# Carbon Disclosure NLP Analysis Workflow
# Libraries needed for analysis
library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)
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library(stringr)
library(tm)
## Loading required package: NLP
library(topicmodels)
library(ggplot2)
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library(wordcloud)
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library(RColorBrewer)
library(igraph)
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library(tidyr)
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library(quanteda)
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## See https://quanteda.io for tutorials and examples.
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library(quanteda.textplots)
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library(sentimentr)
library(syuzhet)
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library(networkD3)
library(gridExtra)
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library(tidyverse)
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## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
# 1. Read the CSV file
texts_df <- read.csv("C:/PostDoc Journey_Coky/NLP/Carbon Disclosure Concepts NLP/scopus_abstract_carbondisclosure.csv",
stringsAsFactors = FALSE,
fileEncoding = "UTF-8")
# 2. Add a document ID (optional but useful)
texts_df <- texts_df %>%
mutate(doc_id = row_number())
# 3. Tokenize text and remove stopwords
text_tokens <- texts_df %>%
unnest_tokens(word, text) %>% # Split text into words
anti_join(stop_words) # Remove stopwords
## Joining with `by = join_by(word)`
# 4. Count words per document (using doc_id)
word_counts <- text_tokens %>%
count(doc_id, word, sort = TRUE)
# 5. Get top 20 words across ALL documents
top_words <- text_tokens %>% # Use text_tokens (not word_counts)
count(word, sort = TRUE) %>% # Count across all docs
head(20) # Keep top 20
# 6. Print results
print("Top 20 words across all documents:")
## [1] "Top 20 words across all documents:"
print(top_words)
## word n
## 1 carbon 1902
## 2 disclosure 1213
## 3 emissions 716
## 4 firms 634
## 5 study 608
## 6 companies 499
## 7 climate 465
## 8 environmental 453
## 9 performance 422
## 10 emission 418
## 11 information 348
## 12 corporate 335
## 13 change 326
## 14 reporting 316
## 15 results 311
## 16 data 298
## 17 research 259
## 18 findings 256
## 19 firm 243
## 20 ghg 233
# VISUALIZATION: Word frequency plot
print("Creating word frequency visualization...")
## [1] "Creating word frequency visualization..."
ggplot(top_words, aes(x = reorder(word, n), y = n)) +
geom_col(fill = "steelblue") +
coord_flip() +
labs(x = "Words", y = "Frequency",
title = "Top 20 Words in Carbon Disclosure Texts") +
theme_minimal()
# VISUALIZATION: Word cloud
print("Creating word cloud visualization...")
## [1] "Creating word cloud visualization..."
set.seed(1234)
all_words <- word_counts %>%
group_by(word) %>%
summarize(freq = sum(n))
wordcloud(words = all_words$word,
freq = all_words$freq,
min.freq = 2,
max.words = 100,
random.order = FALSE,
rot.per = 0.35,
colors = brewer.pal(8, "Dark2"))
# VISUALIZATION: Word frequency by document
# Join document metadata (e.g., year) with word counts
word_counts_categorized <- word_counts %>%
left_join(texts_df %>% select(doc_id, year), by = "doc_id") %>%
mutate(
year_category = case_when(
year <= 2015 ~ "2010-2015",
year <= 2020 ~ "2016-2020",
TRUE ~ "2021-2025" # Adjust ranges based on your data
)
)
ggplot(word_counts_categorized %>%
filter(word %in% top_words$word), # Keep only top words
aes(x = reorder(word, n), y = n, fill = year_category)) + # Color by category
geom_col(position = "dodge") +
coord_flip() +
labs(
x = "Words",
y = "Frequency",
fill = "Time Period", # Rename legend
title = "Top Words by Document Category"
) +
theme_minimal() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set1") # Now works (≤9 categories)
# 2. PHRASE EXTRACTION -------------------------------------------------
# Using quanteda for N-gram extraction
# Create a corpus
corpus <- corpus(texts_df, text_field = "text")
# Extract bigrams (2-word phrases)
bigrams <- tokens(corpus, remove_punct = TRUE) %>%
tokens_remove(stopwords("english")) %>%
tokens_ngrams(n = 2)
# Get bigram frequencies
bigram_dfm <- dfm(bigrams)
top_bigrams <- topfeatures(bigram_dfm, 20)
print("Top 20 bigrams:")
## [1] "Top 20 bigrams:"
print(top_bigrams)
## carbon_disclosure carbon_emissions carbon_emission
## 564 277 263
## climate_change emission_disclosure disclosure_project
## 260 194 128
## carbon_performance ghg_emissions environmental_performance
## 102 87 87
## greenhouse_gas voluntary_carbon carbon_information
## 86 81 80
## emissions_disclosure firm_value corporate_carbon
## 74 72 70
## ©_2024 project_cdp corporate_governance
## 66 66 65
## financial_performance disclosure_carbon
## 65 63
# VISUALIZATION: Plot top bigrams
bigram_data <- data.frame(
bigram = names(top_bigrams),
frequency = as.numeric(top_bigrams),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
print("Creating bigram visualization...")
## [1] "Creating bigram visualization..."
ggplot(bigram_data, aes(x = reorder(bigram, frequency), y = frequency)) +
geom_col(fill = "skyblue") +
coord_flip() +
labs(x = "Bigrams", y = "Frequency",
title = "Top 20 Bigrams in Carbon Disclosure Texts") +
theme_minimal()
ggsave("bigram_plot.png", width = 10, height = 8)
# Extract trigrams (3-word phrases)
trigrams <- tokens(corpus, remove_punct = TRUE) %>%
tokens_remove(stopwords("english")) %>%
tokens_ngrams(n = 3)
# Get trigram frequencies
trigram_dfm <- dfm(trigrams)
top_trigrams <- topfeatures(trigram_dfm, 10)
print("Top 10 trigrams:")
## [1] "Top 10 trigrams:"
print(top_trigrams)
## carbon_emission_disclosure carbon_disclosure_project
## 172 128
## disclosure_project_cdp voluntary_carbon_disclosure
## 66 56
## carbon_emissions_disclosure greenhouse_gas_ghg
## 48 39
## carbon_emission_disclosures corporate_carbon_disclosure
## 37 34
## disclosure_carbon_emissions greenhouse_gas_emissions
## 33 29
# VISUALIZATION: Plot top trigrams
trigram_data <- data.frame(
trigram = names(top_trigrams),
frequency = as.numeric(top_trigrams),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
print("Creating trigram visualization...")
## [1] "Creating trigram visualization..."
ggplot(trigram_data, aes(x = reorder(trigram, frequency), y = frequency)) +
geom_col(fill = "lightgreen") +
coord_flip() +
labs(x = "Trigrams", y = "Frequency",
title = "Top 10 Trigrams in Carbon Disclosure Texts") +
theme_minimal()
ggsave("trigram_plot.png", width = 12, height = 6)
# VISUALIZATION: Feature co-occurrence network for bigrams
print("Creating bigram network visualization...")
## [1] "Creating bigram network visualization..."
fcm_bigrams <- fcm(bigrams, context = "document")
# Get top features by frequency (alternative approach)
feat_freq <- colSums(fcm_bigrams)
feat <- names(sort(feat_freq, decreasing = TRUE))[1:30]
# Create the network plot
set.seed(100)
textplot_network(fcm_select(fcm_bigrams, feat),
min_freq = 0.5,
edge_alpha = 0.5,
edge_size = 2,
vertex_labelsize = 1.5 * rowSums(fcm_select(fcm_bigrams, feat))/min(rowSums(fcm_select(fcm_bigrams, feat))))
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## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
## Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, :
## Unable to calculate text width/height (using zero)
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# 3. TOPIC MODELING ---------------------------------------------------
# Prepare the document-term matrix for LDA topic modeling
dtm <- texts_df %>%
unnest_tokens(word, text) %>%
anti_join(stop_words) %>%
count(doc_id, word) %>%
cast_dtm(doc_id, word, n)
## Joining with `by = join_by(word)`
# Run LDA with 3 topics (one for each document to see separation)
lda_model <- LDA(dtm, k = 3, control = list(seed = 1234))
# Get the top terms for each topic
lda_topics <- tidy(lda_model, matrix = "beta")
top_terms <- lda_topics %>%
group_by(topic) %>%
top_n(10, beta) %>%
arrange(topic, -beta)
print("Top terms per topic:")
## [1] "Top terms per topic:"
print(top_terms)
## # A tibble: 30 × 3
## # Groups: topic [3]
## topic term beta
## <int> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 1 carbon 0.0524
## 2 1 disclosure 0.0389
## 3 1 study 0.0197
## 4 1 firms 0.0178
## 5 1 performance 0.0119
## 6 1 emissions 0.0113
## 7 1 environmental 0.0111
## 8 1 emission 0.0111
## 9 1 companies 0.0105
## 10 1 corporate 0.00904
## # ℹ 20 more rows
# VISUALIZATION: Plot top terms per topic
print("Creating topic modeling visualization...")
## [1] "Creating topic modeling visualization..."
top_terms_plot <- top_terms %>%
mutate(term = reorder_within(term, beta, topic)) %>%
ggplot(aes(term, beta, fill = factor(topic))) +
geom_col(show.legend = FALSE) +
facet_wrap(~ topic, scales = "free_y") +
coord_flip() +
scale_x_reordered() +
labs(x = "Terms", y = "Beta Value",
title = "Top 10 Terms in Each Topic") +
theme_minimal() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set2")
print(top_terms_plot)
ggsave("topic_terms_plot.png", width = 12, height = 8)
# Document-topic probabilities
doc_topics <- tidy(lda_model, matrix = "gamma")
print("Document-topic probabilities:")
## [1] "Document-topic probabilities:"
print(doc_topics)
## # A tibble: 1,254 × 3
## document topic gamma
## <chr> <int> <dbl>
## 1 1 1 0.999
## 2 2 1 0.736
## 3 3 1 0.999
## 4 4 1 0.999
## 5 5 1 0.999
## 6 6 1 0.999
## 7 7 1 0.998
## 8 8 1 0.416
## 9 9 1 0.000721
## 10 10 1 0.000704
## # ℹ 1,244 more rows
# VISUALIZATION: Plot document-topic probabilities
doc_topics_wide <- doc_topics %>%
spread(topic, gamma)
# Load required packages
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
# 1. Join document metadata (year) with topic probabilities
# Fix the type mismatch before joining
doc_topics_with_year <- doc_topics %>%
mutate(document = as.character(document)) %>% # Convert to character to match
left_join(
texts_df %>%
select(doc_id, year) %>%
mutate(doc_id = as.character(doc_id)), # Also convert doc_id to character
by = c("document" = "doc_id")
)
# 2. Identify top 10 topics per year (by mean gamma)
top_topics_by_year <- doc_topics_with_year %>%
group_by(year, topic) %>%
summarize(mean_gamma = mean(gamma), .groups = "drop") %>%
group_by(year) %>%
arrange(year, desc(mean_gamma)) %>%
slice_head(n = 10) %>% # Keep top 10 per year
ungroup()
# 3. Filter and prepare data for plotting
heatmap_data <- doc_topics_with_year %>%
semi_join(top_topics_by_year, by = c("year", "topic")) %>% # Keep only top topics
mutate(topic = factor(topic, levels = unique(top_topics_by_year$topic))) # Maintain order
# 4. Create the heatmap
heatmap_plot <- heatmap_data %>%
ggplot(aes(x = topic, y = as.factor(year), fill = gamma)) +
geom_tile(color = "white", linewidth = 0.3) +
scale_fill_gradientn(
colors = c("white", "yellow", "orange", "red"),
limits = c(0, 1),
name = "Topic Probability"
) +
labs(
x = "Topic",
y = "Year",
title = "Top 10 Topics by Year (Based on Average Probability)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, size = 8),
panel.grid = element_blank(),
legend.position = "right"
) +
coord_equal(ratio = 0.8) # Adjust aspect ratio
# 5. Save and display
print(heatmap_plot)
ggsave("top10_topics_by_year.png", width = 12, height = 8, dpi = 300)
# VISUALIZATION: Interactive topic model visualization
# Create a JSON representation of the topic model for interactive visualization
beta_wide <- lda_topics %>%
mutate(term_id = as.integer(factor(term))) %>%
select(topic, term_id, term, beta) %>%
arrange(topic, -beta)
# Get top 10 terms for each topic for the visualization
top_terms_list <- split(top_terms, top_terms$topic)
topic_labels <- sapply(top_terms_list, function(df) {
paste(df$term[1:5], collapse = ", ")
})
# Create data for visualization
topic_data <- data.frame(
topic = 1:3,
label = paste("Topic", 1:3),
description = paste("Key terms:", topic_labels),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
# Plot topic proportions
doc_topics_wide <- doc_topics %>%
spread(document, gamma) %>%
select(-topic)
topic_proportions <- data.frame(
topic = 1:3,
proportion = rowSums(doc_topics_wide) / sum(doc_topics_wide),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
# Plot topic proportions
ggplot(topic_proportions, aes(x = factor(topic), y = proportion, fill = factor(topic))) +
geom_col() +
labs(x = "Topic", y = "Proportion", fill = "Topic",
title = "Overall Topic Proportions in Corpus") +
theme_minimal() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set3")
ggsave("topic_proportions.png", width = 8, height = 6)
# 4. ENTITY & RELATIONSHIP EXTRACTION
# 1. ENTITY DEFINITION ---------------------------------
entity_categories <- list(
carbon = c("scope 1 emissions", "scope 2 emissions", "scope 3 emissions",
"carbon disclosure project", "voluntary carbon disclosure",
"mandatory carbon reporting", "science-based targets",
"greenhouse gas protocol"),
governance = c("board diversity", "institutional ownership",
"audit committees", "environmental committees",
"ceo power", "ceo duality", "stakeholder pressure"),
financial = c("cost of capital", "firm value",
"stock price synchronization", "information asymmetry",
"earnings management"),
theories = c("legitimacy theory", "stakeholder theory",
"agency theory", "signaling theory"),
methodology = c("difference in differences", "panel data regression",
"machine learning", "content analysis",
"fixed effects", "random effects"),
geographic = c("emerging economies", "developed economies",
"country specific regulations", "european union",
"united states", "china"),
sector = c("high carbon industries", "manufacturing",
"financial services", "energy sector",
"mining", "oil and gas"),
outcomes = c("carbon performance", "greenwashing",
"environmental penalties", "media exposure",
"firm reputation", "investor confidence")
)
# 2. ENTITY EXTRACTION FUNCTIONS -----------------------
# Create entity lookup table
entity_lookup <- tibble(
entity = unlist(entity_categories, use.names = FALSE),
category = rep(names(entity_categories), lengths(entity_categories))
) %>%
mutate(entity_id = row_number())
# Enhanced entity extraction function
extract_entities <- function(text, entities = entity_lookup$entity) {
text_lower <- tolower(text)
counts <- map_dbl(entities, ~ {
# Handle multi-word entities properly
pattern <- str_replace_all(.x, "([.|()\\^{}+$*?]|\\[|\\])", "\\\\\\1") %>%
str_replace_all(" ", "\\\\s+") %>%
paste0("\\b", ., "\\b")
sum(str_count(text_lower, regex(pattern, ignore_case = TRUE)))
})
set_names(counts, entities)
}
# 3. PROCESS DOCUMENTS ---------------------------------
entity_results <- texts_df %>%
mutate(
doc_id = as.character(doc_id),
text = tolower(text)
) %>%
rowwise() %>%
mutate(
entity_counts = list(enframe(extract_entities(text),
name = "entity_term",
value = "count"))
) %>%
unnest(entity_counts) %>%
filter(count > 0) %>%
left_join(
entity_lookup %>% select(entity_term = entity, category, entity_id),
by = "entity_term"
) %>%
select(doc_id, year, entity = entity_term, category, entity_id, count) %>%
mutate(count = as.integer(count))
# 4. CREATE DOCUMENT-ENTITY MATRIX ---------------------
clean_entity_names <- function(x) {
x %>%
tolower() %>%
str_replace_all("[^a-z0-9]+", "_") %>%
str_replace_all("(^_|_$)", "") %>%
str_replace_all("_+", "_")
}
entity_matrix <- entity_results %>%
mutate(entity_clean = clean_entity_names(entity)) %>%
pivot_wider(
id_cols = c(doc_id, year),
names_from = entity_clean,
values_from = count,
values_fill = 0,
values_fn = sum
)
# 5. RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS ----------------------------
# Co-occurrence matrix (entities appearing together in documents)
entity_cooccurrence <- entity_results %>%
group_by(doc_id) %>%
filter(n() > 1) %>% # Only docs with multiple entities
summarise(
entity_pairs = list(combn(sort(unique(entity)), 2, simplify = FALSE)),
.groups = "drop"
) %>%
unnest_longer(entity_pairs) %>%
mutate(
entity1 = map_chr(entity_pairs, 1),
entity2 = map_chr(entity_pairs, 2)
) %>%
count(entity1, entity2, name = "cooccurrence_count") %>%
filter(cooccurrence_count >= 2) # Minimum threshold
# 6. VISUALIZATION ------------------------------------
# Top entities plot
top_entities_plot <- entity_results %>%
group_by(entity, category) %>%
summarise(total_count = sum(count), .groups = "drop") %>%
arrange(desc(total_count)) %>%
head(30) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(entity, total_count), y = total_count, fill = category)) +
geom_col() +
coord_flip() +
labs(title = "Top Entities in Corpus", x = "", y = "Frequency") +
theme_minimal()
# Network plot of entity relationships
library(igraph)
library(ggraph)
entity_network <- graph_from_data_frame(
entity_cooccurrence,
directed = FALSE
)
set.seed(123)
network_plot <- ggraph(entity_network, layout = "fr") +
geom_edge_link(aes(width = cooccurrence_count), alpha = 0.6, show.legend = FALSE) +
geom_node_point(aes(size = degree(entity_network)), color = "lightblue") +
geom_node_text(aes(label = name), repel = TRUE, size = 3) +
theme_void() +
labs(title = "Entity Relationship Network")
# 7. SAVE RESULTS -------------------------------------
write_csv(entity_results, "entity_extraction_results.csv")
write_csv(entity_matrix, "document_entity_matrix.csv")
write_csv(entity_cooccurrence, "entity_cooccurrence_pairs.csv")
ggsave("top_entities_plot.png", top_entities_plot, width = 10, height = 8)
ggsave("entity_network.png", network_plot, width = 12, height = 10)
## Warning: The `trans` argument of `continuous_scale()` is deprecated as of ggplot2 3.5.0.
## ℹ Please use the `transform` argument instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.
# =====================================================
# OUTPUT SUMMARY
# =====================================================
cat("Entity extraction completed successfully.\n")
## Entity extraction completed successfully.
cat("- Extracted", nrow(entity_results), "entity mentions\n")
## - Extracted 507 entity mentions
cat("- Found", nrow(entity_cooccurrence), "significant entity relationships\n")
## - Found 54 significant entity relationships
cat("- Results saved to CSV files and visualizations\n")
## - Results saved to CSV files and visualizations
# View sample outputs
list(
entity_results = head(arrange(entity_results, desc(count)), 50),
entity_matrix = glimpse(entity_matrix),
top_relationships = head(arrange(entity_cooccurrence, desc(cooccurrence_count)), 50)
)
## Rows: 307
## Columns: 47
## $ doc_id <chr> "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9…
## $ year <int> 2024, 2025, 2025, 2025, 2024, 2025, 2024, …
## $ cost_of_capital <int> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ firm_value <int> 1, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, …
## $ information_asymmetry <int> 2, 0, 0, 1, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ signaling_theory <int> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ investor_confidence <int> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ united_states <int> 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ greenwashing <int> 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ legitimacy_theory <int> 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ stakeholder_theory <int> 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ content_analysis <int> 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ mining <int> 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ firm_reputation <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, …
## $ carbon_disclosure_project <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ machine_learning <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ manufacturing <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ china <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, …
## $ agency_theory <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, …
## $ panel_data_regression <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, …
## $ carbon_performance <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, …
## $ scope_3_emissions <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, …
## $ science_based_targets <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, …
## $ institutional_ownership <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ voluntary_carbon_disclosure <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ board_diversity <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ energy_sector <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ environmental_committees <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ greenhouse_gas_protocol <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ developed_economies <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ scope_2_emissions <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ audit_committees <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ stakeholder_pressure <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ emerging_economies <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ media_exposure <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ european_union <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ oil_and_gas <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ environmental_penalties <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ earnings_management <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ fixed_effects <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ scope_1_emissions <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ random_effects <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ ceo_duality <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ stock_price_synchronization <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ financial_services <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ mandatory_carbon_reporting <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $ difference_in_differences <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …
## $entity_results
## # A tibble: 50 × 6
## doc_id year entity category entity_id count
## <chr> <int> <chr> <chr> <int> <int>
## 1 267 2021 information asymmetry financial 19 9
## 2 5 2024 firm value financial 17 8
## 3 44 2024 carbon performance outcomes 43 7
## 4 52 2025 media exposure outcomes 46 7
## 5 200 2022 greenwashing outcomes 44 7
## 6 255 2020 firm value financial 17 7
## 7 269 2021 carbon performance outcomes 43 7
## 8 73 2024 firm value financial 17 6
## 9 19 2024 carbon performance outcomes 43 5
## 10 40 2025 carbon performance outcomes 43 5
## # ℹ 40 more rows
##
## $entity_matrix
## # A tibble: 307 × 47
## doc_id year cost_of_capital firm_value information_asymmetry
## <chr> <int> <int> <int> <int>
## 1 1 2024 1 1 2
## 2 2 2025 0 0 0
## 3 3 2025 0 0 0
## 4 4 2025 0 0 1
## 5 5 2024 0 8 4
## 6 6 2025 0 0 0
## 7 7 2024 0 0 0
## 8 8 2025 0 0 0
## 9 9 2024 0 0 0
## 10 11 2024 0 0 0
## # ℹ 297 more rows
## # ℹ 42 more variables: signaling_theory <int>, investor_confidence <int>,
## # united_states <int>, greenwashing <int>, legitimacy_theory <int>,
## # stakeholder_theory <int>, content_analysis <int>, mining <int>,
## # firm_reputation <int>, carbon_disclosure_project <int>,
## # machine_learning <int>, manufacturing <int>, china <int>,
## # agency_theory <int>, panel_data_regression <int>, …
##
## $top_relationships
## # A tibble: 50 × 3
## entity1 entity2 cooccurrence_count
## <chr> <chr> <int>
## 1 carbon disclosure project voluntary carbon disclosure 18
## 2 carbon disclosure project carbon performance 10
## 3 carbon disclosure project content analysis 10
## 4 carbon disclosure project information asymmetry 6
## 5 carbon disclosure project manufacturing 6
## 6 carbon disclosure project stakeholder theory 6
## 7 carbon performance voluntary carbon disclosure 6
## 8 carbon disclosure project legitimacy theory 5
## 9 carbon disclosure project scope 3 emissions 5
## 10 carbon performance content analysis 5
## # ℹ 40 more rows
# 5. SENTIMENT/INTENT ANALYSIS -----------------------------------------
# Perform sentiment analysis using the syuzhet package
sentiment_scores <- texts_df %>%
mutate(sentiment = get_sentiment(text, method = "syuzhet"),
sentiment_bing = get_sentiment(text, method = "bing"),
sentiment_afinn = get_sentiment(text, method = "afinn"))
print("Overall sentiment scores:")
## [1] "Overall sentiment scores:"
print(sentiment_scores[, c("doc_id", "sentiment", "sentiment_bing", "sentiment_afinn")])
## doc_id sentiment sentiment_bing sentiment_afinn
## 1 1 2.65 2 8
## 2 2 5.50 1 8
## 3 3 5.10 3 2
## 4 4 15.10 11 20
## 5 5 7.00 4 7
## 6 6 12.10 6 18
## 7 7 3.95 2 -1
## 8 8 0.95 1 1
## 9 9 2.45 -2 1
## 10 10 2.70 0 4
## 11 11 5.30 2 9
## 12 12 6.20 1 11
## 13 13 2.25 0 1
## 14 14 9.35 4 15
## 15 15 5.60 2 9
## 16 16 2.75 -1 3
## 17 17 8.20 1 11
## 18 18 8.20 4 11
## 19 19 6.25 4 12
## 20 20 1.65 -1 -4
## 21 21 9.45 5 16
## 22 22 5.50 4 8
## 23 23 7.15 5 5
## 24 24 4.85 2 3
## 25 25 5.15 1 2
## 26 26 7.25 7 9
## 27 27 3.45 2 1
## 28 28 11.05 6 14
## 29 29 10.65 2 8
## 30 30 7.00 5 13
## 31 31 9.55 5 14
## 32 32 8.60 3 8
## 33 33 3.40 2 5
## 34 34 9.90 2 7
## 35 35 10.70 9 13
## 36 36 2.80 1 -2
## 37 37 2.75 2 0
## 38 38 6.40 4 -6
## 39 39 1.80 2 2
## 40 40 6.55 3 8
## 41 41 0.10 2 -3
## 42 42 3.40 -2 1
## 43 43 5.15 4 8
## 44 44 6.45 4 13
## 45 45 6.60 6 14
## 46 46 0.45 -1 0
## 47 47 7.20 -1 14
## 48 48 7.20 4 12
## 49 49 4.85 3 7
## 50 50 4.75 4 8
## 51 51 12.55 9 14
## 52 52 4.00 0 2
## 53 53 7.70 5 12
## 54 54 2.45 -3 -7
## 55 55 8.20 6 10
## 56 56 1.30 1 -2
## 57 57 9.65 12 15
## 58 58 6.40 1 13
## 59 59 14.50 10 24
## 60 60 10.85 2 5
## 61 61 4.20 2 4
## 62 62 -0.15 -2 -7
## 63 63 6.55 4 7
## 64 64 6.00 4 12
## 65 65 3.60 4 2
## 66 66 4.45 2 2
## 67 67 4.25 1 6
## 68 68 10.85 6 23
## 69 69 4.40 2 2
## 70 70 3.35 1 6
## 71 71 0.90 0 0
## 72 72 4.60 1 2
## 73 73 5.75 2 8
## 74 74 15.90 7 15
## 75 75 3.75 2 6
## 76 76 4.70 4 11
## 77 77 3.80 3 12
## 78 78 11.80 5 16
## 79 79 4.05 5 11
## 80 80 0.90 0 0
## 81 81 3.65 1 1
## 82 82 6.10 2 6
## 83 83 5.15 2 2
## 84 84 4.55 3 4
## 85 85 -0.40 0 -5
## 86 86 0.95 -1 -1
## 87 87 7.80 6 9
## 88 88 6.45 3 7
## 89 89 2.45 1 3
## 90 90 3.75 -4 1
## 91 91 5.60 1 5
## 92 92 6.90 3 9
## 93 93 4.00 3 3
## 94 94 6.75 1 10
## 95 95 3.75 -1 3
## 96 96 6.55 7 12
## 97 97 9.50 8 8
## 98 98 8.75 5 10
## 99 99 2.85 -3 0
## 100 100 6.00 3 10
## 101 101 6.55 7 9
## 102 102 8.85 8 16
## 103 103 2.05 0 0
## 104 104 5.45 0 8
## 105 105 3.05 0 -6
## 106 106 3.45 1 1
## 107 107 0.90 0 -1
## 108 108 -0.05 -1 0
## 109 109 7.05 4 12
## 110 110 3.00 1 3
## 111 111 7.40 1 12
## 112 112 3.15 1 -2
## 113 113 5.50 3 7
## 114 114 8.25 7 10
## 115 115 8.35 0 11
## 116 116 5.20 -1 -1
## 117 117 -1.10 -2 -4
## 118 118 7.60 7 7
## 119 119 4.00 3 2
## 120 120 7.55 3 10
## 121 121 4.50 0 3
## 122 122 4.70 5 10
## 123 123 8.45 5 4
## 124 124 6.15 5 7
## 125 125 8.50 4 7
## 126 126 6.05 5 13
## 127 127 4.60 5 9
## 128 128 3.15 2 8
## 129 129 5.50 6 7
## 130 130 2.75 3 9
## 131 131 9.65 8 10
## 132 132 3.20 1 4
## 133 133 3.00 1 2
## 134 134 6.50 -2 8
## 135 135 2.80 -1 1
## 136 136 5.80 2 7
## 137 137 3.10 6 8
## 138 138 3.95 5 7
## 139 139 2.65 3 1
## 140 140 2.00 1 1
## 141 141 0.55 -2 1
## 142 142 9.60 5 11
## 143 143 6.10 4 13
## 144 144 3.75 2 2
## 145 145 5.70 4 4
## 146 146 1.65 4 1
## 147 147 1.00 -1 -1
## 148 148 9.75 9 13
## 149 149 12.50 7 24
## 150 150 5.50 4 0
## 151 151 3.80 1 5
## 152 152 2.45 0 -2
## 153 153 7.85 5 10
## 154 154 2.75 -1 3
## 155 155 4.80 4 1
## 156 156 5.40 5 10
## 157 157 2.95 -1 4
## 158 158 6.20 4 8
## 159 159 7.95 4 12
## 160 160 1.25 -1 0
## 161 161 9.50 3 6
## 162 162 7.10 4 12
## 163 163 0.65 -3 -1
## 164 164 5.35 3 5
## 165 165 3.75 3 7
## 166 166 3.95 1 4
## 167 167 3.55 2 5
## 168 168 4.35 3 3
## 169 169 3.50 -1 0
## 170 170 6.35 -2 2
## 171 171 4.25 1 2
## 172 172 0.05 -1 2
## 173 173 6.45 0 7
## 174 174 4.90 3 11
## 175 175 14.15 8 13
## 176 176 4.00 0 3
## 177 177 4.70 0 4
## 178 178 3.70 0 2
## 179 179 4.05 1 2
## 180 180 4.55 4 10
## 181 181 2.80 0 0
## 182 182 8.55 4 10
## 183 183 9.05 4 11
## 184 184 2.20 0 1
## 185 185 5.05 0 1
## 186 186 6.85 2 8
## 187 187 12.20 9 17
## 188 188 5.05 3 3
## 189 189 2.60 -1 6
## 190 190 3.70 4 2
## 191 191 2.60 -2 2
## 192 192 3.55 1 3
## 193 193 4.40 1 0
## 194 194 11.35 4 11
## 195 195 3.90 1 4
## 196 196 4.95 -2 -4
## 197 197 15.35 5 15
## 198 198 3.55 2 3
## 199 199 4.15 3 8
## 200 200 4.25 -1 0
## 201 201 5.75 4 3
## 202 202 5.35 1 7
## 203 203 5.50 5 8
## 204 204 7.90 5 13
## 205 205 5.60 3 8
## 206 206 3.30 2 5
## 207 207 4.30 2 1
## 208 208 3.20 1 5
## 209 209 4.00 2 6
## 210 210 7.65 6 10
## 211 211 5.25 1 9
## 212 212 2.70 2 1
## 213 213 5.75 6 9
## 214 214 4.15 1 -1
## 215 215 5.55 3 9
## 216 216 10.20 7 12
## 217 217 3.95 1 0
## 218 218 1.65 0 3
## 219 219 4.95 2 10
## 220 220 3.85 -1 0
## 221 221 6.85 4 6
## 222 222 0.50 -1 1
## 223 223 12.95 5 8
## 224 224 5.45 -1 3
## 225 225 7.05 4 5
## 226 226 5.85 2 9
## 227 227 2.50 -1 1
## 228 228 7.85 4 7
## 229 229 3.10 -2 2
## 230 230 4.10 0 2
## 231 231 8.10 5 4
## 232 232 8.35 6 13
## 233 233 4.50 1 10
## 234 234 3.40 3 5
## 235 235 3.30 4 5
## 236 236 4.05 3 2
## 237 237 3.55 -2 5
## 238 238 2.50 3 8
## 239 239 5.95 4 5
## 240 240 2.05 1 14
## 241 241 9.05 7 17
## 242 242 1.10 2 4
## 243 243 5.15 5 7
## 244 244 4.90 3 5
## 245 245 4.15 0 6
## 246 246 3.85 0 2
## 247 247 3.60 1 8
## 248 248 9.05 3 8
## 249 249 6.10 0 4
## 250 250 3.95 1 4
## 251 251 5.15 5 7
## 252 252 7.15 0 4
## 253 253 8.80 5 9
## 254 254 1.80 1 3
## 255 255 2.95 1 4
## 256 256 8.90 3 8
## 257 257 8.35 3 14
## 258 258 6.40 1 4
## 259 259 4.75 1 10
## 260 260 7.60 2 6
## 261 261 11.75 8 14
## 262 262 2.55 0 -1
## 263 263 0.15 -3 -1
## 264 264 3.90 1 10
## 265 265 4.70 1 5
## 266 266 3.45 2 10
## 267 267 9.35 4 20
## 268 268 4.00 0 -2
## 269 269 6.80 4 5
## 270 270 5.75 3 7
## 271 271 10.15 8 18
## 272 272 4.35 -1 1
## 273 273 7.70 5 17
## 274 274 8.95 4 12
## 275 275 6.25 4 8
## 276 276 1.75 0 3
## 277 277 0.90 2 2
## 278 278 6.40 6 16
## 279 279 6.00 5 5
## 280 280 9.65 9 17
## 281 281 7.25 2 12
## 282 282 4.40 6 8
## 283 283 4.95 0 8
## 284 284 2.70 1 3
## 285 285 12.90 9 17
## 286 286 0.80 -3 1
## 287 287 9.85 8 20
## 288 288 9.15 7 14
## 289 289 14.70 6 9
## 290 290 5.00 3 2
## 291 291 2.85 -1 11
## 292 292 3.85 1 5
## 293 293 1.90 1 3
## 294 294 3.25 0 10
## 295 295 2.00 -2 3
## 296 296 0.30 -2 -2
## 297 297 2.20 0 1
## 298 298 12.90 5 6
## 299 299 -0.70 -5 0
## 300 300 6.25 1 4
## 301 301 4.40 0 4
## 302 302 4.45 2 4
## 303 303 9.20 8 16
## 304 304 2.80 3 6
## 305 305 2.75 3 9
## 306 306 8.95 6 9
## 307 307 3.80 1 3
## 308 308 11.55 11 16
## 309 309 10.35 4 22
## 310 310 6.30 1 6
## 311 311 8.65 3 14
## 312 312 11.95 5 22
## 313 313 4.05 2 5
## 314 314 6.55 5 11
## 315 315 7.35 4 6
## 316 316 5.75 1 10
## 317 317 5.55 2 12
## 318 318 7.90 2 9
## 319 319 1.90 -2 1
## 320 320 4.15 3 3
## 321 321 -0.85 -2 3
## 322 322 2.10 -1 1
## 323 323 3.00 1 -1
## 324 324 6.70 5 4
## 325 325 3.40 -1 2
## 326 326 7.45 3 7
## 327 327 3.55 -1 5
## 328 328 2.45 -1 -3
## 329 329 11.40 9 20
## 330 330 3.45 -1 3
## 331 331 6.10 7 9
## 332 332 5.95 7 9
## 333 333 6.25 6 9
## 334 334 7.10 7 11
## 335 335 5.25 0 2
## 336 336 4.25 2 2
## 337 337 4.10 1 0
## 338 338 11.30 5 14
## 339 339 7.05 7 13
## 340 340 3.65 0 1
## 341 341 10.00 10 21
## 342 342 5.35 2 7
## 343 343 2.80 2 2
## 344 344 4.40 3 1
## 345 345 6.90 2 11
## 346 346 2.40 2 6
## 347 347 3.00 0 2
## 348 348 4.95 3 8
## 349 349 5.10 2 9
## 350 350 1.50 0 1
## 351 351 3.80 5 6
## 352 352 3.05 -3 1
## 353 353 7.90 8 10
## 354 354 7.90 6 11
## 355 355 -0.40 -3 -7
## 356 356 10.70 3 9
## 357 357 5.00 3 3
## 358 358 6.90 3 5
## 359 359 -0.50 -2 -1
## 360 360 9.90 5 6
## 361 361 8.65 8 15
## 362 362 5.90 3 10
## 363 363 7.30 2 10
## 364 364 5.30 2 9
## 365 365 -2.05 -3 1
## 366 366 4.65 0 2
## 367 367 2.25 3 2
## 368 368 4.45 2 0
## 369 369 3.40 1 4
## 370 370 8.95 9 11
## 371 371 3.65 1 6
## 372 372 3.40 2 8
## 373 373 6.00 4 7
## 374 374 3.15 -3 -1
## 375 375 2.60 1 0
## 376 376 5.35 4 10
## 377 377 4.10 2 10
## 378 378 7.90 3 9
## 379 379 5.20 5 1
## 380 380 5.40 0 7
## 381 381 7.00 1 12
## 382 382 6.20 7 5
## 383 383 6.95 2 9
## 384 384 2.25 0 0
## 385 385 2.05 2 5
## 386 386 2.75 3 2
## 387 387 4.25 3 12
## 388 388 7.60 4 9
## 389 389 0.45 -1 0
## 390 390 6.75 2 6
## 391 391 18.70 13 34
## 392 392 4.60 2 4
## 393 393 9.00 6 14
## 394 394 2.90 3 5
## 395 395 6.00 2 9
## 396 396 7.60 2 10
## 397 397 3.25 2 4
## 398 398 0.10 -1 4
## 399 399 6.95 4 3
## 400 400 4.90 0 6
## 401 401 1.20 -3 4
## 402 402 1.40 1 0
## 403 403 3.25 0 5
## 404 404 1.30 0 -1
## 405 405 8.15 1 6
## 406 406 4.30 1 3
## 407 407 2.20 0 4
## 408 408 -3.05 -6 -6
## 409 409 1.10 -2 -4
## 410 410 3.75 -2 8
## 411 411 8.80 8 16
## 412 412 3.15 2 4
## 413 413 3.35 1 5
## 414 414 1.10 -6 -2
## 415 415 1.75 0 -2
## 416 416 7.05 5 8
## 417 417 2.90 0 1
## 418 418 -0.50 -2 1
# VISUALIZATION: Overall sentiment by document
print("Creating sentiment visualization...")
## [1] "Creating sentiment visualization..."
sentiment_summary <- sentiment_scores %>%
select(doc_id, sentiment, sentiment_bing, sentiment_afinn) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = c(sentiment, sentiment_bing, sentiment_afinn),
names_to = "method",
values_to = "score")
ggplot(sentiment_summary, aes(x = doc_id, y = score, fill = method)) +
geom_col(position = "dodge") +
labs(x = "Document", y = "Sentiment Score", fill = "Method",
title = "Sentiment Analysis by Document and Method") +
theme_minimal() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set1",
labels = c("AFINN", "Bing", "Syuzhet"))
ggsave("sentiment_by_doc.png", width = 10, height = 6)
# VISUALIZATION: Sentiment polarity visualization
nrc_polarity <- texts_df %>%
unnest_tokens(word, text) %>%
inner_join(get_sentiments("nrc")) %>%
filter(sentiment %in% c("positive", "negative")) %>%
count(doc_id, sentiment)
## Joining with `by = join_by(word)`
## Warning in inner_join(., get_sentiments("nrc")): Detected an unexpected many-to-many relationship between `x` and `y`.
## ℹ Row 32 of `x` matches multiple rows in `y`.
## ℹ Row 11946 of `y` matches multiple rows in `x`.
## ℹ If a many-to-many relationship is expected, set `relationship =
## "many-to-many"` to silence this warning.
ggplot(nrc_polarity, aes(x = doc_id, y = n, fill = sentiment)) +
geom_col(position = "fill") +
labs(x = "Document", y = "Proportion", fill = "Sentiment",
title = "Sentiment Polarity by Document") +
theme_minimal() +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("negative" = "firebrick", "positive" = "forestgreen"))
ggsave("sentiment_polarity.png", width = 8, height = 6)
# Summary of findings with visualization references
print("=== CARBON DISCLOSURE NLP ANALYSIS SUMMARY ===")
## [1] "=== CARBON DISCLOSURE NLP ANALYSIS SUMMARY ==="
print(paste("1. The corpus consists of", nrow(texts_df), "documents related to carbon disclosure"))
## [1] "1. The corpus consists of 418 documents related to carbon disclosure"
print("2. Key themes identified from topic modeling:")
## [1] "2. Key themes identified from topic modeling:"
print(top_terms %>% group_by(topic) %>% summarise(terms = paste(term, collapse = ", ")))
## # A tibble: 3 × 2
## topic terms
## <int> <chr>
## 1 1 carbon, disclosure, study, firms, performance, emissions, environmental…
## 2 2 carbon, disclosure, firms, emissions, climate, environmental, companies…
## 3 3 emissions, carbon, reporting, climate, change, companies, ghg, energy, …
print("3. Most frequent entities found:")
## [1] "3. Most frequent entities found:"
print(head(arrange(entity_results, desc(count)), 10))
## # A tibble: 10 × 6
## doc_id year entity category entity_id count
## <chr> <int> <chr> <chr> <int> <int>
## 1 267 2021 information asymmetry financial 19 9
## 2 5 2024 firm value financial 17 8
## 3 44 2024 carbon performance outcomes 43 7
## 4 52 2025 media exposure outcomes 46 7
## 5 200 2022 greenwashing outcomes 44 7
## 6 255 2020 firm value financial 17 7
## 7 269 2021 carbon performance outcomes 43 7
## 8 73 2024 firm value financial 17 6
## 9 19 2024 carbon performance outcomes 43 5
## 10 40 2025 carbon performance outcomes 43 5
print(paste("4. Found", nrow(entity_cooccurrence), "significant entity relationships"))
## [1] "4. Found 54 significant entity relationships"
# Comprehensive sentiment summary
sentiment_summary <- sapply(c("syuzhet", "bing", "afinn"), function(method) {
avg <- mean(sentiment_scores[[paste0("sentiment_", method)]], na.rm = TRUE)
paste0(toupper(method), ": ",
ifelse(avg > 0, "positive",
ifelse(avg < 0, "negative", "neutral")),
" (", round(avg, 2), ")")
})
## Warning in mean.default(sentiment_scores[[paste0("sentiment_", method)]], :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
print("5. Document sentiment across methods:")
## [1] "5. Document sentiment across methods:"
print(paste("-", sentiment_summary))
## [1] "- SYUZHET: NA (NA)" "- BING: positive (2.41)"
## [3] "- AFINN: positive (6.24)"
print("6. Documents show distinct topical focus while sharing common terminology")
## [1] "6. Documents show distinct topical focus while sharing common terminology"
print("7. Visualizations have been created for each analysis step and saved as PNG files")
## [1] "7. Visualizations have been created for each analysis step and saved as PNG files"
# Create a consolidated visualization dashboard
print("Creating consolidated visualization dashboard...")
## [1] "Creating consolidated visualization dashboard..."
create_dashboard <- function() {
# Create a summary plot grid
library(gridExtra)
library(cowplot)
# Prepare individual plots
p1 <- top_terms_plot + ggtitle("Topic Modeling Results")
p2 <- top_entities_plot + ggtitle("Top Entities")
p3 <- network_plot + ggtitle("Entity Relationships")
# Create a text summary
text_summary <- ggplot() +
theme_void() +
annotate("text", x = 0, y = 0.9, hjust = 0, size = 5,
label = paste("Carbon Disclosure Analysis Summary\n",
"----------------------------------\n",
"Documents analyzed:", nrow(texts_df), "\n",
"Time period:", min(texts_df$year), "-", max(texts_df$year), "\n",
"Total words:", nrow(all_words), "\n",
"Entities identified:", nrow(entity_lookup), "\n",
"Entity mentions:", sum(entity_results$count), "\n",
"Average sentiment:", round(mean(sentiment_scores$sentiment), 2))) +
xlim(0, 1) + ylim(0, 1)
# Arrange plots in a grid
plot_grid(
text_summary,
plot_grid(p1, p2, ncol = 2),
p3,
nrow = 3,
rel_heights = c(0.3, 0.4, 0.3)
)
# Save the dashboard
ggsave("carbon_disclosure_dashboard.png", width = 16, height = 12, dpi = 300)
}
create_dashboard <- function() {
# Load packages quietly
suppressPackageStartupMessages({
library(ggplot2)
library(gridExtra)
library(cowplot)
library(igraph)
library(ggraph)
})
# Prepare plots with increased label overlap allowance
p1 <- top_terms_plot + ggtitle("Topic Modeling Results")
p2 <- top_entities_plot + ggtitle("Top Entities")
# Network plot with better label handling
p3 <- ggraph(entity_network, layout = "fr") +
geom_edge_link(aes(width = cooccurrence_count),
alpha = 0.6, show.legend = FALSE) +
geom_node_point(aes(size = igraph::degree(entity_network)),
color = "lightblue") +
geom_node_text(aes(label = name),
repel = TRUE,
size = 3,
max.overlaps = 20) + # Increased from default 10
theme_void() +
ggtitle("Entity Relationship Network")
# Text summary
text_summary <- ggplot() +
theme_void() +
annotate("text", x = 0, y = 0.9, hjust = 0, size = 5,
label = paste("Carbon Disclosure Analysis Summary\n",
"----------------------------------\n",
"Documents analyzed:", nrow(texts_df), "\n",
"Time period:", min(texts_df$year), "-", max(texts_df$year), "\n",
"Total words:", nrow(all_words), "\n",
"Entities identified:", nrow(entity_lookup), "\n",
"Entity mentions:", sum(entity_results$count), "\n",
"Average sentiment:", round(mean(sentiment_scores$sentiment, na.rm = TRUE), 2))) +
xlim(0, 1) + ylim(0, 1)
# Arrange and save
final_dashboard <- suppressWarnings(
plot_grid(
text_summary,
plot_grid(p1, p2, ncol = 2),
p3,
nrow = 3,
rel_heights = c(0.3, 0.4, 0.3)
)
)
ggsave("carbon_disclosure_dashboard.png",
final_dashboard,
width = 16,
height = 12,
dpi = 300)
return(final_dashboard)
}
# Run with suppressed warnings
suppressWarnings({
dashboard <- create_dashboard()
print(dashboard)
})
