre değerlerinin standart sapmasıdır.
Yanlılığın karesi ile standart hatanın karesinin toplamı RMSE’nin karesinin toplamına eşittir. RMSE, yanlılık ve standart hata arasındaki ilişki aşağıdaki eşitlik ile gösterilebilir:
\(RMSE^2 = Bias^2 + SE^2\)
Yukarıdaki ifade, Kök Ortalama Kare Hata (RMSE) değerinin, bias (sistematik hata) ve standart hata (SE) bileşenlerinin karelerinin toplamından oluştuğunu ifade eder.
hata() Fonksiyonu – Tahmin Hatalarını Hesaplama
hata <- function(kestirim, gercek) {
result <- data.frame(
parametreler = c("a", "b", "c"),
bias = sapply(1:3, function(i) mean(kestirim[, i] - gercek[, i])),
rmse = sapply(1:3, function(i) sqrt(mean((kestirim[, i] - gercek[, i])^2))),
korelasyon = sapply(1:3, function(i) cor(kestirim[, i], gercek[, i]))
)
return(result)
}gercek <- veri_2$maddepar
kestirim <- tahmin_3PL
hata_degerleri <- hata(kestirim, gercek)
print(hata_degerleri)## parametreler bias rmse korelasyon
## 1 a 0.19260111 0.8913654 0.08250094
## 2 b 0.66989187 2.0263540 0.91170534
## 3 c -0.04972666 0.1448708 -0.48738049
Yukarıdaki çıktı, tahmin edilen madde parametreleri (kestirim) ile simüle edilen (gerçek) madde parametreleri (veri_2$maddepar) arasındaki farkları niceliksel olarak değerlendirmektedir.
Hesaplanan üç hata ölçütü:
| Ölçüt | Açıklama |
|---|---|
bias |
Ortalama sapma: sistematik fazla veya eksik tahmin |
rmse |
Kök Ortalama Kare Hata: genel tahmin hatasının büyüklüğü |
korelasyon |
Gerçek ve tahmin edilen değerler arasındaki doğrusal ilişki (Pearson korelasyonu) |
Parametre: a (Ayırıcılık)
\(Bias = 0.1926\) → Tahminler, gerçek a değerlerinden ortalama 0.19 fazla çıkmış.
\(RMSE = 0.8914\) → Ayırıcılık parametresi tahminlerinde genel hata büyüklüğü yüksek.
\(Korelasyon = 0.08\) → Neredeyse hiç doğrusal ilişki yok. Yani, hangi madde yüksek ayırıcılığa sahipse model bunu doğru tahmin edememiş.
Parametre: b (Güçlük)
\(Bias = 0.6699\) → Ortalama olarak b tahminleri daha zor (pozitif sapma).
\(RMSE = 2.0263\) → Hata büyük; zorluk tahminleri çok sapıyor.
\(Korelasyon = 0.9117\) Çok güçlü doğrusal ilişki: göreli sıralamalar doğru, ama mutlak değerler kaymış olabilir.
Parametre: c (Tahmin / Guessing)
\(Bias = -0.0497\) → Ortalama olarak model c parametresini düşük tahmin etmiş.
\(RMSE = 0.1449\) → Hata küçük ama anlamlı olabilir.
\(Korelasyon = -0.4874\) — Negatif korelasyon: model tahminleri ters ilişki içinde olabilir — problemli.
| Parametre | Durum |
|---|---|
a |
Hata yüksek, ilişki zayıf — zayıf tahmin |
b |
Hata var ama korelasyon yüksek — göreli olarak güçlü tahmin |
c |
Düşük bias ve rmse’ye rağmen negatif korelasyon — model
c parametresinde başarısız |
veri_uretimi <- function(maddesay = 10, bireysay = 1000, seed = NULL) {
if (is.null(seed)) {
seed <- sample.int(10000, 1)
set.seed(seed)
cat("Rastgele üretilen seed =", seed, "\n")
} else {
set.seed(seed)
cat("Kullanılan seed =", seed, "\n")
}
cat("Madde parametreleri üretiliyor...\n")
maddepar <- cbind(
rnorm(maddesay, mean = 1.13, sd = 0.25) * 1.702, # a parametresi
rnorm(maddesay, mean = 0.21, sd = 0.51) * 1.702, # b parametresi
rnorm(maddesay, mean = 0.16, sd = 0.05) # c parametresi
)
cat("Yetenek (theta) vektörü oluşturuluyor...\n")
yetenek <- rnorm(bireysay, mean = 0, sd = 1)
cat("Yanıt verisi (cevaplar) simüle ediliyor...\n")
cevaplar <- irtoys::sim(ip = maddepar, x = yetenek)
colnames(cevaplar) <- paste0("madde", 1:maddesay)
veri <- list(
maddepar = maddepar,
yetenek = yetenek,
cevaplar = cevaplar,
seed = seed
)
cat("Veri üretimi tamamlandı.\n")
return(veri)
}## Kullanılan seed = 2025
## Madde parametreleri üretiliyor...
## Yetenek (theta) vektörü oluşturuluyor...
## Yanıt verisi (cevaplar) simüle ediliyor...
## Veri üretimi tamamlandı.
## Rastgele üretilen seed = 6678
## Madde parametreleri üretiliyor...
## Yetenek (theta) vektörü oluşturuluyor...
## Yanıt verisi (cevaplar) simüle ediliyor...
## Veri üretimi tamamlandı.
Bu yapı sayesinde test üretim sürecin:
tekrarlanabilir (aynı seed ile),
dinamik (değişken madde ve birey sayısı),
kontrollü (aşamalar log mesajı ile izlenebilir) hale gelir.
Tekrar etmek amacıyla döngülerden ya da apply fonksiyonlarından yararlanalılabilir.
1. Tekrarlı Veri Üretimi (replicate kullanımı)
veri_uretimi <- function(maddesay, bireysay, seed = NULL) {
if (is.null(seed)) {
seed <- sample.int(10000, 1)
set.seed(seed)
cat("atanan seed = ", seed, "\n")
} else {
set.seed(seed)
}
maddepar <- cbind(
rnorm(maddesay, mean = 1.13, sd = 0.25) * 1.702, # a
rnorm(maddesay, mean = 0.21, sd = 0.51) * 1.702, # b
rnorm(maddesay, mean = 0.16, sd = 0.05) # c
)
yetenek <- rnorm(bireysay, mean = 0, sd = 1)
cevaplar <- irtoys::sim(ip = maddepar, x = yetenek)
colnames(cevaplar) <- paste0("madde", 1:maddesay)
veri <- list(
maddepar = maddepar,
yetenek = yetenek,
cevaplar = cevaplar,
seed = seed
)
return(veri)
}## atanan seed = 7298
## $maddepar
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1.986113 0.2944441 0.07548498
## [2,] 2.310793 0.8442628 0.15414810
## [3,] 1.986932 -1.4188007 0.01130774
## [4,] 2.010926 0.5273169 0.18226047
## [5,] 1.620813 0.9757831 0.11487593
## [6,] 1.609885 0.5732715 0.13982806
## [7,] 1.597268 -0.1835677 0.16748979
## [8,] 1.496026 -0.7502619 0.11544322
## [9,] 1.434708 0.1188357 0.09716651
## [10,] 1.631786 -0.0759338 0.11718931
##
## $yetenek
## [1] -0.5343137926 0.8689249810 0.0309611938 -1.4699720118 1.3776588282
## [6] 0.8531788059 -0.9378799989 -0.7586392926 0.9014845920 -0.0082005413
## [11] -0.5356390175 -0.1145010124 1.1911454170 -0.8023491318 0.9666989633
## [16] 1.1662099252 0.7710900013 -0.6486782300 -1.2299428055 -0.0522965129
## [21] 0.9679161849 0.1493268489 0.3374168044 2.3528539722 1.5858160982
## [26] -0.3128654894 2.1486105686 -0.1129339516 1.6823239215 2.2003419775
## [31] -0.4361085333 2.0330543810 0.7419296084 0.5910830585 -0.8527251133
## [36] -0.2527024981 -1.4521526043 -0.9165653939 0.5012091798 -0.8223935506
## [41] -1.9064513539 -0.9756426395 -1.7068964647 1.7084474112 -1.5618780519
## [46] 0.4304036080 0.1875275257 -0.5613220867 1.8279428704 1.5902732957
## [51] -1.7846917329 0.8606657054 0.7603585648 -0.5447168569 -1.3715607531
## [56] -1.9627873416 0.8229649706 -0.4743181381 -1.0617525473 0.5728144331
## [61] 0.7602400156 0.5587207031 -0.3793285865 -0.0392048864 -0.6229512333
## [66] 0.4392450781 -1.1174577072 0.6174412695 -1.3010624728 0.1322944062
## [71] -1.2954224761 -0.3672109386 -2.3743572361 -0.6215047706 0.0182374179
## [76] 0.1259607156 -0.2700494179 0.8970788662 -0.3665245516 -0.2626131061
## [81] -0.7970377550 -0.1690452150 1.9087772608 -0.8185771568 -1.4131983581
## [86] 0.6880030522 1.0744767668 1.2114697387 -0.9992711472 -1.0258627642
## [91] -2.0623126627 1.3897735511 -0.5675852231 -0.7932588556 -0.6130299076
## [96] 0.3519697457 0.1358897801 -0.2417630679 -0.9940419147 1.0730737667
## [101] -0.9339081328 -0.9285533477 -0.3674438332 0.1392975878 -0.8464294073
## [106] -1.6381776758 0.2252703319 0.5762323413 -0.4186980664 0.6461604668
## [111] -0.4263740695 -1.3861492551 -0.1606528774 -1.7472429036 0.9065165020
## [116] 0.1852502190 -0.3379800156 0.3337901677 0.2919052718 -1.3164916635
## [121] -0.0975616627 -0.4459121638 0.1992555336 -0.1488117544 -1.3369098276
## [126] -0.1877221466 -1.9268417860 -1.6744127406 -0.3882664353 0.8218430363
## [131] 0.9792356224 -1.5047888271 0.2201933001 -0.6425222618 0.4366811119
## [136] -0.9002890877 0.2765362925 1.3260245633 -0.9708594692 -1.3625080287
## [141] 0.0855708538 -0.4855272328 1.8229253605 -0.4703728027 0.1384100918
## [146] 0.2190967856 1.0009851331 -1.0558927569 -1.8782590233 0.2488543524
## [151] 0.5770884510 1.2854197692 0.0138778622 -0.3877120436 1.0511637691
## [156] -0.1360768596 1.5363699237 -0.2550574754 -0.3411805377 2.2519400211
## [161] 0.8531557015 -0.2913708459 1.8865892751 -0.0913200623 -0.3160251326
## [166] 1.6285781179 1.1795139905 0.0434542766 0.2901018977 -1.7239328457
## [171] 0.8655143712 -0.5942071325 0.4160775655 -0.6460151412 -2.5503547148
## [176] 0.7109096982 1.3944283674 0.9431281156 0.3084504419 -0.4501073386
## [181] 0.8255022602 -1.0680232292 1.2450025348 -1.2176757301 0.6084165265
## [186] -2.1960384780 -1.1730274102 -1.0892373228 0.2971396803 -1.4272780618
## [191] 0.0080831502 0.0957200840 1.6863826492 -0.7468284873 -2.1612372361
## [196] 0.2832717994 0.2883478801 -0.2624400273 -0.7861843220 2.1879268481
## [201] -2.8033227281 -1.0789411223 -0.3106399259 0.9611049640 -0.9705975250
## [206] -0.4438658271 0.6366236649 0.8669871179 0.6236305832 1.0438157365
## [211] -0.8313576059 -0.0086108164 1.5166599124 1.2692821088 -0.8684068988
## [216] 1.4312734545 0.6663228713 -1.8857673052 0.0496171598 0.4277599252
## [221] -1.0605941664 -0.0290772459 0.6328117667 -1.3117072708 3.1072305714
## [226] -0.6774025143 -0.9875563424 -0.3109503768 -0.1502949305 -0.1671231625
## [231] 0.2503698176 -2.3436955849 0.3737492366 0.3309452979 -1.2573333296
## [236] 0.3132406785 0.1833109206 1.7772073154 -0.5504149531 -1.0456464368
## [241] -0.8591587054 -0.4834422169 1.8007184025 -0.4546863342 -0.2113270997
## [246] 0.8669497288 -0.8652965048 -0.2323735063 0.1096937342 -0.1615040475
## [251] 0.1741004930 0.0059362160 -1.3205970087 -1.0314719478 -0.2076468562
## [256] -0.2485286535 -0.3396790272 -0.2175661582 1.4243712796 -0.2395702628
## [261] -0.8091804955 1.1903542199 -0.3040797857 -0.2218012394 1.1498713998
## [266] -0.5147774638 0.5279680195 1.8572058774 1.2080694450 -0.1392895732
## [271] 0.3708452341 -0.0284630725 -0.1542924643 -1.4198993893 0.5971277772
## [276] -0.1556448473 -0.9797658009 -0.7163635988 0.9065779486 -0.2473127026
## [281] -0.2278310663 -0.0303147403 -0.0002100295 1.2476081894 -0.6825491190
## [286] -1.3785298279 -0.4035622805 -1.4698257836 -3.6190119255 0.3237636976
## [291] -0.3141140274 -1.7383509627 0.3091020747 -0.9025695454 -0.2111405544
## [296] -1.8404224093 0.2154240612 0.0414179443 0.8278824792 -1.3302783190
## [301] 0.8833039656 -0.6495528666 -0.2288059291 -0.8359076968 -1.4844032659
## [306] 0.7283783646 0.4182408074 1.4967648208 0.2713140781 0.5363361896
## [311] -2.1610353688 0.2238721387 -1.5825355446 -0.5683244868 0.0523767293
## [316] 3.0024857939 -0.1108200132 -1.3078245685 0.0803482668 -1.1772946130
## [321] -0.1753402073 -0.4103606763 0.3954188207 -0.5148561988 -1.0010191478
## [326] 0.2500824797 0.6630930660 0.5040283967 -0.4004988976 1.4814382758
## [331] 0.6577150773 -0.2843590769 -0.7670004016 1.4697777588 -0.2482762829
## [336] 2.0855714202 0.4887209240 -2.2149350595 -0.6092688131 1.4980501733
## [341] 1.3413021979 0.5629630509 -3.1749721362 -0.6772839967 -1.2939608237
## [346] 0.4889982903 -0.7610333368 1.5121104290 -0.2544507471 1.1245188793
## [351] -0.0432567805 -0.6110437188 -1.3510131203 -0.0042657926 -0.6268477335
## [356] 1.0330365279 0.6525880259 1.1625993971 2.1453493515 0.8308171389
## [361] -0.1144460718 -1.1620727678 0.1005845443 -0.9076042673 1.7746331893
## [366] 1.0699785313 -1.2909825591 -0.6341869660 0.2756695266 0.1709203308
## [371] -1.5090585753 -0.4623491259 -0.8229680806 -0.1959147859 -0.4545998619
## [376] 0.6044092312 -0.3819053201 0.3269112422 0.6482894575 0.3854874700
## [381] 0.8266837568 0.8224054927 0.7462032367 0.4052939154 1.3538351087
## [386] 0.8666045591 -0.7381294870 1.0212460996 0.0377541612 -0.8122036301
## [391] -0.6109971577 0.0756480885 0.3300314977 -1.8453369109 -0.0332187643
## [396] -0.7094774654 0.4234481098 -0.5743405357 1.3412297452 -1.0825499725
## [401] 0.4145513539 -0.8631690433 -0.2484474218 0.2214363180 -2.4832045868
## [406] 0.7667575080 1.1585898156 0.7009840633 1.0147765633 -0.7350846334
## [411] -1.3010487305 -0.2894515482 0.1279770080 0.2899353375 -0.8570937120
## [416] 0.3248610218 1.9521861660 -0.4559564781 0.1648324993 -1.5297423199
## [421] 1.0503604244 0.5524508744 -0.8110309205 0.7773295511 0.2677800440
## [426] -0.0573313514 0.4752440461 -0.5161193947 -1.7159181376 -0.1101162167
## [431] -0.3320945240 -1.6827589511 -0.3912100882 -1.2579132516 -0.9070806054
## [436] -0.1025844085 0.8067179825 -0.4069339837 0.1504885270 -0.6718245055
## [441] 0.2178272083 0.8701103649 -1.8780109997 -0.9709771591 -0.2315336678
## [446] -0.9512623363 -0.9391235135 1.1318650477 0.6298107531 1.3678314448
## [451] -0.5044754796 0.5833512149 -0.0418818835 -1.8103279506 -1.0235094818
## [456] -1.4491736156 0.2011870429 0.2198355082 0.7002456873 -0.3707389383
## [461] 0.9893782491 1.9379302598 0.1288395375 0.7723912919 0.0594557383
## [466] -0.1001187046 0.2716874819 1.2137013214 -0.1275540365 -0.7216954171
## [471] -0.9483352491 2.2759348295 -1.8400288550 -1.5430360949 -0.6856432536
## [476] 0.4367297842 -0.3455065310 -1.0739498229 -0.3496581075 -0.3321089664
## [481] 1.1157001162 -1.0416748921 1.4191523168 0.0607579226 -0.8226798316
## [486] 2.0415250739 -0.2944467233 1.0658009549 0.8279584783 -0.3854679584
## [491] -0.9016966699 -2.2044446410 -0.0161397713 1.1575787704 -1.5352371794
## [496] 0.4157547888 -1.7770042953 1.9406513190 -1.5014990748 0.9314510631
## [501] 0.5639624800 -0.1482964775 -0.1190101456 -0.0066276782 -0.0255115349
## [506] -0.0029409245 -0.1067331428 -0.5266365946 1.8427971233 0.3695226015
## [511] -1.5794507487 0.5761657623 0.0697276072 -1.4030666572 -1.4165476313
## [516] -0.0203935825 0.4239395003 -0.0369045896 2.3399094931 -0.4852142969
## [521] -1.0986605116 -0.9431907538 0.1229313590 0.7897979275 -0.1143164724
## [526] -1.7267970548 -0.6267675396 1.9269421778 0.5094225263 -0.3916854150
## [531] -0.0416477942 -0.2985243683 0.3758754888 2.2724991662 1.5911543064
## [536] 0.1139565557 0.8047665555 -0.1820075270 -0.0776497623 0.6606653602
## [541] -0.6437698840 0.1771091528 -0.4435113777 -0.3657195963 -0.4277019003
## [546] 0.0649754760 -0.6875335276 -0.4436244245 0.7287548457 0.5207785194
## [551] 0.6937469250 1.3097033264 0.5191783561 -0.3844480177 -0.4971295305
## [556] -0.6826997047 1.2349509908 -1.5009540543 -0.9807257481 0.1659641987
## [561] 1.8600760536 -1.1605078250 -1.0689991831 0.4544089011 0.3004988070
## [566] -0.9437947500 -0.7251055244 -0.3182740872 1.1985811516 -0.4386384068
## [571] -0.2039700124 0.1398890031 1.0448860608 -0.2960467743 0.4802460807
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## [581] -0.2173542992 -1.9021031995 0.2708475238 -1.3432763305 -0.7892894288
## [586] -0.6974910371 0.2194431074 0.5013703140 -0.5737130720 -1.5366135809
## [591] 0.2484111052 0.8478149809 -0.5446961591 -0.8363529497 1.1733863926
## [596] -0.1829162168 0.5685890304 -2.9126031629 -0.6010234703 0.6261383908
## [601] -1.1758037535 -1.2178745265 -0.5211279960 3.4890831032 -0.5911752791
## [606] 0.7138985643 0.8356960954 -1.1292380022 0.7050311254 0.2996883854
## [611] -1.0093284497 -0.6927628345 -0.0422351923 0.0961512065 3.0652263051
## [616] -0.8728839517 -1.1380825769 0.2561849297 0.9258651719 -1.8989917485
## [621] -0.5089947517 2.4133461144 -0.9908729482 1.3624964884 -0.3392122123
## [626] -0.2172471785 -0.6705011963 1.0060987632 1.3881885932 1.0608808228
## [631] -1.7154415318 -0.7618996879 -1.1565514052 -0.8563952075 0.0921696826
## [636] -0.1939617373 0.1651130289 -1.1384497314 0.6453109134 -2.0377533467
## [641] 0.1359246343 -0.1730879295 -1.1562967774 1.4332267023 -0.7242226324
## [646] 0.5600826040 0.8954377113 -1.5517653061 0.1819079377 0.6432690481
## [651] -1.3573006699 -1.8512457752 -0.0988940553 -0.0315129666 -0.4881889535
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## [666] 0.3969243139 -2.4392110812 0.6609090449 0.4321899455 -1.7378065529
## [671] -0.3106345812 0.4041194661 2.0183028761 0.9238270471 0.4550621133
## [676] -0.0875650191 0.1555070193 0.4872381694 -2.1632567616 0.0554923724
## [681] -0.4270450605 1.0436993994 -0.4747514291 1.2097054627 -1.2365171063
## [686] -2.0893443804 0.0277892636 -0.5773787434 -0.6330827499 0.0461020507
## [691] 1.5797330238 -0.3456881577 1.5018656258 -0.1741538255 0.7111449417
## [696] 0.1603380810 -0.8952925869 0.7988517291 0.7839474351 1.1450153876
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## [711] 0.2569464251 2.0232754491 -0.1341041058 -0.9730592297 0.2491008865
## [716] -0.1126659208 0.1072493583 0.6414060812 1.4192776587 2.4402873971
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## [726] -0.7856780532 -0.8839963262 -0.0215402455 0.0490643004 -0.8784344365
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## [736] -1.1367578052 0.0916066043 0.0867188614 -1.3358102933 0.0106998824
## [741] 0.1903662193 -1.9696075812 0.4632890534 0.4680611786 1.2461833489
## [746] -0.2461497833 -1.1560550565 0.9509086490 -0.1491190778 -1.3169395077
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## [756] -2.4441449201 0.0889504346 0.8836580298 -0.3069078509 -2.1609641053
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## [766] -0.3467764987 0.9820020919 0.1797697374 1.3698923458 -1.2488677209
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## [796] -0.8613572919 0.5205203719 1.1320058332 -1.4725716792 -1.7099832859
## [801] 1.8259120907 -0.6601526426 1.2597905359 -1.2525679454 0.1910757434
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## [811] 0.0499420464 -0.7588371780 1.2971692791 0.5796613904 -0.8951061451
## [816] 2.3184685236 0.2061813115 0.2925797449 1.7869945979 -1.2165138419
## [821] 1.0256394752 1.0793182989 0.2434172629 -1.1486698632 0.1163482874
## [826] -1.2359688045 -1.4147205454 -0.3811891936 -1.1243222747 0.5569418515
## [831] -0.4948446383 1.0535902566 1.2151435970 -0.5923730364 0.0569925420
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## [841] -0.5159519207 1.8664570373 -0.1372882756 1.5990823459 -1.6021851673
## [846] 0.0161828691 -0.6189669656 -1.5938243858 0.0848789645 0.9437437372
## [851] 0.6204353483 1.0553511207 -0.6142612687 -0.1992100924 -0.7733741202
## [856] -0.3956076183 0.3027325147 -0.4102257410 -0.9266130454 0.0314506576
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## [866] -0.0973648063 1.1272800103 -0.3634853227 -0.8116544163 0.2628886084
## [871] 0.5430891675 1.7045005019 1.7467473963 1.0626663820 1.2430301346
## [876] -0.3991140293 -2.0634518952 0.1840039940 0.7436557520 -1.5347513548
## [881] 1.1942428182 -0.5743419841 0.8096715251 -1.5840296517 -0.7587903775
## [886] -0.2619270663 -0.0098937896 -0.3383468940 -0.3921739402 0.2773129786
## [891] -0.4457742871 -0.9608791444 -0.1662027351 1.3458821477 0.0688069838
## [896] -0.5610504767 -1.6352161229 -0.5865835733 -1.3748881179 -1.3462589351
## [901] -0.4989614223 2.0343071713 -0.1061546091 2.0355592202 -0.7955384327
## [906] -0.5024075981 -0.0069722923 -0.1908414483 -0.3418427001 0.7156403961
## [911] 0.4530654625 0.2879223651 1.6381576187 -0.6600712758 0.6115091167
## [916] 1.6521087617 0.8650701886 0.3493438142 1.5912617538 -0.7925047634
## [921] 1.2640165591 -0.3587842172 -0.4905552479 -0.7911837318 1.5033258651
## [926] 0.6205187227 -0.0874318801 0.6706696793 -3.0852273812 -0.3308366687
## [931] -0.6990737659 1.1924578614 0.6277608217 0.6193728262 0.5702043632
## [936] 1.2294285267 0.6562644288 -0.6844156076 -0.3806333073 -0.0791168886
## [941] -1.3770933473 -1.0129601758 -0.5292971895 -0.0355085234 0.2985824185
## [946] 0.7155669639 -1.8819068908 0.4599365837 -1.4214137329 -0.1235451169
## [951] 0.9679146728 -0.4949136000 -1.2009670611 -0.6899425646 1.0215325789
## [956] -0.5985053591 -0.4623165389 -0.4476766599 0.0901225406 1.1106222331
## [961] -0.8899054359 -0.8965866103 0.7103636401 0.1551050054 1.2477879222
## [966] 0.8120607164 0.5169947869 0.1609902660 1.6401738479 -0.2408246338
## [971] 0.4384494025 -1.6945906892 -2.4944630593 0.4131175947 -0.3814263021
## [976] -0.0484368065 -0.3128790962 0.0747248744 -1.1981628297 -0.1486270228
## [981] -0.7974812772 0.2367749425 0.1375945834 -0.7335852845 -0.9327079312
## [986] 1.7862884601 -0.6118462387 -1.7267947231 0.3488143843 2.5169223652
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## [996] 0.5382032338 -0.3545048948 0.0719508740 -0.7636996006 -1.5673212022
##
## $cevaplar
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## [750,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [751,] 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
## [752,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [753,] 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [754,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [755,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
## [756,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [757,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
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## [761,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
## [762,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [763,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
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## [787,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
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## [812,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
## [813,] 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
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## [816,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [817,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [818,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [819,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [820,] 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [821,] 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
## [822,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [823,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [824,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [825,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
## [826,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
## [827,] 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
## [828,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [829,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
## [830,] 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
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## [832,] 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
## [833,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
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## [836,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
## [837,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [838,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [839,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
## [840,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [841,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
## [842,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [843,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
## [844,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [845,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [846,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [847,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
## [848,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
## [849,] 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [850,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [851,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [852,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [853,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [854,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [855,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [856,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [857,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [858,] 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [859,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [860,] 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
## [861,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [862,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [863,] 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
## [864,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [865,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [866,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
## [867,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [868,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [869,] 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [870,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [871,] 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
## [872,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [873,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
## [874,] 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
## [875,] 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [876,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [877,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [878,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [879,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
## [880,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [881,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [882,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
## [883,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [884,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [885,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
## [886,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
## [887,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
## [888,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [889,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [890,] 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [891,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [892,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
## [893,] 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
## [894,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [895,] 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
## [896,] 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
## [897,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [898,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
## [899,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [900,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [901,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [902,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [903,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [904,] 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
## [905,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [906,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
## [907,] 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
## [908,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
## [909,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
## [910,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [911,] 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
## [912,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [913,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [914,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [915,] 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
## [916,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [917,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [918,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [919,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [920,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [921,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [922,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
## [923,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
## [924,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [925,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [926,] 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
## [927,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
## [928,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [929,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [930,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
## [931,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
## [932,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [933,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [934,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [935,] 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
## [936,] 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [937,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [938,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [939,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
## [940,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [941,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [942,] 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
## [943,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [944,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [945,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
## [946,] 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [947,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
## [948,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [949,] 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
## [950,] 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [951,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [952,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
## [953,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [954,] 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
## [955,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [956,] 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [957,] 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
## [958,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
## [959,] 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
## [960,] 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
## [961,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
## [962,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
## [963,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [964,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [965,] 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
## [966,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [967,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
## [968,] 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
## [969,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [970,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [971,] 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
## [972,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
## [973,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [974,] 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
## [975,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
## [976,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
## [977,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [978,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [979,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
## [980,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
## [981,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
## [982,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
## [983,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
## [984,] 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
## [985,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [986,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [987,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
## [988,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [989,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [990,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [991,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
## [992,] 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [993,] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
## [994,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [995,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
## [996,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
## [997,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
## [998,] 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
## [999,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [1000,] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
##
## $seed
## [1] 7298
tekrarsayisi <- 5
x <- replicate(tekrarsayisi, veri_uretimi(maddesay = 10, bireysay = 1000), simplify = FALSE)## atanan seed = 2375
## atanan seed = 1934
## atanan seed = 3536
## atanan seed = 7132
## atanan seed = 1172
Yukarıdaki komut veri_uretimi() fonksiyonunu 5 kez çalıştırıyor.
Her bir simülasyon sonucu bir liste olarak x[[1]], x[[2]], …, x[[5]] şeklinde tutuluyor.
Bu çıktıdan x[[1]]\(maddepar ve x[[1]]\)yetenek bileşenleri görünür.
1. $maddepar (Madde Parametreleri)
| Sütun | Anlamı |
|---|---|
[,1] |
a → Ayırıcılık parametresi |
[,2] |
b → Zorluk parametresi |
[,3] |
c → Tahmin parametresi |
Bu, birinci maddenin:
a (ayırıcılık): 1.986 → yüksek ayırt edicilik
b (güçlük): 0.29 → ortalama zorluk
c (guessing): 0.075 → şansa yapılma olasılığı düşük
Toplamda 10 maddenin parametreleri simüle edilmiştir.
2. $yetenek (Birey Parametreleri)
Bu vektör:
\(Ortalama ≈ 0\)
\(Standart sapma ≈ 1\)
olan normal dağılımdan çekilmiştir.
Birey yetenekleri 3PL modelinde her bir maddenin doğru cevaplanma olasılığını belirlemek için kullanılır.
Amaç, replicate() ile oluşturulan çoklu veri_uretimi() çıktı listesinden sadece maddepar bileşenlerini almaktır.
x: 5 kez çalıştırılmış veri_uretimi() fonksiyonunun sonucu (bir liste).
x[[i]]: i. simülasyon sonucu (bir liste).
x[[i]]$maddepar: i. simülasyona ait madde parametreleri (bir matris).
lapply(…): bunu tüm simülasyonlar (1’den 5’e kadar) için tekrarlar.
Çıktıların liste olmaması için sapply** de kullanılabilir:**
## atanan seed = 5362
## atanan seed = 4299
## atanan seed = 7104
## atanan seed = 5432
## atanan seed = 3032
Yukarıdaki çıktı, veri_uretimi() fonksiyonunu 5 kez çalıştırarak her bir tekrar için madde parametrelerini (maddepar) 3 boyutlu bir array yapısına aktardığını gösteriyor.
1. Satır – Tekrarlı veri üretimi:
veri_uretimi() fonksiyonunu 5 kez (tekrarsayisi = 5) çalıştırır,
Her çalıştırma sonucu (bir liste) x[[1]], x[[2]], …, x[[5]] olarak saklanır,
Her bir liste; maddepar, yetenek, cevaplar, seed bileşenlerinden oluşur.
2. Satır – Madde parametrelerini array’e çevirme:
x[[i]]$maddepar komutuyla her simülasyondaki madde parametrelerini çeker,
Bu parametreler 10 × 3 boyutunda matristir (10 madde × 3 parametre: a, b, c),
Sonuç olarak 10 × 3 × 5 boyutunda bir maddepar_array elde edilir.
a parametresini çekmek (tek bir değer kümesi için):
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
## [1,] 1.8093799 1.926760 1.892461 1.875178 2.2138356
## [2,] 2.2350613 2.004938 2.369158 2.467908 1.6887026
## [3,] 1.8648783 2.825357 1.701023 1.498443 2.3798962
## [4,] 1.9158034 1.339020 3.242515 2.317432 1.3096092
## [5,] 1.0962670 2.124157 1.873448 2.270203 1.4599510
## [6,] 1.5534753 1.965311 2.344327 2.606712 1.6265152
## [7,] 0.9963281 2.690739 1.118224 1.868043 1.5103049
## [8,] 1.5409277 2.540053 1.751129 2.003562 2.0456360
## [9,] 1.7092937 1.778775 1.203553 2.018949 1.8401420
## [10,] 1.8399858 2.319965 2.062157 1.823684 0.9935298
## [1] 1.8093799 2.2350613 1.8648783 1.9158034 1.0962670 1.5534753 0.9963281
## [8] 1.5409277 1.7092937 1.8399858
tekrar <- 4
seed <- sample.int(10000, tekrar)
maddesay <- 10
bireysay <- 1000
library(doParallel)
library(foreach)
detectCores()## [1] 8
library(foreach)
tekrar <- 4
set.seed(123)
seed <- sample(1:10000, tekrar)
maddesay <- 10
bireysay <- 1000
x <- foreach(i = 1:tekrar) %do% {
veri_uretimi(maddesay = maddesay, bireysay = bireysay, seed = seed[i])
}library(doParallel)
library(foreach)
tekrar <- 5
seed <- sample(1:10000, tekrar)
maddesay <- 10
bireysay <- 1000
cl <- makeCluster(4)
registerDoParallel(cl)
veri_listesi <- foreach(i = 1:tekrar, .packages = "irtoys") %dopar% {
veri_uretimi(maddesay = maddesay, bireysay = bireysay, seed = seed[i])
}
stopCluster(cl)veri_listesi yapısı
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1.758521 0.92344220 0.14143261
## [2,] 1.614799 0.87516486 0.02308643
## [3,] 2.643088 3.31921594 0.14878466
## [4,] 1.604443 0.75984970 0.10736613
## [5,] 1.818049 -0.67571245 0.24198889
## [6,] 1.533373 0.43265140 0.23568792
## [7,] 1.957288 -0.86380575 0.18216250
## [8,] 1.860287 -0.09425731 0.13869058
## [9,] 1.565782 0.17260061 0.23797275
## [10,] 2.721777 1.88470796 0.18969370
## [1] -0.8556227216 -0.5469499143 -0.2126572251 1.4435804136 1.3616007773
## [6] 1.1301599939 -1.7274068478 -2.4489758184 -1.0154117883 -0.5980588335
## [11] 1.5136447867 -0.5344040751 -0.6992970635 0.0312190050 0.1002573033
## [16] 1.1471797021 0.8898655121 0.3900674295 -0.9851386455 -0.3768741950
## [21] 0.3379037346 0.9009062961 0.9497385245 -1.1595786164 0.6111327318
## [26] -0.4689153812 2.5894362162 -0.7180540486 -0.5040342904 -1.1338402717
## [31] -0.3453495653 -0.4383527909 0.2690608776 -0.4602766180 -0.1217210443
## [36] -0.7062309236 -2.6808837025 0.2045627612 0.7519059205 -0.4414671177
## [41] 0.7563481741 0.8925898271 1.0210166948 -0.3242395986 -0.1830350462
## [46] 0.2174827575 -0.5386557291 -0.8755250137 1.7377894187 1.7541030190
## [51] 0.3440998304 1.1584608061 -1.2036783730 -1.3576413488 0.4001906602
## [56] 0.2080434424 -0.8087465522 -0.4461590333 2.5642082981 -0.8324731060
## [61] -2.3011212857 1.0870158967 1.2623119284 -1.8640976237 -0.5088217149
## [66] 2.4007971463 -0.7994719960 3.0105221324 0.6846125302 0.7283344209
## [71] 0.9331180161 -0.0344035893 0.0356118737 -0.6248815987 0.7273021851
## [76] 0.9078039705 0.5579442589 0.6102503082 -0.9103259931 -0.1616376997
## [81] -0.0848426210 0.3554898106 1.1005680394 0.4041146047 -0.6795855217
## [86] -1.6011325834 0.5916420038 1.0013387502 0.0486631065 -1.4019044071
## [91] -0.3519012661 2.4144470091 0.4118029700 -0.0765975303 -0.9853757553
## [96] 0.0472993697 0.6253613775 -0.9383370327 -0.4326183772 -0.4020821776
## [101] 0.0252513416 -0.5642497847 0.6185412209 0.6371636879 -0.5534187835
## [106] 0.0029932607 0.7424533134 0.6938690808 0.8340548936 -0.9606071231
## [111] -0.6880716137 -0.9205417307 0.5171208958 0.3379836450 0.2582297888
## [116] -0.1133330329 -0.9987619839 -0.0765158513 -1.4462746456 -1.5123037273
## [121] 0.1728974959 -0.2350020632 -1.4270142211 -1.0649479959 1.5077788161
## [126] -0.8345154002 0.5333682348 -0.2164932073 -0.2910097474 0.2316732625
## [131] -1.2943498557 -0.9127438979 -2.1528610515 0.7401569454 -0.9743234156
## [136] 1.6863339883 0.3542237690 0.4239863762 0.5703426601 -0.5763677908
## [141] -1.0025515338 0.3161637853 -0.6740706840 0.5269054136 -1.0717526436
## [146] 0.7564701801 -0.4416377055 1.3975523197 -0.6243167987 -0.5035717151
## [151] -0.1731623041 -1.1073035295 -1.2448313855 -0.4479987303 -0.4966742821
## [156] -1.4019811762 -1.0491750933 0.3830270345 1.9093073683 0.5803575124
## [161] 0.3298658627 1.0164437122 0.0233086897 -1.2069507422 -0.6794979329
## [166] -0.8251150514 -1.6326445918 0.7291899607 -1.5302950828 1.7016348546
## [171] 1.0068785430 -1.3763382948 0.6817166150 -0.7127872311 -2.0539444144
## [176] -0.0530661641 -0.5985360390 1.0891353264 -2.4667281702 0.6879888490
## [181] 0.5394063023 0.1267011646 0.9087880027 -1.9088374013 -0.9429189046
## [186] -0.8491596253 -1.7547629890 -0.4905053764 -0.4916956831 0.4947099679
## [191] 0.8166859124 0.4289469242 1.0027830037 -0.7195616962 0.1004620404
## [196] -0.6142358915 2.3125268780 0.8765305052 -1.5123460437 0.8171443716
## [201] 0.6088382347 -1.0064035087 0.3687552103 -1.0596313829 1.4479334628
## [206] 0.9879232159 0.4462158599 -0.9204747422 0.4742755268 0.1888523333
## [211] -1.0618678290 -1.6965048906 -0.6911119398 1.4108568291 -1.4828282777
## [216] -1.3340695933 1.7916349739 0.6663986742 -1.1067623194 0.5160003891
## [221] 0.0141918537 -0.1454284875 0.0671324655 1.2289806818 0.2177680353
## [226] -0.2151790499 -0.8614572852 -0.8407323286 -1.4312254284 -1.3877924362
## [231] -0.5431076107 1.9615728307 0.2379025641 0.5808931643 -0.6996760717
## [236] 0.1479711647 -0.1486653570 -0.0929269057 1.5783669335 -0.5336239374
## [241] 0.8589914084 -0.7181573687 0.1804974943 -1.2621631260 -0.4257565574
## [246] 0.0243537474 0.3254325730 -0.3087961535 0.7561788514 0.2612764244
## [251] -0.2327443530 0.0363210716 0.1180368008 -1.1712510426 1.1759936759
## [256] -0.2700051977 -1.7975612698 -0.9662462084 -0.2902623446 -0.8093320698
## [261] 1.2786976626 0.9530340703 0.5581102441 -0.1103627355 1.0285182696
## [266] 0.3232903331 -0.5964877277 0.7976355546 -0.9558570209 1.3492379852
## [271] -0.4980529358 1.5410432963 1.4223850719 1.3004407686 -0.8395524519
## [276] -2.4011695691 -0.9874279066 0.5839930145 1.6518225765 -1.8147073773
## [281] 0.0723241234 0.0878368130 -0.2979138252 1.0509772956 -1.3767828912
## [286] -0.4053064712 2.9229474685 0.1958334553 1.5140899995 0.5046908721
## [291] -0.4392324950 -0.3631031162 1.5994913579 -0.0496431336 0.2833053398
## [296] 0.0019839696 -0.8886192673 -0.1935365182 0.8545412681 0.1664382260
## [301] -0.7630141693 0.7187653669 1.1617694019 0.2709279954 -0.1400928157
## [306] -2.2418849120 -0.2117013822 1.5664507713 1.4354538896 -2.1179737587
## [311] -0.0562842453 0.1172325701 0.7060849006 0.0106234989 1.1641494702
## [316] 1.1282572114 -0.9292178115 -0.2567395080 -0.8030045670 -0.3804283785
## [321] -0.1043691441 0.9073801163 -1.6468647484 -0.4612082122 -0.6949000734
## [326] -0.8369077215 0.2140451258 1.2203737196 1.4087654360 -0.5622971790
## [331] 0.9541184170 -0.2446441120 0.4859048167 -0.4546056679 -1.3436762421
## [336] 0.2391056479 -0.0155156092 0.3733636724 0.4315323425 0.0277039069
## [341] 0.4179399775 0.0633885325 0.4336263333 -0.0615874902 0.7822798081
## [346] -2.3713392653 0.3967776778 0.7263643408 0.7081494817 1.4283989819
## [351] -0.9280741334 0.2865600953 -0.8486527232 0.8071873967 -0.4785110629
## [356] 1.0535545422 1.2132395833 -0.1240846834 -0.9456636881 0.0063849993
## [361] 0.8195189756 0.3166868109 0.1005181991 0.1577101046 0.8205787334
## [366] -0.8747719498 -0.1452212057 -1.4664282354 1.3014692332 -1.8166054094
## [371] 0.0004232801 -1.6110413705 -0.3657991014 0.5272197612 0.0617592640
## [376] -1.4037582001 -0.1281934937 1.2131763612 0.5483402416 -1.7952221477
## [381] -1.8402630066 -1.0553937542 -0.0551114414 -1.7765373304 -0.4931621545
## [386] -0.4717816075 -1.9184311344 1.2034709773 0.7439887954 0.7885526941
## [391] -0.7527270388 -0.6720408619 0.6297854323 -0.6859609464 0.5455433284
## [396] -0.1328687462 -0.6379535002 -0.8881184657 -0.4387560354 1.6103736077
## [401] 0.4675299512 -0.2103065011 0.1118739633 0.4457131524 -1.1296862356
## [406] -0.8929038466 1.6442219433 -0.0706137467 1.3037433547 -1.0764558757
## [411] 0.1202850330 -0.2050441967 -0.7643270008 -0.0087314907 0.0812239339
## [416] 1.8931637391 0.0582579072 -0.3567469175 0.7202273654 0.8218546787
## [421] -1.6855710146 -1.4467608772 2.4554151160 0.0904510737 1.7698483040
## [426] -0.2044381589 -0.9606567171 0.8646900498 2.6455503327 -0.1322444605
## [431] 0.1503615304 -1.9630476797 -1.1140361022 -0.0508325561 -0.3075492182
## [436] 0.4020595023 -2.6258858077 1.7189732194 0.5509189268 0.7364732757
## [441] -0.2630030817 -0.3441580964 0.0615746650 0.9889871904 0.5854860554
## [446] -0.7567378461 0.7589874924 0.1248369152 -0.2817742241 0.3405476770
## [451] 0.7844619615 0.8788448249 0.0061773924 -0.7307899412 0.5371114819
## [456] -0.2308986564 -0.5193660296 -1.4493041902 1.4330782362 1.3329558050
## [461] 0.8721902138 1.1160553060 -1.4094118704 -0.6504336744 1.0121418681
## [466] -1.2785400442 1.2519980683 -1.2250738238 -0.1616153324 0.8032351381
## [471] 0.4905576743 -0.2669733487 1.0950590393 1.2105490940 0.3704769028
## [476] -0.0588466069 -0.6238704884 -0.2356657792 0.4158170048 0.1969761722
## [481] 0.0165033002 -1.0594094422 0.8243597889 2.2129776845 0.2007155351
## [486] 0.1008347019 0.0362591508 0.0215043965 1.0852108566 -1.3158124780
## [491] 2.6509783768 -0.0770277441 -1.1049525600 -0.5191178846 0.5505180715
## [496] 0.6276485949 -0.0683383430 -0.3895065612 -0.8521938840 1.0496226475
## [501] -1.5786828967 -1.0548273838 -1.6688738337 0.1232921249 -0.4585760319
## [506] 2.0515588354 -1.0370028504 0.0717419730 0.0522297908 0.8393995124
## [511] 0.8197683185 -0.5131973791 -0.1241565716 0.2747804982 0.7601489223
## [516] 0.1322149041 0.9003883426 0.8441007017 0.3373228984 0.7222605904
## [521] -0.1710789333 0.4142419055 -1.1875387033 2.2081908497 1.5560785530
## [526] 0.1924718007 1.0212086351 2.3306903403 1.2869522943 -0.7497141042
## [531] -0.5109940724 0.3737778378 1.3539396952 0.0781433480 -0.3956034236
## [536] -0.4041585959 0.4694131897 -0.3740364262 1.2631892277 0.8205951503
## [541] -2.6226525528 -0.3338575512 0.3441578554 0.7331686911 -0.1807904128
## [546] -1.2139358058 0.7410322162 -1.9450128358 1.1165165625 -2.1475260185
## [551] -0.0365067069 -0.6446297601 -0.4031925467 1.7729956512 0.8746239203
## [556] 1.6911413178 0.0913138220 -0.3280607682 -1.9022591690 -1.1147535087
## [561] 0.9499865992 -0.9146156005 2.5546311450 -0.5751014983 -1.0563365005
## [566] -0.8493002525 -1.1259187037 1.4862556835 -0.2630602191 -0.6075930477
## [571] 2.2255682225 0.4047639502 -1.3464671802 -0.1937334667 0.6048781512
## [576] 0.5830396052 -0.7336871659 -1.7970196913 1.4469399671 1.1905696483
## [581] -0.4753480172 0.8401346546 2.2532459474 -0.9337303455 0.2956147409
## [586] -0.5242479410 -0.3707178676 -0.7092778297 -1.0824991097 0.4641721197
## [591] 0.4502264548 -1.3949854938 1.0275119583 -1.5562386933 -1.8204583121
## [596] -0.6579703899 0.0033195922 0.2513244494 0.1390250324 -0.7124529199
## [601] -0.5413503994 -0.2393607966 -0.6091665721 -0.2078490307 -0.7463560888
## [606] -1.1594026891 0.7297310110 -0.2223471511 0.8774832879 -0.6299793261
## [611] -0.5792797750 -2.2070401068 -1.0425947575 0.2061963553 0.4241040753
## [616] -0.5153494187 -0.0634555354 2.5021612908 -1.0965548336 0.3012420304
## [621] -1.8871839289 -0.4867109995 0.4725155809 -0.2841312946 0.6717634746
## [626] -0.1519923172 -0.2119579964 -1.2061256372 -0.6830327851 1.1611820863
## [631] -0.1632783079 0.0749778897 -1.8900631955 -0.6970810172 -0.1192123613
## [636] -0.4848882250 0.6827666167 0.0862579371 0.8062127358 0.9443165785
## [641] 0.6189367379 -0.7279775549 0.0660006563 0.4930177539 -0.8704892261
## [646] 1.9660896937 1.4268284822 -1.6103637846 0.7436617890 -0.9797971291
## [651] -0.5999922089 1.3626747776 1.8876886167 0.5420589244 -0.7514855544
## [656] 0.0702504432 -0.5948916035 2.3933410879 1.2737848931 -1.6737565616
## [661] -1.1781048682 -0.1953311608 1.2475236175 -0.1918558515 -0.1176680378
## [666] -2.3907056041 -1.5323558278 -1.5327680373 0.0768094069 -0.9820464912
## [671] 1.3131980671 0.5056149918 -1.0014158624 0.3321908833 1.0351541901
## [676] 0.5674884110 1.1485656623 -0.2727876091 -1.3062349488 -0.5135783844
## [681] -1.1912050205 -1.1077636808 -0.0925897419 0.5464286470 -0.2858397771
## [686] 1.2583586857 0.1117696373 1.4375218516 0.9305489248 -1.0639516100
## [691] -0.4944016658 -0.4797086538 -0.8582107494 -1.0421234798 -0.3951433254
## [696] -0.4883966005 -0.3375061824 0.3866271122 -1.0042180569 -0.7985567075
## [701] -0.4073176169 -1.0202263533 -2.1355243305 1.0376782959 -0.4460441707
## [706] -0.1981283740 2.3918613475 0.1133467143 -0.4394912787 1.0794101923
## [711] 1.0090159475 0.6458383037 -0.0230631321 -1.0274188312 0.1114600472
## [716] 1.0105300986 0.8641255978 -0.6786892743 0.7002835488 -0.9802967784
## [721] 0.3864387066 -0.4889683027 1.4151737454 0.9694538235 -1.1777149389
## [726] -0.3080411554 -0.2631466281 1.4188893555 1.3302267433 -1.2504152892
## [731] 1.1349710903 -0.3750667482 -0.1203380507 1.6668261723 1.2051321879
## [736] 1.4128160454 0.4730347456 -0.3932517908 0.0735951428 0.2146214502
## [741] 0.6103824002 -1.2513392145 -0.7376605300 1.9436537318 -0.6582812406
## [746] 0.5250343119 0.2384392752 -0.5037175410 1.2026611091 1.3768187836
## [751] -0.0518112496 -0.4348007924 -0.0617840690 -2.8883733834 -0.7867008618
## [756] 0.3305201827 0.2956519714 0.5159269454 -0.5714071430 1.1357073154
## [761] -1.4943280335 0.0030450325 -0.2829120844 1.7418746217 0.9543646207
## [766] -0.4041628971 -0.7973037721 -1.1993230405 0.8539387281 -0.7820932079
## [771] 0.2777692693 -1.2499841045 0.2718140825 0.5541587281 -0.4675026336
## [776] -0.7463569081 0.4427364937 -0.8841189187 -2.0986161463 0.6337754737
## [781] 0.2246565115 2.7868566414 0.9675302758 -0.3548039677 1.0281455487
## [786] 0.2897324564 -0.1036264571 -0.8474841285 -0.2380469220 0.7728978363
## [791] 0.7752038244 0.7852933100 1.8342607226 -1.9258672249 -0.0768062859
## [796] 0.7783877780 1.6203688723 0.4121445342 -0.0658282402 1.7813932640
## [801] -0.1184192282 1.1220749108 -0.3345130160 -0.2745566030 0.3849491115
## [806] -0.7504814384 0.4967601451 -1.4830200105 -1.1155120096 0.2858898761
## [811] -0.0748552029 1.3703345558 -3.1667772813 1.9593805814 0.2241799841
## [816] 1.3270904212 0.1066454044 -0.9688441170 0.2713964615 0.3110198069
## [821] -0.4059323330 0.8980076461 0.5615069976 -0.1586027773 -0.3772880866
## [826] 1.2155201817 -0.0745763419 1.1945828746 -1.6075488171 0.3137740209
## [831] 1.1992269260 0.6470319083 0.5079771275 -0.0883863218 0.9622921252
## [836] 0.1315563901 1.1809502771 1.6801837465 -0.1537734431 0.6612161527
## [841] -1.7483837229 0.7169261574 1.7884644594 -0.0585338746 -0.4155158603
## [846] -0.4128314413 -0.9209703318 -0.3478426761 -1.0827797809 1.5557194429
## [851] -0.5901833679 0.0389010899 -0.3697714166 0.6518346983 0.4500788177
## [856] -0.4508524058 1.0345684631 0.6421842012 0.6314751208 -0.4709649693
## [861] 0.1764069764 1.2865765525 -0.4442088179 -1.0178068226 -2.0114008631
## [866] -0.1375115749 1.5278078858 -0.0958841374 -1.1514574900 0.9687112149
## [871] -0.2462694007 -0.0042119314 -0.4689239554 -1.1668131331 0.3079500094
## [876] -1.0869753682 1.2612199504 0.8234195490 0.5797685575 0.2493925919
## [881] 0.8696659996 0.8200581704 0.4823246961 2.7765283392 -0.2001486166
## [886] -0.5726612218 -0.5168355606 0.7371370696 -0.7751936708 0.0318059306
## [891] -0.2590268262 0.6174002802 0.1880244506 0.4919596998 0.6157530560
## [896] 0.1184852945 -1.5120751819 -0.0195488994 2.0508316282 0.9429625589
## [901] 1.6932605851 1.6329225860 -0.7514963650 -0.4187676846 -1.0376698921
## [906] -0.4667035208 1.8151209486 0.3074761312 -0.1467906272 -0.7560473793
## [911] 2.5381462819 -0.9279562958 0.5763109837 1.9380146295 -0.9550431246
## [916] -0.0744214199 0.3870926320 1.5938327296 -1.5485265721 -1.2535734291
## [921] -0.0658857667 -1.2319652314 -0.8986901481 0.7989741893 1.3780965573
## [926] 2.5345005937 1.6166510724 -1.3251898616 -0.5352010669 0.5960981189
## [931] -1.5182599974 0.2516885264 -0.0631082049 -1.9145873373 -0.6880436994
## [936] -2.0731810189 2.1252156046 -0.0152823715 -0.1721428094 -1.2866916301
## [941] 0.6665413583 -0.0156359407 -0.2317648666 0.3681436150 -0.0833433012
## [946] -0.1020759543 1.6734482219 -2.6713533480 0.1704818729 -2.0562628263
## [951] -0.7125260794 -0.7530258634 -1.4916111236 0.5466815227 -1.0112213512
## [956] 1.6626755248 0.2207551511 -1.2691312858 -1.1819438747 0.6359337392
## [961] 0.3993109513 0.5532483447 0.3956512338 -0.8837889837 -0.1543731755
## [966] -1.7664356159 1.1690180962 -0.4081400946 -1.3266810085 0.8277547773
## [971] 0.2360056232 -1.6593741994 -0.6416840891 -0.2178468507 -0.5956474881
## [976] -2.1225545434 -0.8057091375 1.2516099822 1.2771027905 -1.0626410447
## [981] -2.1040422161 -0.0917383703 0.1738904057 -1.0010049237 0.9054299885
## [986] 0.6178597649 -1.1283554317 -2.4573167177 -2.6811343019 0.0457427271
## [991] -0.3231750426 -1.5209819137 -1.7050038262 0.2557653109 -1.0972928093
## [996] -1.0807864624 -0.9727839955 1.5744159350 -0.2128018130 -0.1026921971
## madde1 madde2 madde3 madde4 madde5 madde6 madde7 madde8 madde9 madde10
## [1,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
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## [803,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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## [814,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
## [815,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [816,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [817,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [818,] 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [819,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## [820,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [821,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [822,] 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
## [823,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
## [824,] 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
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## [827,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [828,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
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## [832,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
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## [837,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
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## [847,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
## [848,] 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
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## [850,] 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [851,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [852,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
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## [854,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [855,] 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
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## [857,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
## [858,] 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
## [859,] 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
## [860,] 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
## [861,] 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
## [862,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [863,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [864,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
## [865,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
## [866,] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
## [867,] 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [868,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
## [869,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
## [870,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [871,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [872,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [873,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [874,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [875,] 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [876,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [877,] 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
## [878,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [879,] 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
## [880,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [881,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
## [882,] 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [883,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [884,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [885,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [886,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [887,] 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
## [888,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
## [889,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
## [890,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
## [891,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [892,] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
## [893,] 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [894,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [895,] 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
## [896,] 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
## [897,] 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [898,] 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
## [899,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
## [900,] 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
## [901,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
## [902,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [903,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [904,] 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
## [905,] 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
## [906,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [907,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [908,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [909,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
## [910,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
## [911,] 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [912,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
## [913,] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
## [914,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
## [915,] 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
## [916,] 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [917,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [918,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
## [919,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
## [920,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
## [921,] 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [922,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [923,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [924,] 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
## [925,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [926,] 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
## [927,] 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [928,] 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
## [929,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [930,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [931,] 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
## [932,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
## [933,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [934,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
## [935,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [936,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [937,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [938,] 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [939,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [940,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [941,] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
## [942,] 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
## [943,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [944,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [945,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [946,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [947,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
## [948,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [949,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [950,] 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [951,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [952,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
## [953,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [954,] 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
## [955,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
## [956,] 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [957,] 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
## [958,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
## [959,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
## [960,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
## [961,] 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [962,] 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [963,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
## [964,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [965,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [966,] 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [967,] 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
## [968,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
## [969,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [970,] 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [971,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
## [972,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [973,] 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
## [974,] 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [975,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [976,] 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
## [977,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
## [978,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [979,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [980,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [981,] 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
## [982,] 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [983,] 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [984,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [985,] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
## [986,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
## [987,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [988,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
## [989,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [990,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
## [991,] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [992,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
## [993,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## [994,] 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
## [995,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
## [996,] 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [997,] 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
## [998,] 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
## [999,] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## [1000,] 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
library(doParallel)
library(foreach)
cl <- makeCluster(4)
registerDoParallel(cl)
tekrar <- 4
seed <- sample.int(10000, tekrar)
maddesay <- 10
bireysay <- 1000
simulasyon <- foreach(i = 1:tekrar,
.packages = c("mirt", "doParallel", "irtoys")) %dopar% {
veri <- veri_uretimi(maddesay = maddesay,
bireysay = bireysay,
seed = seed[i])
tahmin <- kestirilen_par(veri$cevaplar, par = 3)
hata(tahmin, veri$maddepar)
}
stopCluster(cl)
library(dplyr)
simulasyon_df <- bind_rows(simulasyon)
print(simulasyon_df)## parametreler bias rmse korelasyon
## 1 a 0.442592650 0.89683415 0.6147227
## 2 b -0.004010828 0.27836151 0.9412201
## 3 c 0.016227968 0.13020321 0.5201723
## 4 a 0.162141572 0.40066269 0.4984476
## 5 b 0.001838815 0.17119001 0.9547547
## 6 c 0.017508266 0.09546479 0.3875371
## 7 a 0.114015129 0.30978634 0.4504876
## 8 b -0.038177085 0.11306113 0.9927394
## 9 c -0.014180886 0.06342750 0.3869187
## 10 a -0.128324313 0.33966177 0.8127887
## 11 b -0.163580443 0.20500545 0.9907837
## 12 c -0.061453470 0.08816712 0.6179039
Yürütülen simülasyon analizleri sonucunda, üç parametreli madde tepki kuramına (3PL) göre tahmin edilen a (ayırt edicilik), b (güçlük) ve c (tahmin/şans) parametrelerinin hata metrikleri incelenmiştir.
Dört tekrar üzerinden elde edilen her bir parametreye ilişkin sapma (bias), kök ortalama kare hata (RMSE) ve korelasyon katsayıları ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiştir.
Elde edilen bulgulara göre, b parametresinin tahmin performansı diğer iki parametreye kıyasla daha yüksek olup, RMSE değerleri düşük ve tahmin ile gerçek değerler arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı genellikle 0.99 gibi oldukça yüksek seviyelerde gerçekleşmiştir.
Bu durum, b parametresinin oldukça istikrarlı ve doğru biçimde tahmin edildiğini göstermektedir.
a parametresi için ise korelasyon değerleri orta düzeyde (örn., 0.61 civarında) olup, RMSE ve bias değerleri zaman zaman yükselmiştir; bu da ayırt edicilik tahminlerinin örneklem büyüklüğünden daha fazla etkilendiğini düşündürmektedir.
c parametresi için sapma ve RMSE değerleri düşük olmasına rağmen, korelasyon katsayısının çoğunlukla düşük çıkması (~0.5 – 0.6) bu parametrenin tahmininde daha fazla belirsizlik olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Genel olarak, b parametresi en güvenilir tahmin edilirken, c parametresi en düşük tutarlılıkla tahmin edilen boyut olmuştur.