class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # Climate change ] .subtitle[ ## Are we ‘cooked’? ] .author[ ### Lam Dao - s4019052 ] .date[ ### May 22, 2025 ] --- ## Rising greenhouse gas emissions. <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; width: 100%;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-right: 20px;">
</div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #dc3545; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> Between 1850 and 1950, greenhouse gas emissions climbed steadily at a rate of <strong>125.5 million tons per year</strong>, reflecting the gradual impact of early industrialization. Yet, from 1950 to 2023, this increase surged dramatically to <strong>371 million tons annually</strong>, underscoring the alarming acceleration of emissions in the modern era. </p> </div> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #fff3e6; border-left: 4px solid #f28c38; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> By 2023, total greenhouse gas emissions had soared past <strong>50 billion tons</strong>, with CO2 emerging as the predominant contributor, driving the bulk of this unprecedented rise. </p> </div> </div> --- ## Heating earth. <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; width: 100%;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-right: 20px;">
</div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #dc3545; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> Consequently, global temperatures have risen in tandem with emissions: </p> <ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; color: #333; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 5px;">From 1850 to 1950, despite yearly fluctuations, temperatures increased by an average of 0.02°C per year.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 5px;">However, from 1950 to 2025, the rate of temperature increase accelerated significantly, averaging 0.16°C per year—an eightfold rise compared to the 1850–1950 period—with no signs of slowing down.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #f28c38; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> The global temperatures were approaching the critical 2°C threshold above pre-industrial levels—a limit often described as a "point of no return" for devastating climate impacts. </p> </div> </div> </div> --- ## Ice melting <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; width: 100%;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-right: 20px;">
</div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #dc3545; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> Rising temperatures have driven significant ice mass loss in the Arctic (Greenland) and Antarctica: </p> <ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; color: #333; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 5px;">From 2002 to 2020, Greenland has lost 4842.51Gt of ice mass, which is approximately 270 Gt per year</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Antarctica also suffered from the same destiny. Up to 2020, Antarctica also lost 2539.05 Gt of ice mass compared to 2002.</li> </ul> </div> </div> --- ## Sea level rising <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; width: 100%;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-right: 20px;">
</div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #6f42c1; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> The butterfly effect of CO2 emissions is starkly illustrated in the accelerating sea level rise from 1880 to 2015. As CO2-driven warming melted ice sheets—evidenced by the loss of over 7000 Gt from Greenland and Antarctica by 2020—global sea levels surged. On average, the annual sea level rise is 1.65mm per year. </p> </div> </div> </div> --- ## What are we doing? <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; width: 100%;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-right: 20px;">
</div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #dc3545; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and yearly human-caused GHG emissions are still rising and have reached record levels, primarily due to the ongoing use of fossil fuels. </p> </div> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #6f42c1; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> Despite concerted efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, such as the notable increase in global renewable energy contributions from 2.86% in 2003 to 6.72% in 2023—an almost threefold rise—fossil fuels continue to dominate the global energy mix, accounting for over 90% of energy consumption in 2023 (interact with the plot by toggle the fossil fuel in the legend). This persistence underscores the need for significantly enhanced efforts to transition to sustainable energy sources. </p> </div> </div> </div> --- ## How much effort is needed? <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; width: 100%;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-right: 20px;">
</div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #dc3545; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> Our target is to keep the global warming below global average temperature rise below 1.5°C by 2100. </p> </div> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #6f42c1; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> To meet the 1.5°C target, timing is critical—starting reductions in 2000 allowed a steady decline to 0.548 billion tons by 2100, while delaying until 2025 requires a drastic, near-vertical drop. This stark calls for immediate action. The more we delay, the steeper the challenge. </p> </div> </div> </div> --- ## How are we reacting? <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; width: 100%;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-right: 20px;">
</div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px;"> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #dc3545; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> Many countries have taken action, trying to achieve net-zero carbon emissions, with 71 in discussion, 68 countries has policies, 35 has official law. (interact with the spatial data visualization). </p> </div> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #6f42c1; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> Most countries target 2050 for net-zero, with some aiming for 2030, while major emitters like China and India delay to 2060 or 2070. </p> </div> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 20px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #28a745; padding: 15px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"> <p style="margin: 0; color: #333; font-size: 16px;"> Some countries, such as Norway and Sweden, have achieved significant reductions in CO2 emissions and are on track to meet their net-zero targets. </p> </div> </div> </div> --- ## Are we 'cooked'? <div style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-left: 4px solid #dc3545; padding: 20px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin: 20px;"> <h3 style="color: #333; font-size: 24px; margin-bottom: 15px;">The Verdict: On the Brink, But Not Doomed</h3> <p style="color: #333; font-size: 18px; margin: 0;"> We're not 'cooked'—yet—but <strong>we're in the oven</strong>, and the heat is rising fast. In 2023, greenhouse gas emissions hit <strong>50 billion tons</strong>, up <strong>371 million tons</strong> annually since 1950, pushing temperatures toward the <strong>2°C</strong> threshold. Ice sheets lost over <strong>7,000 Gt</strong>, driving sea levels up <strong>1.65 mm/year</strong>, while fossil fuels still dominate at <strong>90%</strong> of energy use. Delaying action to 2025 demands near-zero emissions by 2046 to meet the 1.5°C target. But hope remains: renewables tripled since 2003, 35 countries have net-zero laws, and nations like Norway and Sweden show progress. <strong>Immediate, bold action</strong> is our only path to turn down the dial. </p> </div> --- ## References <style> .references { font-size: 0.6em; /* Keep the smaller font size */ } .references p { margin-bottom: 0.5em; /* Add spacing between references */ } </style> <div class="references"> <p>Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Gütschow, J., Friedlingstein, P., Gasser, T., Forster, P., & Le Quéré, C. (2024). <i>National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide</i> (Version 2024.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14054503</p> <p>Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., Dunn, R. J. H., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P. D., & Simpson, I. R. (2021). <i>HadCRUT5: An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850</i> (Version 5.0.2.0) [Data set]. Met Office Hadley Centre and Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/</p> <p>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2025, March 27). <i>Climate change indicators: Ice sheets</i>. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-ice-sheets [Data set] (https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-ice-sheets)</p> <p>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2025, March 27). <i>Climate change indicators: Ice sheets</i>. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-ice-sheets</p> <p>Energy Institute. (2024). <i>Statistical Review of World Energy</i> (2024 ed.) [Data set]. https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/resources-and-data-downloads</p> <p>Andrew, R. (2020). Global mitigation curves for 1.5°C and 2°C carbon budgets [Data set]. University of Oslo. https://folk.universitetetioslo.no/roberan/t/global_mitigation_curves.shtml</p> <p>Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit, Data-Driven EnviroLab, NewClimate Institute, & Oxford Net Zero. (2023). Net Zero Tracker: Net Zero Stocktake 2023 [Data set]. https://zerotracker.net</p> </div>
Table of Contents
Introduction
Rising greenhouse gas emissions.
Heating earth.
Ice melting
Sea level rising
What are we doing?
How much effort is needed?
How are we reacting?
Are we 'cooked'?
References
Show TOC