The topic

Educational attainment

Gender pay gap

Discrimintation

Perceptions agreements rate

Discrimination is still existing (OECD, 2024):

  • “When a mother works for pay, the children suffer!”

  • “A woman earning more money than her husband causes problems!”

  • “Men should have more rights to a job than women!”

Salary

Social expectation

Not actually Discrimination
The main cause is Social expectation
~ Housework responsibility ~

Social perceptions and expectations:

  • “Housework is as valuable as working. Thus we are not discriminating.” (OECD, 2024)

  • “Ideal women should be able to do domestic works.”

  • “Ideal men should be able to handle financial tasks.”

Employment Rate

Social expectation
Housework responsibility

Plot

Content

  • Youngsters don’t have houseworks burden, so employment rates are equals.

  • Older women have responsibility of houseworks, so employment rates have difference.

Worktime

Social expectation
Housework responsibility

Plot

Content

  • Women occupy part-time positions.

  • Men occupy full-time positions.

  • Houseworks limit the time for women to work.

  • The situation has occured several years.

Health sector

How about pay gap in 1 sector?
Such as Healthcare

Employment rate

Content

  • Women occupy healthcare sectors.

  • Can high wage of healthcare narrow the gap?

  • Doing the same job but women wage is lower. Why?

Job positions

Houseworks limit time for career development
Women are hard to reach high position

Employment rate

Salary

Reference

Eurostat. (2025a, Autumn 4). Population by educational attainment level, sex and age. Europa.eu. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/explore/all/popul?lang=en&subtheme=educ.educ_outc.edat.edat1.edat1_&display=list&sort=category&extractionId=edat_lfs_9903

Eurostat. (2025b, February 13). Mean hourly earnings by sex, economic activity and educational attainment (2022). Europa.eu. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/explore/all/popul?lang=en&subtheme=labour.earn.earn_ses2022.earn_ses2022_hr&display=list&sort=category&extractionId=earn_ses22_16

Eurostat. (2025c, February 13). Structure of earnings survey: hourly earnings. Europa.eu. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/explore/all/popul?lang=en&subtheme=labour.earn.earn_ses_main&display=list&sort=category&extractionId=earn_ses_hourly

Eurostat. (2025d, March 26). Full-time and part-time employment by sex, age and educational attainment level (1 000). Europa.eu. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/explore/all/popul?lang=en&subtheme=labour.employ.lfsq.lfsq_empftpt&display=list&sort=category&extractionId=lfsq_epgaed

Eurostat. (2025e, April 15). Employment by educational attainment level - annual data. Europa.eu. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/explore/all/popul?lang=en&subtheme=labour.employ.lfsi.lfsi_emp&display=list&sort=category&extractionId=lfsi_educ_a

Eurostat. (2025f, April 15). Employment by sex, age, occupation and economic activity (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2) (1 000). Europa.eu. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/explore/all/popul?lang=en&subtheme=labour.employ.lfsa.lfsa_emp&display=list&sort=category&extractionId=lfsa_eisn2

OECD. (2024). Oecd.org. https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?tm=gender&pg=0&snb=27&vw=tb&df