Introduction

Provide a brief introduction to your research question. Summarize the empirical articles you reviewed. My research question is: Does the birthplace of an individual have an effect on the anxiety levels towards students? Does gender play a role in this and change it? To further my research I looked at two empirical articles, to get a better understanding and grasp the knowledge. Different areas in the world have different teaching, standards, and importance on education. Places that hold huge significance on doing well in school tend to stress the students to perform well. Birthplace isn’t commonly talked about as a factor for stress, but your environment is very influential on it. Gender also places a huge role, in some places women aren’t aloud education let alone rights, so once those women finally get the chance they might feel a sense of stress to perform well a succeed. Furthermore males may feel significant pressure from their families to do well, so they can provide for others. Many factors lead to stress, with this study will show outcomes on how birthplace and gender have an overall effect on anxiety, and if there is a siginficant difference. ## Literature Review

Article 1 Summary

Summarize the empirical article you selected. Discuss the key findings. Oh et al (2021) research showed studies around the world have found that urbanicity is associated with greater risk for types of psychiatric disorders, but the association is less evident in the United States. They analyzed data collected back from 2019 from the RND American Life Panel, which represented the general population of the United States. Oh et al used multivariable logistic regression they were able to examine association between environment of birthplace and psychiatric disorders, adjusting for the socio demographic characteristics. The research found that individuals who were born in large urban areas were associated with larger odds of having a psychiatric disorder when compared to an individual born in a rural area. When looking at specific disorders they found that being born in large urban areas was only significantly associated with greater odds of PTSD and anxiety disorder. While being born in a smaller urban area was marginally associated with anxiety disorders.

Article 2 Summary

Summarize the empirical article you selected. Discuss the key findings. Hammoudeth et al (2025) conducted studies on women’s anxieties relating to place of birth. Interviews were done with 27 participants residing in Kufr. They were recruited through snowballing. Their findings were having strong anxieties about giving birth in Jerusalem’s borders. Cases of psychological distress were found relating to fears of ensuing birth at checkpoint and perceived link between political violence and negative health outcomes.

Hypothesis

State your directional hypothesis. Specify the expected relationship between your variables. This section should be clear and concise. You need one hypothesis for IV1, one hypothesis for IV2, and one hypothesis for a predicted interaction. If you are running a logistic regression, you do not need a hypothesis for an interaction. It is hypothesized that depending on where the individual’s birthplace resided it can be associated with increasing labels of anxiety within students and this relationship will be more abundant in females than so for males.

Method

Sample

Describe the sample used in your study. Include details about the population, sample size, and any relevant demographic information. The data set consists of around 7,000 students from the ages around 18-20 years old, recruiting people from different countries from around the world. The sample is approximately 94% male and 6% female.

Variables and Operationalization

List your independent and dependent variables. Explain how each variable was operationalized, including the range for continuous variables and levels for categorical variables. Independent Variable: Where the birthplace of an individual resided operationalized as the country of a person was born in. Expected range of 13.5 k individuals. Dependent Variable: Anxiety levels, shown as Generalized Anxiety Disorder 6-item (GAD6). Expected range: 0-3, with the higher numbers showcasing higher levels of anxiety.

Loading Required Libraries

# Load necessary libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(psych)
library(knitr)
library(readr)
anxiety <- read_csv("anxiety.csv")
View(anxiety)
## Error in .External2(C_dataviewer, x, title): unable to start data viewer

Descriptive Statistics

Present the descriptive statistics for your variables. Include appropriate measures of central tendency (mean, median), variability (standard deviation, range), and frequency distributions where applicable. Use R code chunks to generate and display your results.

# Example R code for descriptive statistics
psych::describe(anxiety[, c("Gender", "Birthplace")])
##             vars     n  mean    sd median trimmed mad min max range  skew
## Gender*        1 13464  1.95  0.23      2    2.00   0   1   3     2 -3.23
## Birthplace*    2 13464 80.29 42.56     93   83.67  43   1 126   125 -0.43
##             kurtosis   se
## Gender*        13.21 0.00
## Birthplace*    -1.47 0.37

Statistical Analysis

Analysis

Perform your chosen analysis. Make sure your output shows.

anxiety$Gender <- as.factor(anxiety$Gender)
model <- glm(Gender ~ Birthplace, data = anxiety, family = "binomial")
summary(model)
## 
## Call:
## glm(formula = Gender ~ Birthplace, family = "binomial", data = anxiety)
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                    Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept)                       1.757e+01  2.797e+03   0.006    0.995
## BirthplaceAlbania                 3.379e-06  3.128e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceAlgeria                 3.378e-06  3.426e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceArgentina              -1.451e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceAustralia              -1.447e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceAustria                -1.267e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceAzerbaijan              3.380e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceBahrain                 3.380e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceBangladesh              3.380e-06  3.064e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceBelarus                 3.380e-06  3.230e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceBelgium                -1.310e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceBelize                  3.378e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceBolivia                 3.380e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceBosnia and Herzegovina  3.379e-06  2.922e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceBrazil                 -1.462e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceBrunei                  3.380e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceBulgaria               -1.454e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceCanada                 -1.494e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceChile                  -1.404e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceChina                  -1.588e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.995
## BirthplaceColombia               -1.416e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceCosta Rica              3.380e-06  3.064e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceCroatia                -1.543e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.996
## BirthplaceCuba                   -1.687e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.995
## BirthplaceCura\xe7ao              3.379e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceCyprus                  3.380e-06  3.310e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceCzech Republic          3.379e-06  2.840e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceDenmark                -1.372e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceDominican Republic     -1.526e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceEcuador                 3.379e-06  3.310e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceEgypt                   3.380e-06  3.041e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceEl Salvador             3.379e-06  3.426e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceEstonia                -1.457e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceEthiopia                3.379e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceFaroe Islands          -1.618e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.995
## BirthplaceFiji                    3.378e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceFinland                -1.475e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceFrance                 -1.397e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceGeorgia                 3.379e-06  3.611e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceGermany                -1.427e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceGibraltar               3.380e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceGreece                 -1.455e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceGreenland               3.379e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceGuatemala               3.379e-06  3.426e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceHonduras               -1.687e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.995
## BirthplaceHong Kong              -1.555e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.996
## BirthplaceHungary                -1.341e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceIceland                -1.473e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceIndia                  -1.367e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceIndonesia               3.379e-06  3.611e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceIran                    3.380e-06  3.064e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceIraq                    3.381e-06  3.426e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceIreland                -1.349e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceIsrael                  3.379e-06  2.912e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceItaly                  -1.347e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceIvory Coast             3.380e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceJamaica                 3.380e-06  3.611e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceJapan                   3.380e-06  2.903e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceJordan                  3.380e-06  3.230e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceKazakhstan             -1.636e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.995
## BirthplaceKenya                   3.380e-06  3.611e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceKuwait                 -1.577e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.996
## BirthplaceKyrgyzstan              3.381e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceLatvia                 -1.407e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceLebanon                 3.380e-06  3.230e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceLibya                   3.380e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceLiechtenstein           3.380e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceLithuania              -1.541e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.996
## BirthplaceLuxembourg              3.380e-06  3.005e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceMacau                  -3.513e+01  4.845e+03  -0.007    0.994
## BirthplaceMacedonia               3.380e-06  3.128e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceMalaysia               -1.476e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceMaldives                3.380e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceMalta                   3.379e-06  3.426e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceMauritius               3.379e-06  3.230e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceMexico                 -1.450e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceMoldova                 3.378e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceMongolia                3.380e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceMontenegro              3.379e-06  3.426e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceMorocco                 3.379e-06  3.005e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceNamibia                 3.379e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceNepal                   3.379e-06  3.611e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceNetherlands            -1.433e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceNew Zealand            -1.498e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceNicaragua               3.379e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceNigeria                 3.379e-06  3.611e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceNorway                 -1.459e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplacePakistan               -1.500e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplacePanama                  3.379e-06  3.172e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplacePeru                   -1.553e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.996
## BirthplacePhilippines            -1.601e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.995
## BirthplacePoland                 -1.488e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplacePortugal               -1.443e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplacePuerto Rico             3.379e-06  2.978e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceRepublic of Kosovo      3.380e-06  3.426e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceRomania                -1.471e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceRussia                 -1.499e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceSaudi Arabia            3.380e-06  3.005e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceSerbia                  3.380e-06  2.842e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceSingapore              -1.596e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.995
## BirthplaceSlovakia               -1.520e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceSlovenia               -1.528e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceSomalia                 3.379e-06  3.611e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceSouth Africa           -1.393e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceSouth Korea            -1.526e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceSpain                  -1.453e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceSri Lanka               3.379e-06  3.426e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceSt Vincent              3.380e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceSweden                 -1.419e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceSwitzerland            -1.493e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceSyria                   3.380e-06  3.426e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceThailand               -1.596e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.995
## BirthplaceTrinidad & Tobago       3.379e-06  3.128e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceTunisia                 3.380e-06  3.310e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceTurkey                 -1.437e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceTurkmenistan            3.380e-06  4.845e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceUK                     -1.477e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceUkraine                -1.448e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceUnited Arab Emirates    3.380e-06  3.093e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceUnknown                -1.422e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceUruguay                -1.562e+01  2.797e+03  -0.006    0.996
## BirthplaceUSA                    -1.492e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceUzbekistan              3.379e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceVenezuela               3.379e-06  2.855e+03   0.000    1.000
## BirthplaceVietnam                -1.448e+01  2.797e+03  -0.005    0.996
## BirthplaceZimbabwe                3.379e-06  3.956e+03   0.000    1.000
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 5577.6  on 13463  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 5375.0  on 13338  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 5627
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 16

Post-hoc Power Analysis

Run a post-hoc power analysis with the pwr package. Use the pwr.f2.test function for multiple regression power analysis.

library(pwr)
pwr.f2.test(u = 2 , v = 55, f2 = , sig.level = .05 , power = .8)
## 
##      Multiple regression power calculation 
## 
##               u = 2
##               v = 55
##              f2 = 0.175508
##       sig.level = 0.05
##           power = 0.8

Results Interpretation

Results are interpreted clearly using APA style; connection to hypothesis is made; statistical significance and practical implications are addressed; power level is addressed.

Graph and Table

Include at least one table and one graph that effectively summarize your analysis and findings. Use R code chunks to generate these visualizations.

library(dplyr)
anxiety$GADE <- as.numeric(anxiety$GADE)
anxiety <- anxiety %>%
  mutate(Anxiety_Split = ifelse(GAD7 > median(GAD7, na.rm = TRUE), "High Anxiety", "Low Anxiety"))
table(anxiety$Anxiety_Split)
## 
## High Anxiety  Low Anxiety 
##         5020         8444

Discussion

Discuss the implications of your results for psychological theory or practice. Address the following points:

  • Implications: What do your findings mean in the context of existing research? Females report significantly higher anxiety than males, student from rural areas have significantly higher average anxiety than those who live in urban areas, and there is no significant relationship with Gender and Birthplace. In other research my findings also back up and have the same conclusions as others. My findings state that women are more likely to suffer with anxiety and need could benefit from support as for also the males in the rural areas dealing with higher levles than the urban area men.
  • Limitations: Identify any limitations of your study. How might these limitations have affected your results? My analysis focused on a limited number of variables, there are a ton of important factors that could’ve been also accounted for including: Social support, socioeconomic status, and academic pressure. Other limitations were the reliance on self reported measures of anxiety and demographic variables introduces potential biases such as social desirability or recall bias. Participants’ subjective responses may affect the accuracy of the reported anxiety levels.
  • Future Directions: Suggest potential future research directions based on your findings. My future directions I would go beyond just my two variables “Birthplace and Gender” and add more to contextualize it. I would explore inter sectional and cultural influences and finally I would tailor interventions to specific demographic groups.

References

List the articles you reviewed in APA format. Do not worry about the indentations. References:

Giacaman, R., Hamayel, L., & Hammoudeh, D. (2025). Shibboleth Authentication Request. Oclc.org. https://www-sciencedirect-com.dvc.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0140673617320524

Oh, H., Goehring, J., Jacob, L., & Smith, L. (2021). The Environment of Birthplace and Self-Reported Mental Health Conditions: Findings from the American Panel of Life. Epidemiologia, 2(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia2030019