Class-Based Zero-Sum Beliefs
May 2025B: Analysis
Background
This is a preregistered experimental study, looking to establish a causal link between class-based zero-sum beliefs and class solidarity. Let’s see what we get.
Eligibility
There were two attention checks:
att_1: select somewhat disagree
att_2: bot detector with invisible code
eligible_n <- df_cbzs %>%
group_by(is_elg) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
filter(is_elg == 1) %>%
select(n) %>%
unlist() %>%
unname()
df_cbzs %>%
group_by(att_1,att_2) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| att_1 | att_2 | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 7 | 1.4 |
| 1 | 0 | 3 | 0.6 |
| 1 | 1 | 491 | 98.0 |
That gives us a total of 491 eligible participants.
Demographics
Race
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(race) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| race | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 | 0.41 |
| Asian | 21 | 4.28 |
| Black or African American | 60 | 12.22 |
| Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 26 | 5.30 |
| Middle Eastern or North African | 3 | 0.61 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 | 0.20 |
| Other (please specify) | 1 | 0.20 |
| White | 341 | 69.45 |
| multiracial | 36 | 7.33 |
Gender
df_cbzs_elg %>%
mutate(gender = ifelse(is.na(gender) | gender == "","other",gender)) %>%
group_by(gender) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| gender | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| man | 234 | 47.66 |
| other | 6 | 1.22 |
| woman | 251 | 51.12 |
Age
df_cbzs_elg %>%
summarise(age_mean = round(mean(age,na.rm = T),2),
age_sd = round(sd(age,na.rm = T),2)) %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| age_mean | age_sd |
|---|---|
| 40.06 | 13.15 |
Education
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(edu) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| edu | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| noHS | 3 | 0.61 |
| GED | 167 | 34.01 |
| 2yearColl | 83 | 16.90 |
| 4yearColl | 232 | 47.25 |
| MA | 3 | 0.61 |
| NA | 3 | 0.61 |
Subjective SES
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(ses) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| ses | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| Lower Class | 84 | 17.11 |
| Lower Middle Class | 147 | 29.94 |
| Middle Class | 216 | 43.99 |
| Upper Middle Class | 44 | 8.96 |
Identification as working class
To what extent do you see yourself as part of the working class?
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = wrkclass)) +
geom_histogram(fill = "lightblue",
color = "lightblue",
binwidth = 1) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,5,1),
limits = c(0,6)) +
ylab("density") +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$wrkclass,na.rm = T),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"))
Income
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = income)) +
geom_bar() +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_blank(),
axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
coord_flip()
Politics
Ideology
Participants were asked about the extent to which they subscribe to the following ideologies on a scale of 1-7 (select NA if unfamiliar): Conservatism, Liberalism, Democratic Socialism, Libertarianism, Progressivism.
means <- df_cbzs_elg %>%
dplyr::select(PID,ideo_con:ideo_prog) %>%
pivot_longer(-PID,
names_to = "ideo",
values_to = "score") %>%
filter(!is.na(score)) %>%
group_by(ideo) %>%
summarise(score = mean(score)) %>%
ungroup()
df_cbzs_elg %>%
dplyr::select(PID,ideo_con:ideo_prog) %>%
pivot_longer(-PID,
names_to = "ideo",
values_to = "score") %>%
filter(!is.na(score)) %>%
ggplot() +
geom_density(aes(x = score), fill = "lightblue") +
scale_x_continuous(limits = c(1,7),
breaks = seq(1,7,1)) +
geom_vline(data = means,mapping = aes(xintercept = score),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold")) +
facet_wrap(~ideo,nrow = 2)
Party affiliation
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(party_id) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| party_id | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| Democrat | 165 | 33.60 |
| Independent | 179 | 36.46 |
| Republican | 147 | 29.94 |
Vote 2024
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(vote_2024) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| vote_2024 | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| Donald Trump | 172 | 35.03 |
| I did not vote | 67 | 13.65 |
| Kamala Harris | 231 | 47.05 |
| Other | 21 | 4.28 |
Reflections
In a few sentences, please reflect on the ways in which the excerpt above describes how the economic system works?
Zero-sum condition
| reflection |
|---|
| The wealthy and powerful are able to leverage their connections and influence to strengthen their power, while keeping working class Americans down to preserve their status. They actively lobby against protections for working class Americans. |
| Tax breaks for the rich as mentioned, the ability to hire workers (sometimes illegals) very cheaply. The ability to import things at a lower cost (and more cheaply made so the working man has to buy things over and over). Just the fact that wages are not going up as fast as costs on goods making it harder for the “working” man to survive while the rich find ways to keep getting rich and profit on these things. |
| By limiting the ways that workers can organize or share work info it creates a system that allows for others(managers/owners etc) can limit the amount people are paid. It also allows them to threaten to just take the job away as a means of creating a environment that lets them exploit longer hours, less money and benefits than would be the case if workers coordinated as a block instead of individuals. |
| Wealthier people and large corps often benefit from access to capital investment opportunities and automation that increases profitability. Lower income people like myself struggle with wage stagnation and job displacement due to automation. |
| The political system is designed to be bought. Wealthy people can give money to politicians and have laws bent in their favor. The lower classes and non-wealthy people don’t have access to this so they suffer. Wages get stuck and profits from corporations aren’t shared with workers. |
| Not taxing the wealthy puts a strain on the working class people because then we are expected to pay more in taxes. The wealthy also makes it to where they can buy their way into politics and influence bills being passed. They do this to ultimately keep the amount of power they have or even increase it. The wealthy also purposefully influence news stations as well to keep the lower classes upset at the “other” side. |
| The economy works on multiplacative wealth. The people at the top have the most money and power, so they can use that to rig the system to their own benefit. They steal from the poor to line their own pockets. The working class is like a herd of animals to them. The people without money and power can never get ahead in this system. |
| The modern economy creates advantages for rich people and not poor people. The poor get poorer while the rich get richer. |
| The wealthy are causing wage stagnation for the working class while prices for everything are increasing. This puts a worsening burden on the working class who struggle more and more to survive. The wealthy also implement laws that allow them to avoid paying their fair share. |
| The influence of some wealthy people allows them to make decisions to benefit them at the cost of others. People are greedy and the wealthy take advantage by manipulation and taking advantage fo less fortunate people. There is no need to have so much money that you can afford a yacht while others are having to work 2 jobs, |
| The modern economy often helps the wealthy and powerful by letting them shape policies, labor practices, and markets to their advantage. They do this through lobbying, deregulation, and control over money. This can limit opportunities for working-class people by lowering wages, weakening labor protections, and reducing access to quality education, healthcare, and upward mobility. This leads to economic inequality, with wealth and decision-making power increasingly concentrated at the top. |
| They create tax breaks and save a lot of money by not paying taxes. They outsource jobs for cheaper labor. |
| Having more money gives you more opportunity. It allows you to spend time with more important people opening potential doors to advance your life personally and professionally. |
| As a veteran, our government seems to want to cut a lot of the government especially va care to enrich their billionaire buddies with contracts hurting everyone else. This extends when we see how much these same tech bros are shoving ai down our throats so they can replace regular workers. |
| The wealthy are getting richer largely because of their disproportional influence on the economic system, where they can use their money to influence government to make policies that work in their favor, or take control of companies. Poorer people are often just trying to stay afloat with low or minimum wage jobs, living paycheck to paycheck, unable to save or invest. They are desperate for money though, so they are willing to take the bare minimum. |
| The modern economy the wealthy get wealthier and the poor get poorer. The wealthy families fund their political candidates and it’s a win win for both the politician and wealthy family. There are laws and tax breaks constantly updated and benefitting the wealthy. The changes that benefit them, make it harder for people at lower classes to move up. |
| The modern economy creates advantages for the upper class because its harder to move between class systems within our country. The cost of schooling and the fact that you need an education for higher paying jobs but higher education cost way more than most lower class can afford. |
| The most obvious is that wages have not kept up with inflation for decades. The modern day American has much less buying power then ever and salaries have not kept up with that issue. Most people can not afford a home and rent instead. We are living in a land of renters and not buyers/ |
| The more power the people at the top have, the more power they are able to, and inclined to amass. They have become disconnected from the rest of us and don’t see us as the same as them. We might as well me cattle to them and they will treat us as such. |
| The modern economy creates advantages for some groups while limiting opportunities for others because it makes many opportunities more accessible to those that have money. They are able to travel to more places and be in the presence of others who are able to propel them in life. With limited finances, those opportunities are much harder to access. |
| Nothing in this article is surprise as the rich and powerful always want to keep their riches and powers. It is clear to see that the modern economy is rigged against the working class based on the positions we find ourselves in today. |
| Lower-skilled jobs for working class people have been disappearing, as companies find they can make greater profit by outsourcing labor and implementing automation. This pushes working people into precarious arrangements like gig work. It also limits upward mobility. A factory line worker may have been able to climb the ladder in past decades; a typist could have learned management skills and likewise ascended. These entry-level jobs are not a pathway to success any longer. People burn out and are replaced repeatedly. This saves companies money in not having to provide salary and benefits. No such cuts are happening in the C-suite. |
| The modern economy has left the working class severely disadvantaged, and it seems like this is not going to change anytime soon. It almost seems like they are doing this so the rich will stay rich, and the poor will stay poor, and that the rich will always have power over us in the working classes. They do this by fighting for laws that are anti-worker, diminishing our wages, and taking away jobs, among many other aspects. |
| Man, it feels like no matter how hard I work, I can’t get ahead. The folks at the top got the system wired for themselves tax breaks, loopholes, they don’t play by the same rules we do. Meanwhile, people like me are stuck with low wages, no benefits, and jobs that can disappear overnight |
| stocks and retirement. The benefits go to the major stakeholders of the company who make choices based on short-term gain. the value of the stock or importance of the company could disappear in 20 years, well before retirement and after investors leave. |
| The upper class has more advantages than the lower and middle classes. Not only do the upper class have more tax breaks so they get more money that way, prices are constantly rising yet lower and middle class workers are still getting the same wages we were years ago which puts us more and more behind. The only people who benefit from high prices and low wages are the upper class, the lower and middle classes are getting in more and more debt and are unable to afford basic things like groceries or rent while the upper class typically has several houses that they don’t use. |
| The system is designed to take from the working and the poor, and convince the working that it is the poor’s fault. Especially when it comes to the rich, not only do they not need the money as well so they can make long term investments, even for things as mundane as grocery shopping, but they get so many tax breaks due to being rich. It makes sense that they go after the working class more because they have more money to contribute than the lower class. |
| the upper class has has an increase in tax cuts and more taxes imposed on lower and middle class which has caused limited opps for people struggling to make ends meet |
| The current economy creates disadvantages for the poor and working class because wealthy individuals are able to control the stock market and know when prices are rising and falling because they are in control of the people that run those companies and the people that purchase from those companies. The rich have creates ways in which they get tax breaks but the working class have increase in taxes because the country needs fixing but only the working class will ultimately end up paying for those taxes. |
| People living in better areas often have more job options, better transportation, and more access to resources. Additionally, wealthy families can pass on financial resources such as helping with school or buying a home, which makes it easier to build more wealth. Those who must start from scratch have a harder time saving, investing, or taking financial risks. |
| Those at the top of the economy who hold all the status in big firms and companies literally influence with their money those who make laws and carry out laws which further increases what they make but doesn’t do anything to help others like myself who are normal everyday people that work for them. And whenever the economy takes a hit or hits a recession, companies mitigate those losses by hurting their workers and consumers, never the people at the top. |
| We should start by not voting in any politicians who are anti-progressive. We had a good chance to do with Bernie but people called him a radical socialist. Without changes to combat the propaganda associated with socialism, we will never change for the better. MAGA is making sure that we digress into worse times.a marginal tax rate similar to what we had in the 50s and 60s would be a good start. But we’d also have to reduce the budget of the department of defense or else all that tax money goes to blowing up civilians in other countries. |
| I really don’t believe the modern system holds anyone back. The current president will reopen factories he did the last time he was in office. The issue I have and both parties are guilty of this is they do absolutely nothing about the pay on the floor. They’ll reopen a factory will 13 dollar an hour wages and cry when no one wants to work. |
| The rich get tax breaks, the poor get their taxes increased. From the big corporations that are making millions of dollars, that won’t give their workers a decent standard of living, benefits, or health care. more and more companies are not allowing for full time work, so they don’t have to pay benefits. The big owners of the companies make a ton of money but NONE trickle down to the actual workers. |
| Upper class people in this economy are lobbying for bigger tax breaks. They are also outsourcing jobs to other countries and slashing wages. They are making it impossible for normal people to keep up with inflation and get ahead. |
| They are lobbying wages and having tax breaks for upper class. In turn making it a disadvantage for the lower working class. |
| The upper class has made some favorable decisions for themselves, while the middle class does a majority of the work. The upper class will always lookout for themselves, which leads the other people not in the class to struggle or have a hard time moving up. It’s an unfair systems. |
| I think that the modern economy puts a big divide between the “haves” and the “have-nots” with the haves receiving way more access to education, resources, technologies, and opportunities that others do not have, and can’t obtain. Also, when one group has money/resources to start out with, it is much easier to grow that into more, and if someone is starting from nothing, it is very hard to move up and grow from there. Policies put in place also favor the wealthy while neglecting those who are not wealthy. |
| Tariffs on goods will cause the prices of everything to go up, as companies pass the costs of those tariffs on to the consumer. This means the consumer will be paying more across the board, costing more out of their pocket, while it won’t be costing more out of the pocket of the companies or those at the top. This creates an advantage for those groups, allowing them to make even more money, without anything more being done for the consumer. Cutting government programs and budgets, eliminating some entirely, creates an advantage for some groups because they’ll be able to get away with more since there will be less oversight and methods for the money to go to those that need it. |
| Strategies are used to benefit the upper class and stomp on the middle class |
| I think the above paragraphs are mostly true to an extent. Personally, I haven’t felt as if I’m paying the price, yet I also recognize that I am comfortably middle class. However, I imagine this will effect me more in just a few years once I graduate college and have to support myself completely. I have seen the rising prices of things and less job opportunities in general. It would be nice if the middle class of America had more freedom and wasn’t as strained as it currently is. If the opportunities to succeed were given back to the lower and middle classes, I feel as if that would help America the most in the long run. It would create a better life than just allowing the elites to walk over everyone else with no consequences. |
| One way is to buy stocks now that they’ve been so slashed by the tariff talk…ready and waiting for the elite to buy when they were down. It’s so wrong and disgusting. |
| The modern economy is structured in such a way that resources are made more available to a select group of people who are allowed to influence legal decisions and culture among people with less privilege. |
| The modern economy benefits some groups such as rich elites while hurting those of the middle and lower class. The upper class receive tax cuts as well as big corporations. The middle class therefore has to make up for that by paying more. Worker’s rights have also been dwindling. The working class is losing wages and jobs at an alarming rate while the rich are getting richer |
| for example the white south Africans they are welcomed with open arms to the us and getting services we have to pay for. these are rich white racists who need no help yet we ignore the migrants who come here for a real better life |
| The wealth gap has expanded considerably, making life unfair to the working class. The upper class controls government and is now in the process of dismantling government programs that benefit to lower income working class. Cutbacks in healthcare, education, and government regulations all hurt working class people the most, and the upper class benefits from tax cuts that are paid for by these cutbacks. |
| Some ways modern economy can create advantages for some is by putting limitations when it comes to jobs. For example, if a job does not have any job requirements, but then requires either an associates or bachelors degree it is then limiting certain people to acquire those jobs. Another example would be if the job is not disability friendly and discriminates those who have disabilities and need accommodations. |
| It seems that the rich keep getting richer. The middle and lower classes are addicted to consumerism and getting things quickly and cheaply on a whim. The upper class is perpetuating that addiction by finding more and more ways to accommodate it and profit from it. |
| This kind of philosophy certainly be benefits the elite the most, because they can outsource jobs for significantly cheaper than if they paid fair wages to normal employees. By doing this, they increase their own profits while keeping costs down. This allows the elite to benefit, while normal workers do not. |
| I’ll use the cost of living as an example for this. While many working people are taking on multiple jobs to make ends meet, everything keeps inflating in price. Rent for example keeps going up each year, property management companies and landlords are at a clear advantage. A working person has no choice but to continue paying inflated prices or be faced with homelessness. |
| wealthy individuals and companies can influence policy and shape job markets.This limits upward mobility. It widens the gap between economic classes. |
| The modern economy creates advantages for certain groups of people. The upper class is in a better position to take advantage of these things as they are general further ahead than the working class. This makes things unfair as the working class has to work harder just to stay in the same place that they started while the upper class does nothing and continually advances. |
| This happens because they have made a system where wages, which are already low for most people, never go up. However, the price of everything continues to sky rocket. Inflation has been out of control and the general working American can’t keep up with the prices. In the past few years this flawed system has made it impossible for most people to pay all their bills and still feed their families. Most are having to choose one or the other. Then the elites are working behind the scenes to see this collapse and take everything. Meanwhile, people have no choice but to continue to work. This system will never work long term as taxes need to be changed and the welfare system, which is draining the country needs to change as well. Most Americans are working to have their money given to people who just refuse to work and expect to be taken care of. The elites want this, they want people to become dependent on them so that they have control over them. |
| I do not place blame on the upper class for the modern economy. Flawed and failed policies put in place by the federal government is why the current economy is worse now. With new and successful economic policies we can create more wealth and opportunities for all. People have to be willing to work to succeed. |
| There’s a great disparity with wealth distribution in the US. The advantage lies squarely with the Haves, and plenty of them simply don’t care about the economic upheaval they create for those less fortunate. If that weren’t bad enough, it is a fact that about half of Americans VITE AGAINST THEIR OWN INTERESTS! The HAVE NOTS can’t even afford to eat healthy! |
| I agree with this passage in that the upper class has carved out a system in which they thrive at the expense of others. I believe this is a complex multifaceted issue, but I believe one of the biggest examples of how skewed opportunity is in this economy is just the nature of how investing works. Those that have large amounts of capital thrive in this and are also not punished as much when things go bad for them since they have all their capital to fall back on, while people that have more limited resources try to gain some capital through investments only for it to backfire most of the time, and usually takes away any chance they have at investing at all since they might have lost the only investing capital they had access to. Another glaring issue is how different the education you have access to is depending on your socioeconomic class; high class people get the best and newest schools while those not so lucky can end up in really run-down institutions that need attention from the education system but never get it. |
| the modern economy cut wages and outsourced positions. It has also lobbied for tax breaks and anti works laws. People are getting ripped off!!! |
| The higher tax brackets don’t have to pay as much of a percentage of their money on taxes. They don’t have to put things on credit and pay interest rates. Lower income rates have to pay a higher amount in taxes and if people can’t afford things it is a circular thing. If you can’t afford something and you put it on credit you owe more overall. You make less money to spend more money |
| The rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. Groceries are going up as with everything and its making it harder for the middle class while the rich it is not affecting at all. |
| The recent tariffs are an excellent example. Small businesses are completely helpless in the current tariffs war, and many will go out of business as a result. Small businesses are the life blood of the economy, and their loss will be a loss to us all. |
| The upper class is able to keep themselves at the top in a lot of ways. They basically run the government by influencing politicians so that laws benefit them. They are able to get their kids into the best universities and job opportunities because of who they know. They have generational wealth that keeps them and their family at the top. |
| The modern economy may create advantages for some groups by giving the upper class tax breaks, or taxing them unequally to middle and lower class people. This makes the rich richer and leaves everyone else the same or worse-off. |
| The powerful and wealthy seem to never be satisfied with claiming as much as they can, and this not only stands in the way of the majority of the population in getting head but actually prevents it in many ways. Lobbyists are paid by wealthy persons with special interests to ensure that legislation is passed to benefit them. Anytime the wealthy and powerful increase their standing, it almost always comes at the expense of the rest of us. You can just look at the current administration: cutting social safety net programs that keep ordinary Americans going while at the same time awarding high-ranking jobs and government contracts to the wealthy (ie, SpaceX). Eliminating DEI because it is seen as discriminatory which means that persons who face systemic racism won’t be given an even playing field. And with masterful marketing behind campaigns and political plans, the ignorant middle class and poor somehow are driven to believe it is in their own best interest. |
| It’s pretty obvious when you take a moment to just look. Look at something like a large chain of popular stores…the people at the top are making obscene amounts of money, more than they’d ever need. But the people on the bottom…the clerks, the stockers, the janitors, the ones that make everything work, those people are making minimum wage. The rich are getting richer off the backs of people doing the hard work for them. That’s just one example, there are loads more. |
| The upper class has devised schemes to extract rents from the working class through recurring fees for IP that historically used to be a one-time purchase, like music and movies. This involves the use of streaming services like Spotify and Netflix where there is no physical medium to purchase. Workers now have to start a subscription for consumption even if they want to watch or listen to the same content for a second or third time. Traffic fines are meted out by automated systems increasingly in order to streamline the extraction of money for minor infractions, with the contractors who develop the surveillance equipment getting multi-million dollar contracts from the state to keep the money train always going to a corporation. |
| The modern elites have no limitations on their ability to travel. This means that countries must set up favorable conditions for them if they want them to be there and keep their money there. Politicians are not often in the elite club so they are susceptible to brides and money which dont cost much to the elite. |
| The upper class have the power to influence the economics, government, politics, etc. The world is run by them they choose everything. |
| Many politicians are in cahoots with these wealthy individuals that run everything Lobbying is a practice that needs to be stopped yet it will never happen because they police themselves. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer they say. |
| The modern economy is suffering due to the rich allowing to become richer and even folks that were previously considered middle class or now lesser. |
| The modern economy keeps most of the wealth in the upper-class. They tax the poor and receive the benefits of it. |
| The modern economy is benefiting the upper class people and making it harder for the middle class to catch up. Some of the reasons for this are lobbying for tax breaks and outsourcing jobs. These things come at a cost to everyone else. |
| College education is a good example of the advantage of the wealthy who can afford to pay for their kids expensive college education so they can be led to an easier path of a high paying job, whereas a person of lesser means such as myself had to take out student loans and work part time to help pay for college. The stress of managing work and school also limited my free time and networking opportunities while at school. |
| the economy often favors the wealthy by giving them greater access to pilicits, tax breaks, and investing. Meanwhile, working class people face stagnant wages, job insecurity and very limited upward mobility. the rich get richer, the poor get poorer. |
| For the rich people they very clearly can rig things in order to make it so the smaller people get affected. We have seen them try to give tax cuts to the wealthy while the lower class gets no benefits. I also feel like with a severe lack of minimum wage changes there is a much harder time for normal people to move up and live their lives properly. |
| the current system is set up to allow the rich to get richer - with increasing tax breaks for the wealthy and higher classes for those who are not. with funding continually being cut to services that assist the poor, disabled, or marginalized, this just continues to get worse. additionally policies that protect minorities rights are being rolled back, which causes further financial hardship for them. |
| It’s very obvious, corporations put in place measures to keep us working hard but gaining little to nothing. Rules like don’t discuss your salary, keeps women from finding out the men around them are making more. Obvious union busting keeping workers unrepresented. not providing a national healthcare so that people have to work in order to afford company provided insurance which we still often have to pay for out of our checks. |
| This is just how it is. If you don’t have a ton of money, the rich will sacrifice you to get richer because money is all they care about. Human life has no value when you’re rich. |
| Well there is a bill that is proposing cuts to Medicaid which will not only lead to low income people to not getting the healthcare they need, but also close down many hospitals. This will lead to many healthcare professionals out of a job and widen the wage gap even further. These potential budget cuts would not only upend the lives of millions of low income people, but would also give massive tax cuts to the rich. |
| With money comes power, and with power comes influence. The wealthy are able to send a message to the working class that what those in power are fighting for will benefit them. It’s a lie, of course. As as long as they have the funds to keep sending out that message, they will have disenfranchised workers willing to believe them. |
| Factories being built in a city may create a lot of jobs for a certain area, but restrict potential jobs from other areas. Also, building them in other countries helps them, but hurts Americans. |
| college being so expensive does not allow the average person the same opportunity some one who comes from wealth can attain and if an average person want to pursue higher education they end with a life long amount of debt that they have to pay just for trying to improve their lives. |
| In the modern economy, even in western societies like the USA, the connected upper class always have better opportunities than the others because of many factors. For example, they hire lobbying firms to influence policies setting in the Congress which ALWAYS benefit them, like the Trump’s tax cut for the Billionaires. Also, with their early access to non-public information, they have greater chances to make great profit in the stock market, like the Pelosi stock list. |
| The working class is getting poorer and poorer and the rich are getting richer and richer. It’s worse now than it was in the past and it’s getting worse. The working class does not have the political power the weak do. |
| The article makes claims that more powerful people use their influence to enact policies that benefit them the most. They have influence over tax structuring and other policies that lower income people do not have. The elite work to ensure they stay elite and keep other people in their places. |
| It makes it hard for people to get or keep jobs since they are outsourcing them & since they are slashing wages it makes people not want to work them. |
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People who are struggling to survive simply don’t have the resources to further their education, pay for childcare to work a second job, or invest in passive income of any kind. The single biggest barrier to building wealth and long-term stability is the cost of housing. Tax policies favor investing in real estate for people with disposable income. When housing is treated as an income-producing asset, then people who can’t afford to buy a home are funding wealth creation for people who can afford to own property. |
| The modern economy favors the most knowledgeable about the economy. These are the stakeholders who understand how the markets work more than the average person. |
| The modern economy ensures that the poor pay a high cost for being in their position. From the availability to access food at a lower price to paying higher fees and interest in the banking sector, the poor have to pay higher amounts for their necessities which only keeps them in the poverty position they are in . |
| The modern economy often rewards those with wealth and connections by giving them access to tax breaks, political influence, and high-paying opportunities. Meanwhile, working-class individuals face stagnant wages, job insecurity, and reduced benefits. These disparities are not random–they reflect policies and structures designed to favor the powerful, making it harder for others to advance. |
| The modern economy is designed in a way that those in the upper class have a disproportionate influence on how much wealth they are able to gain and to keep. They can influence the laws, lobby for their on interests, etc. Those with less wealth can’t match this without huge collectives on the same page. |
| In the modern economy, I think tax breaks and not raising taxes for higher income individuals only help the upper class. Also the rising cost of inflation and working jobs not getting the proper rise to counter act inflation, doesn’t help the lower class. |
| Money is power in itself. If you have money for good lawyers you’re more likely to get off of things like deathrow and get life in prison instead. You can afford healthcare and school past high school a lot easier. |
| The modern economy is 1000% created to advantage the few at the expense of the many. The entire concept of the stock market, for one. You have to put your own money in a glorified gambling system in hopes of maybe making enough money to live upon retirement, for example. How many companies have gotten rid of things like pension plans and instead open up 401ks for their employees? On top of that, the economy is entirely set by what the rich think the poor can afford. They don’t care whether the cost of our groceries keeps going up - they don’t want to pay us living wages to begin with. They just want a working class that’s absolutely strapped for money and feels completely incapable of escaping grind culture so they can continue to extract as much wealth from them as possible. |
| I think the modern economy creates advantages for wealthy people. Wealthy people at the top control how and who their resources go to. They control the wages and opportunities of the workers of their companies. Many CEO’s are also buying politicians in order to receive certain advantages in which said politicians vote on certain laws and protocols that get passed that ultimately benefit the CEO’s. Capitalism is dead and the American dream was dead a long time ago. Corporations rule the US economy and politicians are sitting by letting it happen. |
| The upper class can use their wealth to persuade politicians to pass laws that favor them over the working class. |
| It will create advantages for those in higher tax brackets. Thos in lower tax brackets will have to work harder to succeed. |
| Our current environment is heavily biased toward the circumstances you grew up in. While you can only be so ‘poor’ in our modern world, you are often stuck in the bracket of being poor if that is where you started. |
| The entire stock market is rigged for one example. Hedge funds, market makers, and financial institutions designed high frequency trading, payment for order flow, and naked short selling to dump the prices of retail investor’s stocks. Since they can move infinitely faster than every retail investor, they rig the game for anyone looking to trade the market. It should be 50-50 but it’s 100-0. |
| If we take taxes as an example tax breaks should be offered to all classes equally benefiting all workers. No more outsourcing jobs when there’s people looking for work instead put limits percentages on outsourcing for all big companies. And knowing which companies have influenced the economy should be directly exposed for accountability sake. |
| In our modern economy money equals power. Those with large sums of wealth can use it as political influence. They can bribe politicians legally and lobby them to enact policies that benefit the few at the expense of the many. |
| I think the major way this economy is being g used to phase out the middle class is that’s it’s being manipulated by politicians who have personal investments which, unfortunately, they care more about than the average working citizen. |
| As someone who is in the working class, this is definitely true in my eyes. It seems as though the rich keep getting richer. They have been able to find a way to keep price gouging the working class, and what was once the middle class, and we can’t really do anything about it, because we either pay their prices for the stuff we need or we don’t get what we need. I am not sure what the solution is to this problem, because it just keeps getting worse and worse and no one can stop them from doing it. Celebrities also keep getting richer while working class people can barely put food on the table for their families. ( I work 2 full time jobs and 2 part time jobs for reference, and can barely survive). |
| By creating unfair opportunities for people who may not be in the same class or race and giving people of upper class continue to receive tax breaks, etc. This is where we are and it is so unfair to the working class Americans who are simply trying to make a living, feed their families and live in fair housing. |
| None. If you are smart and not compliant you can and will find ways around those “evil elites” roadblocks. Start your own business, get your own tax breaks and “exploit” your own “workers.” |
| Tax cuts for the wealthy are making it nearly impossible for people at lower income levels to rise about their current economic levels. The wealthy often start with generational wealth and property ownership. This ensures that they are on a higher financial tier than peers of their own age group. |
| A company pays workers minimum wage while making record profits every quarter. They lobby for tax breaks for themselves and pay for them by cutting safety net programs. They manipulate the market to raise prices. They shelter money in offshore accounts. They lobby to prevent unions. |
| Modern economy is creating new sciences such as artificial intelligence which can be great but also harmful. It can easily create jobs while also eliminating jobs indefinitely. Modern technology although great can harm the working class since machines operate quicker and in large quantity. |
| I think prices rise without wages keeping pace. It can be hard to set aside growth money when you live paycheck to paycheck. The better advantaged get to make money with their money, invest it and play with it while those struggling have to give it to the electric company so they dont have to sit in the dark. The president can announce something outrageous and tank stocks, then all his well advantaged friends can buy up the stocks, then earn money as stocks go back up correcting. People without the extra money dont have the luxury of doing that. |
| The modern economy may create advantages for some groups by setting unfair and imbalance wages. It is also set up so where it is hard to work your way out of debt because of high living expenses and interest rates. |
| The wealthy work together. For instance, the Trump administration let donors to its campaign when to dump and buy stocks for their meme coin. Rich helping rich, while the poor suckers probably bought shares and then when they were at their highest, the wealthy dumped them and made their money. Regular folks were left with the bag that was worth less then when they bought it. |
| This article is quite true. The wealthy grow their wealth on the backs of the working class. The wealthy hold the power in politics and rig the system to help themselves. It’s human nature I guess and it has apparently been this way for thousands of years. Most recently they’ve pitted the poor against one another, race against race, generation against generation, young vs old. Yet it should be the poor pointing fingers at the rich. |
| I think it is not just upper class, but globalist alliances that are the root cause. Working with the liberal democrats, that continue to suppress the working class with their pro-immigration stNCE, DEI and other socialist policies. |
| The modern economy helps the upper class stay rich and powerful, while the backbone of the country, working people, are left struggling. The elite have used their influence to make rules that benefit themselves, like tax breaks and low wages, making it harder for the rest of us to get ahead. |
| Today’s systems help the rich stay rich whilst working people struggle in their everyday lives. It’s really not bad luck at all, things are just set up to put money first, not people. |
| The social caste system and racial prejudice play a big part in why working class Americans are at the bottom of society. “Inalienable” rights have been bestowed upon certain races of people which give them the advantage of being more successful than other racial groups. |
| The modern economy allows some people to increase their wealth while giving the same people access to advantages such as tax breaks at the expense of the lower class workers that work hard and never seem to get ahead. This system rewards people with wealth for doing very little while punishing the very people that ensure the wealthy stay wealthy while the working class cannot get ahead. This creates a wealth gap that in most cases is almost impossible to overcome for those earning much less that the wealthy. |
| The modern economy may create advantages for some groups, such as the upper class, through policies like tax breaks and lobbying that favor their wealth accumulation, while limiting opportunities for others, particularly working class individuals, by outsourcing jobs and keeping wages low. This disparity allows the wealthy to maintain and expand their influence, often at the expenses of the middle and lower classes, who face reduced access to resources and upward mobility. Additionally, the concentration of power in the hands of a few enables them to shape economic systems that prioritize profit over equitable growth, leaving many behind. |
| In this modern economy, it is easy for those who have money to invest. Either they are buying property and renting out, stocks, or even bitcoin. It is easy for someone who already has great wealth to gain even more income. Like the saying “you have to spend money to make money.” |
| Wealthier individuals have no problem funding the education of their children while underprivileged children sometimes do not even finish high school. More opportunities open up for wealthy people starting in childhood while those in poverty put so much effort in just to keep their head above water. Large corporations have a monopoly on the majority of products in the world and involve themselves in political issues that benefit them by funding politicians. This allows them to have even more power and control over the economy. Make the rich even richer and more powerful and the poor powerless. |
| I strongly believe the modern economy is not fair. The rich are getting richer and the poor can barely afford grocery. The rich are not paying tax and the poor are losing a good portion of their paycheck to income taxes. We need to make the playing field fair for all. |
| The upper class has pigeon held the lower class by giving themselves tax breaks that allow them to keep their wealth and then turn it into generational wealth. They have set up the credit system that only keeps the working striving for a goal that is virtually impossible to reach. Student loans have outlandish interest, the cost of living far secedes the average wage, and middle to lower class people are just on a hamster wheel the elites have created and watch as they splurge and indulge. |
| The higher class are able to afford certain things that the working lower class cant, i think this is probaly the most advantage they have over the working class. They are able to write off high price items for tax breaks and the lower class cant do that. |
| We are living in an oligarchy where some of the wealthiest people on the planet own businesses that exploit their workers. Clearly, workers today are at the mercy of those in power who want to limit wages while their wealth increases exponentially. |
| Our current economy has created a system where wealth is being funneled from the working class to the wealthier class. Working class individuals are working for poverty level wages that are being enforced in order to maximize profits for the upper classes. Anti-union initiatives have been implemented in order to ensure that workers can’t band together to demand an increase in wages and better work protections/benefits. |
| Modern economy can create disadvantages for people who don’t have access to resources and educational opportunities. Modern technology can lead to job loss for some people and create jobs for others. Current tax policies favor the wealthy. Wealth creates more access to opportunities. |
| If voters had only paid attention to the contents of Project 2025 before casting their ballots we might not be in this mess. Tariffs are driving already-exorbitant prices through the roof, and this puts extreme stress — financial, mental, emotional, you name it — on everyone who isn’t upper class, that is everyone who has drunk the KoolAid and is blinded by the cult’s glare. People are losing jobs right and left as the Oligarchs have too much money to count. Our President has just accepted a $400 million dollar plane from the Saudis, which he plans to keep after he is no longer President. Trump never met a corruption he didn’t like. |
| Along with the upper class taking advantage of tax loopholes, most of the working class is wildly underpaid for the work they do. Upper class control the housing market, driving up prices to line their own pockets as well as increasing prices of everyday goods while telling workers they can not raise wages. |
| People who have investments are advantaged because they are profiting from the rise in rents and the rise in home prices. They can sell their investment home for much more than they bought it for originally, or raise rents well above what their mortgage payment is. They also make profit from dividends and increase in the value of market accounts. On the other hand, the working class renter struggles. They face increased prices for all common goods, while wages are essentially stagnant or falling compared to the cost of living. Homeownership is getting increasingly hard to attain. |
| Well, all you have to do is look at who is succeeding generationally and who is not. There is one group benefiting – the ruling class. The other “groups” being limited are everyone else. What is unique about the modern economy/society is that the ruling class has convinced the have-nots to fight over race, gender, sexual identity, and other trivial issues while their profits and privilege increase more and more. They create advantages by distracting everyone. |
| The rich built the system we depend upon to earn our living and survive in they construct the game the rules and outcomes if by some chance we find a way to get ahead they simply change the rules or add a constraint They require us to get insurance then penalize us if we don’t making insurance companies who spend billions denying life saving care wealthy |
| The economy is set up to benefit the rich and help them get richer while everyday workers have to struggle just to get by. As for the poor, many government programs are either being cut drastically or eliminated entirely. This is to benefit the rich by cutting the taxes they pay. |
| There are many ways in which the modern economy has created advantages for some groups while limiting opportunities for others. One basic way is by being able to get discounts for buying in bulk. This effects people that can’t afford that and makes them have to pay much more per individual item which costs them more money even though they are the ones that can’t afford it. |
| You need to have a certain amount of wealth to participate in todays economy especially on the high end, if you look at things like investor accreditation, you can see that there are distinct advantages that richer people get to participate in. |
| The modern economy favours the wealthy through policies like tax breaks, deregulation and outsourcing while limiting opportunities for the working class. |
| Money makes money. Whether it’s access to resources, opportunities, or education it’s much easier to get higher quality support and options when you are well networked or can purchase it. |
| I think that in many ways the economy is a closed loop. Those who are wealthy have power. Those who have power make the rules. Those that make the rules make sure that they get more wealthy and powerful. In that way they take the majority of the resources and the rest of society fights over what is left without any real chance at breaking into the “club” at the top. |
| some advantages might be the tax break for example I know people who make a higher amount of money who have a higher percentage of taxes removed then of those of medium or lower income |
| It creates advantages by treating the working class unfairly, with things like higher cost of living while the working class salary does not increase with the increasing costs of living. Health insurance in America also unfairly treats the working class. |
| The upper class wants to make things easier for themselves typically. |
| The modern economy may create advantages for some groups while limiting opportunities for others by allowing those who are already wealthy to take advantage of tax-breaks and grant programs. These programs should be made available to those who are less wealthy, in other to even the playing field when it comes to wealth. |
| We live in a capitalist society so there are inherently many avenues for disparity among people. Due to the way our economy is structured it heavily values starting capital, people who do not have the capital to start a business are stuck working in jobs that provide relatively low consistent income instead of the possible spikes that those higher in the economy have available to them. |
| The modern economy creates advantages for some groups while limiting opportunities for others by making it to where the elite, those in power, are able to stay on top; this is mostly due to being ‘born into’ wealth and/or having knowledge as how to play the system. Most regular, everyday people, aren’t aware of the loopholes that exist, when it comes to taxes and such. Even if they were aware, it doesn’t help much if they don’t have money to invest. The elite, the rich, are sure to pass down this knowledge to the future generations, ensuring their bloodline always remains at the top. The elite are aware of all the loopholes, which ARE legal, that allow them to pay less taxes than someone who makes minimum wage. The regular, everyday person would have to first build wealth and gain knowledge as to how to take advantage of all the loopholes. Unfortunately, most people are unable to do this and remain stuck working a regular 9-5 job, living paycheck to paycheck, just enough to get by. Lack of financial knowledge is detrimental to the poorer class. |
| Right now the Government is cutting taxes for wealthy people and increasing taxes to low income people. Another example is increasing retirement age. If you decide to have an early retirment at 62 they will cut your benefits 28%. |
| I feel like the modern economy has made it easier for people that work in technology to have a proficient working condition. |
| More and more average Americans are being priced out of things that were once viewed as basics. Home buying is unachievable for many as home prices increase but wages fail to keep up with them. Education and Healthcare are becoming prohibitively expensive as well. In this way, only those with higher incomes can assume they will achieve homeownership, higher education, and quality medical care. |
| They have insider trade secrets (think Nancy Peloski) whereas the ordinary worker does not. AI is taking over many jobs or they are being outsourced. This leaves the worker without a job or they must take a job at a lower pay which lowers their income. They do not have the education the affluent group do and this hampers their progress to reach the top. Slavery and Jim Crow laws paved the way for the working group and it exists to this day. |
| In the modern economy, big businesses are able to post record profits by driving up prices, but paying their workers minimal wages. In a tight economy where everything is getting more expensive, jobs hold more power over people because they are unable to afford to leave their current jobs in search of better opportunities. This gives power to the business executives and takes away from the workers. |
| I think taxes are what kills the middle class Americans. The elite know all of the tax loopholes and take advantage of them. It seems like we are taxed to death and will never get ahead. |
| Here in the text above it states numerous ways that the wealthy have done in order to protect and continue earning more money than the working class. They are lobbying for tax breaks and anti-worker laws, slashing wages and outsourcing jobs. This creates advantages for the wealthy, but widens the gap from the working class. |
| One way they take advantage is through the credit system and make it hard to build good credit and very easy to get bad credit. Also paying to low wages when we could be getting paid way more to better out lives. |
| The upper class uses their wealth to gain power over the lower class citizens. They own companies and businesses and make the most profits while paying their employees low wages and making them do all the work. They also outsource jobs to other countries so they can pay them as little as possible. They also seem to find loop holes with taxes and get too many tax breaks. All the while they’re re making the most money and profits then anyone else |
| Certain groups mostly the one with greater access to resources and opportunities accumulate significant wealth mostly through inheritance investment opportunities and also access to high paying jobs . |
| In our current times it’s much easier to make money when you already have money. For one thing you can have your money make you money through investing etc. Also, the wealthy are able to attend better schools thereby giving them access to a better education and better contacts with leaders in industry and politicians. |
| The modern economy is set up by the powerful government. Reduce government power by getting rid of all regulations and special tax loopholes for special interest groups and it will be more fair to everyone. The rich and politically connected benefit from these special government rules at the expense of taxpayers and the working people. The politically connected benefit from monetary inflation by being the first in the economy to spend newly created money and by the time it gets to the working class the monetary inflation has raised prices. |
| Any economy which is broadly experiencing disruptions and technological innovation will probably exhibit at least a temporary imbalance of income when analyzed across many classes or categories. What makes this environment so charged emotionally and politically is the corruption of the political and cultural spheres by corporate interests. What isn’t discussed enough is that allowing the State to grow and to itself corrupt markets and the day-to-day activities of workers and citizens is what perpetuates so-called crony capitalism. Cronyism is more about traits we all should recognize: greed, dominance, and oligarchic practices which guarantee the conditions where these petty and self-serving traits thrive. |
| In the USA modern business have been upgraded and has reduced labor, for example car companies are barely assembled by humans, so machines get to do all the work and a huge part of the profit circles back to the CEO and executives |
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Tax policy is the biggest issue for creating advantages for the super wealthy. They are able to hire fancy accountants to lower their tax bill as much as possible. They also donate to politicians to keep their taxes low. Lower taxes means fewer services for everyone else, which adds a whole other layer to the differences between the rich and poor. |
| There is much truth in the old saw that says “It takes money to make money”. This means that the elites who have money already are in a prime position to make even more money. The result is fewer economic opportunities for certain groups who are already economically disadvantaged. These groups may include minorities, women, and the poor. |
| The elites are taking advantage of the American people by letting the illegal immigrants come in an do jobs as a lower rate than is allowed. It’s not that the American’s won’t do the job, they just won’t do it for legalized slave wages. |
| Free education for all. Forgive student loans. Tax the rich. Increase inheritance tax. Stop corporations from buying real estate. Rent control in all areas. Lower interest rates. |
| Well normal everyday workers have basically have stagnated wages for years now while the richest americans and the people who own these companies have been making record profits for several years in a row. Basically the amount of money an average worker makes barely changes while CEOs and Owners are just drastically getting more and more money every year, and despite this prices are rising so things get more expensive so even though wages stay the same everything else gets more expensive such as groceries and homes so it’s hard to ever get out of whatever class you are born into. |
| I think the tax break is a huge one. While the government gives it to the rich, the working class couldn’t dream of such opportunity. |
| Considering the state of the world especially this country, it does seem the most wealthy are the ones benefitting from the current economy. Its hard for the working class to get healthcare for one, those who are in the wealthier class they are able to afford their care to stay in top shape where those in lower classes have to struggle due to high costs of medical bills. Maybe not all the upper class, but most pay those beneath them a little while they continue to reap most of the benefits as others slave away through labor to cut costs and maintain their lifestyle. Just seems upper class groups use others to stay on the top, not all but seem most do. They also make sure they are in powerful positions to continue to get even more benefits and advantages while those of lower class continue to get their benefits strip and cut. |
| The elite or upper class may influence or use politicians or other powerful people to abuse the economic system. For example, they may pay less taxes by imposing a new federal law, but not increasing the federal minimum wage. Laws like this create huge inequality between classes and screw hard-working people. Corporations will gain profit as long as they pay low wages to their employees, like cheap labor. |
| Disadvantaged groups do not have the same resources as the wealthy do. This limits their ability to use educational resources which are necessary to advance their circumstances. The wealthy have many more opportunities. |
| People have to pay for training and classes in order to take tests or get certificates. And people have to pay more to take such tests or certificates to be able to be qualified for employment. Ones are in debt even before getting jobs. Cities are designed to be spread out and public transits are meant to be inefficient so the upper class can have us spend money on cars, petrol, insurances etc to extract as much money from us as possible while all those can be avoided by having well-designed walkable cities with efficient public transit with reasonble costs. |
| In today’s economy, essential things like healthcare and education are beyond affordable, keeping the working class in their place to work blue collared jobs while the elite is able to have access to greater opportunities. It isn’t that the working class doesn’t want to improve, it’s that it’s hard to get ahead when most if not all of us are struggling just to survive. |
| Some advantages include Tax breaks, anti-worker laws, declining wages, outsourcing jobs. |
| The modern economy create advantages for the wealthy people leaving the working class behind. For their own advantages they abuse the working class. |
| The upper class is continuing to bend the system to serve their desires while neglecting the needs of the working class and the poor. They have deliberately created a system that serves them at the expense of others. |
| All of the work has been outsourced to cheaper labor overseas to box out American earners. And increase profits for the already wealthy. |
| During covid, we all had to sit home and lose our jobs while rich people got much richer. At one point, 70% of US currency was created during covid. I haven’t checked that number in years so probably worse now. For normal people, our dollars don’t go as far as they used to, but much more well off people have ways to mitigate it. |
| The modern economy, in my mind, entered its newest phase sometime shortly after March of 2020. It was the culmination of a variety of factors that stack the system against workers, particularly service workers. We have had such a sea change of economic misfortune for the service sector that it deserves to be studied in the future, and yet few seem to be even aware of how much new misery has been created in the last 10 years, especially the previous five. |
| Modern economy, or any economy for that matter, may create advantages for the wealthy people because they will always have the upper hand when it comes to investing their money irregardless of where the economy is. They will always have the “inside scoop.” Contrary to them, the lower class will depend on wages that are determined by the government. However, in this modern economy, there are more opportunities than ever for citizens to make money aside from their wages. |
| Some ways include how much access people have to quality education and training some people don’t have such things and it limits the jobs they can get. They make barriers or certain discrimination with rules or policies that just ruin peoples chances with not very good backgrounds that they come from. |
| Today’s economy feels stacked in favor of the wealthy and oligarchy, while everyday people are left struggling. The rich have the power, time and influence to shape the rules, whether it’s through government, or just knowing the right people. Meanwhile, the working class is stuck with low pay, few benefits, and fewer chances to get ahead, It’s designed that way |
| The rich continue to get tax breaks and richer, while the working poor absorb the costs and remain in poverty. |
| In order for them to attract new people they are offering sing on bonus and pay increases after a probation period. They are also being offered kick backs from government to hire certain ethnic groups. |
| The modern economy create advantages for certain groups through the relationship between corporations and the government. Policies are created that benefit the rich and connected and create barriers for the poor and working class. Our economy and government were founded on ideals that excluded people of color and women and we are still seeing the repercussions of that today. |
| The economy has definite advantages for those with higher education and technology skills that allow them access to better jobs. This education and skill level is often not available to lower-income people and those in rural communities, as well as some minority groups. |
| I think as it states, those with the money will benefit themselves at the sake of lower income people. So it will always benefit the upper class while us lower classes will suffer. |
| The modern economy makes it much easier for the rich upper class to benefit at the expense of the working class . |
| Those who have more money and wealth have more opportunities to live in a better area, drive better cars and own better houses. They also can afford any eduction and tend to have more possibilities and know higher up people. They take better vacations and can afford expensive hobbies. |
| Tax breaks will be avaible to people who own businesses and people who don’t own business would be left out. The people without businesses currently are limited but could benefit from this same tax law if they educate themselves first because they likely do not know how they work and that they create a business that can take advantage of the breaks. Outsourcing jobs does seem to take higher paying middle class jobs from the United States. A person living near a factory that closed down due to outsourcing could have limited opportunities if they are not educated in other useful skills and decide to stay in these locations with less opportunity. |
| I think that the economy is purposely created to benefit the upper class and hurt the lower and middle class. Upper class citizens are able to get by without having to pay taxes and other things while working class gets penalized and taxed on every little thing. |
| In our modern economy, it is more difficult for small companies to compete because of excessive productivity from larger corporations. |
| the modern economy makes it easier for people with money to get even more money while others aren’t that lucky |
| The wealthy don’t pay their fair share of taxes pure and simple. The burden of keeping this country afloat is firmly on the backs of the middle class. |
| Today’s economy creates the advantage for those with more wealth access to better education which in turn, creates in the future better paying jobs for those able to afford a better education. |
| It favors the wealthy somewhat giving them tax breaks, investment opportunities, that are not given to the average person. The working class faces issues as rising job cuts, increased housing and everyday living expenses are higher. |
| Some disadvantages I can think are zoning/places you were born in. In most cases, being zoned in an impoverished or lower wage bracket neighborhood excludes you from being able to attend at better/more well-funded public schools unless you can get a special exception. This makes it to where people from lower income areas don’t get the opportunity to access the same quality of education as people from either middle or upper-class areas. Being from impoverished areas also mean that you have less job opportunities and access to higher paying jobs, keeping you forced in your lower wage bracket. |
| Companies can get away with paying significantly lower wages when they outsource their jobs to other countries. Thus taking away jobs from Americans. Additionally, the raising cost of goods and living limits opportunities for lower class, as they have less disposable income to utilize for education advancement. Lastly, the large business owners can now begin to reduce their workers even more as AI replaces their jobs, thus cutting costs and filling their pockets. |
| Upper class have everything handing to them while the working class does everything they can just to barely get by. |
| There is clearly a disadvantage of the upper class that is hurting lowering classes. |
| By trying not to spend at least on luxury type items. Its honestly not to many ways with the economy being what it already is. |
| During Covid, the government helped to put a lot of small businesses under. Small businesses were forced to shut their doors, some for good, while large businesses were able to stay open and make money. Also, large businesses were able to get government handouts, while the rich didn’t want everyday citizens to have stimulus checks. |
| Some groups may at an unfair advantage from laws being created that benefit only a certain group at the expense of another one. Decreasing wages for some groups also puts them at a greater disadvantage. The groups that suffer from this remain at the bottom |
| I believe that the primary way in which the public, including myself, perceive that the economy is being rigged is through taxes. Many individuals with lower wages who are living paycheck to paycheck are forced to pay their taxes and hold to the letter of the law. However, the news frequently shows that the richest individuals are getting massive tax breaks through loopholes and tax write offs. These tax breaks significantly reduce the amount of income the US government receives through taxation and therefore leads to higher taxes for the working individuals. |
| I think your race and gender creates opportunities for white men in the US and I think there is some entitlement there because of it. Equally qualified minorities and women are looked over and considered “less than” most times. |
| The modern economy is currently set to make the rich, richer, and keep the poor poor. Workers are constantly taking cuts to wages and hours, and experiencing lay-offs. Those that are unemployed struggle to find anyone willing to hire them, because the rich don’t want to pay them. |
| I dont really have this same perspective, of course elites fashion laws to benefit themselves but it also benefits the common working person with higher wages and additional laws to protect workers rights. |
| In this type of system it would be very difficult for one to get ahead and break through into a high class. With protectories in place the upper classes maintain at the detriment to lower classes. Its not a very good situation to be in. |
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| The upper class benefits the most from tax breaks in our country. When the economy suffers, the upper class has a bigger buffer to work with and they do not feel the effects the same as the lower and middle class workers do. For example, if prices of groceries go up, the lower and middle class people will feel it more because it is a higher percentage out of their paychecks each week. Likewise, the upper class will hardly notice a difference, because groceries are already such a low percentage of their income it doesn’t make a difference. |
| the stock market has created opportunities for people who can get the means to invest in it to become wealthier than they were, possibly to the point they do not have to work or can retire comfortably. wage inflation has pushed up hourly wages so that employees now make a lot better money than a few years back. |
| The housing market allows for high income earners to purchase up all the homes to turn around and rent them out to others. This increases the overall cost of housing costs for individuals and limits the affordable housing market for other buyers. |
| The saying the rich get richer isn’t just for fun, it is the truth. As a working middle class individual I will never be able to afford a home, or an above means life and will always have to scrape by because of the corruption in place by the wealthy. Catering to this individuals is disgusting when people can’t afford groceries or gas for their vehicles and then are looked down on from the scum of wealth. |
| Greed causes the top to continue taking advantage of everyone beneath them. They become richer, those below them become poorer. |
| According to what I read above the modern economy benefits the upper class while limiting the lower class workers. Ways they achieve this or by lobbyist going to fight for them at the top, keeping low wage workers at the bottom, and exploiting tax loopholes. |
| The weathly are not taxed like they should be. Instead, the middle class and working class are taxed so high that we barely get by. Also, the interest rates for home loans are high that the working class can’t pay down there houses. Meanwhile, the rich don’t have to worry about that because more than likely their house is already paid for. |
| I think the above is mostly true but a bit too simplified. I do think wealth inequality is a big issue and the fact it seems to be growing only faster is very unsettling. I feel our society has few guardrails when it comes to the wealthy and far too many when it comes to those less fortunate. I think stronger rails around the wealthy and a healthier tax structure could help alleviate some of these issues but I do think it needs to be done carefully. |
| The modern economy depends mostly on consumption of products and services. Products and services are created by companies, most of which are public and are therefore obligated to seek the highest returns for their shareholders. The owners and C-suite leaders of these companies are solely interested in consolidating their market share in order to generate more revenues which in turn increase profits to both owners and shareholders. The modern economy incentivizes and rewards this behavior at the expense of the working class and lower to middle middle class. Mergers and acquisitions create monopolies and stifle competition, thus making the problem worse. |
| Generational wealth allows the elite to continue to hoard resources. The system uses debt as a form of control, keeping working people in a state of dependence without financial freedom. The elite control the education systems and instill obedience into future workers from a young age. Independent thought is not encouraged. The elite/ultra wealthy also own the media and can control narratives, with their goal to keep every day people arguing with their neighbors rather than waking up and realizing that they are wage slaves who are being robbed every single day. Labor exploitation allows the ultra wealthy to pay hard workers the bare minimum while they hoard the true wealth. |
| They are changing tax systems and business regulations so they can scape goat paying their taxes. Where the middle class and lower class people are left holding the bag. Insider trading is also a huge problem not only amongst the elite, but within politics itself. Many politicians have clearly committed insider training, buying and selling shares a few moments before policy changes and announcements have been made. They all should be help accountable for their illegal activity. |
| That the elite is running the scenes and promoting their agenda not taking into effect the working man leaving them behind to struggle while the rich get richer. |
| The modern economy has been set up to not only lean towards the wealthy but essentially work to make the wealthy wealthier and hold back the success of the already struggling working class American. The system didn’t just accidentally end up that way the wealthy elite carefully crafted this overtime (This was not even done quietly or illegally but unfortunately many Americans were convinced that these proposals would end up benefiting them and as we already started to see that has not been the case ) created it to be that way. They have always had obviously more resources and therefore more ability to lobby for lower taxes or no taxes as well as doing whatever they can legally to implement was that will take away workers rights just . |
| Money opens a lot of doors and/or sets you and your children up for life better. Money for better education = better jobs = better opportunities. Money allows ownership of property, inter generational wealth transfer. Only the rich can have access to these most of the time. |
| The people at the top have the money and they can influence the people who make the rules. This makes them even more money. Meanwhile, the rest of the people are working hard to make the people at t the e top even richer. |
| The modern economy creates advantages for the more wealthy people because our government has sat back and let it happen,and while they are doing nothing the working and lower class people are barely making ends meet.They can’t get a foot ahead because of the wealthy making it hard. |
| I think ceos are taking too much money while lower employees struggle to pay bills. There should be a smaller gap between the top and bottom of the pay scale. |
| The modern economy allows those with money to have loop holes around taxes and can protect their money so it is not taxed like those of the middle class, therefore allowing them to keep more of their money in investments to prevent them from paying their share of taxes. The rich have invested their money or have enough to form companies in countries other than the US that have favorable tax laws and do not have to pay the higher taxes they would if they built a company in this country. |
| There are many different advantages for those that are wealthy. A main one that I can think of is the ability to have cash on hand to buy assets during economic downturns (equity, real estate, etc). Whereas the middle and lower class American mostly live paycheck-paycheck, with around 80% of Americans being in a very bad position if they have unexpected expenses over 1000. Since we have a boom and bust cycle propagated by inflationary policies by our government and a credit system of money, these cycles endlessly benefit the wealthy and disproportionately affect the poor. |
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Keep prices high for working class for essential such as food, water,
gas for vehicle and heating. Keeping shelves bare in stores in some areas already experiencing challenges in society. People know about this in positions of power, but never do anything to help them. |
| The working class are getting less oppurtunity to make money and keep their money. The upperclass have more control. This can appear to some as though its purposely keeping the working class down. |
| I believe that Trump will take care of a lot of this. He will make sure that the rich don’t take advantage of the working class. And he will make sure that the working class is treated fairly in everyway. |
| The modern economy may create advantages for some groups by having a way for the ones who have major influence on social media to earn more than those who have regular jobs. |
| They could raise disability benefits. If done it would limit other because taxpayers would have pay in more. |
| The lower middle class/working class is always at a disadvantage. They often make too much money to receive any government aid, but too little money to live any way but pay check to pay check. Wages have not gone up significantly, but inflation sure has, leaving the poor and middle class to lose purchasing power. Meanwhile the rich aren’t affected by any of this. Heads of companies and corporations don’t pay employees more, all while their investments and income remain untouched and not impacted by the current economy. I’m willing to bet that a lot of rich people have invested in new AI technologies also (because they already have the money to do so) and are making tons of new money from those investments as well. |
| The rich takes care of the rich. The poor have to remain poor to keep getting benefits while not getting the right resources to better themselves. |
| There are advantages created for some groups such as the upper middle class due to employment benefits that those in lower class jobs are not able to attain. A lower class job does not have stock plans and other employee benefits that the upper class has, so this limits opportunities for lower income individuals. |
| Access to education is more available to those that already have wealth. Digital and technological infrastructure is usually better in higher-wealth communities as well |
| I do not believe in the premise of this view of the modern economy. The modern economy creates advantages for groups, people, who are willing to study and work to maximize their opportunities in the economy. Opportunities are present for all groups. There is no nefarious plot by wealthy groups to limit others. |
| I believe that the modern economy has given nearly unrestricted access to various institutions where the rich and powerful can influence decision-making all the way up to the oval office. They’re able to manipulate entire markets which cause the prices of goods and services to skyrocket, which in turn causes a huge financial impact on the lower and middle classes and disrupts their way of life while it barely puts a dent in the financial status of the rich. This only further increases the income discrepancy between the rich and lower classes, and leads to limiting the opportunities of the lower classes as a result. |
| Wealthy people can afford to invest and become richer. Lower class people generally can’t afford to. Wealthy people can also own businesses and pay low wages |
| I feel society and our government favors and helps the wealthy. Seems like the wealthy get away with no paying taxes while the middle and lower class always try to pay their taxes. The wealthy get wealthier and the middle and lower class continue to suffer financially. The government barely raises the minimum wage from $7.50 hour and expects ppl to live on that. It’s ridiculous. |
| It can make the rich make more money and the poor/middle class can’t simply make as much with the prices rising. |
| The modern economy gives many breaks to the rich and provides nothing for the middle and lower classes. The rich get richer and the rest struggle just to provide necessities for themselves and their families. |
| They may give them lower tax brackets so they don’t have to pay alot of taxes. They get extra benefits and extra trips to places. |
| The ways in which the modern economy may create advantages for some groups while limiting opportunities for others is by outsourcing jobs. They can also utilize tax breaks that are borderline fraudulent. |
| Wages haven’t kept up with inflation, so the buying power of the average worker has gone down. Meanwhile, CEOs have repeatedly gotten raises and make hundreds of times more than their own workers. Politicians create laws which introduce tax loopholes which benefit the wealthy while lobbying those same politicians for other favorable benefits for them at the expense of the working class. |
| The elite stay in charge by benefiting themselves all the time and keeping the poor down and not able to achieve success this whole farce of democracy is a joke this anti american goverment needs to be brought down and communism is the best thing |
| The upper class has money which is very beneficial in the modern economy. They can invest and take advantage of opportunities (stocks, real estate etc) while others just simply don’t have the money to use. They get massive tax breaks which allows them to keep huge amounts of money while others are paying a large % in taxes while barely having enough to live. |
| I think the way the elites have constructed things to benefit themselves have been very discrete and never put put out to public knowledge. It’s smart how they made things easy for them and much harder for everyone else contributing to the wealth of the elites. We don’t get the same tax breaks as the rich and powerful but we work much harder with little gain. Unless people start educating themselves through sources they must look for themselves, this will be an ongoing issue. |
| The rich do not pay enough tax to balance everything out. They get more tax breaks as well. The very wealthy also bribe politicians. |
| Some groups of people are more likely to be hired and earn better wages. The job market may be less competitive, this limiting the amount of money certain groups can make. |
Control condition
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| The modern economy has millions of moving pieces that affect it. There is not one single person or business that can fully make changes to the modern economy. |
| The modern economy is something that we could refer to as a “living system”. It is constantly changing and adapting to it’s conditions, as well as supply and demand. |
| The modern economy works by constantly shifting and adapting. It is influenced by many variables, including supply and demand, technology, regulation, and more. |
| The modern economy is globally connected. One issue in the supply chain can have devastating impacts. It is important for each nation to have established relationships. |
| There are several ways the modern economy is affected. Advancements in technology, supply and demands shifts, and other changes in regulations all shape how the economy works. |
| The modern economy is like a living being - in constantly changes with ebbs and flows in regards to supply, demand, inflation, etc. You cannot pinpoint the economy – it’s constantly evolving. |
| The modern economy is bound by 2 laws, the laws of supply and demand. The more demand, the higher the price for that good/service. |
| The modern economy works because it is flexible. When something is innovated, the economy reacts and uses that innovation. This makes people want to invent more things and improve processes. |
| The modern economy is very complicated and involves all the countries in the world and how they have become interdependent on each other. One of the biggest examples of this is the way the promise or threat of tariffs has affected the economy. The president has not even implemented most of the tariffs fully, and yet the stock market has been deeply affected, people are panic buying goods, and there are indicators of a recession as most companies pause on hiring and spending to “see what happens”. On an individidual level, we all remember the pandemic scarcities of goods like toilet paper and groceries. We all remember how there is a disconnect between a real “shortage” and one created by simple supply and demand, so we all feel very uneasy and lack confidence in our governments to protect us from similar circumstances in the future. That results in changes in buying and saving habits, which have further impacts. No one is immune. |
| I think the president messing up the economy. I think he is shifting the economy for his best interest. I think he needs to be impeached. The economy was better when Biden was president. I want a Democrat back in office. |
| The modern economy is influenced by a variety of factors from the global market. No one thing determines the outcome. |
| The economy itself is a product. It’s widely arcing, and multi-faceted. Almost like an adaptive organism. |
| The modern economy is based on so many ever changing and shifting factors, it is kind of like a moving body of water that is studied and predicted based on past trends. Some factors have more influence than others, but everything is constantly pushing and pulling, influencing the way it will react and move next. |
| Our modern economy works by using the different forms of technology advancements, decisions made regarding policies, trends that happen worldwide, etc. Things never stay the same. They constantly change. So when these influences change, our economy evolves, leaving us to adapt to these changes, whether they are good or bad. |
| I mean I guess it works I know it keeps getting worse but it’s technically working. I’ve noticed even before the tariffs the economy was getting bad but since it clearly goes based off of fears of the unknown it has gotten even worse. |
| The modern economy is driven first and foremost by the exploitation of the general population actually doing the work. The corporate elite and now borderline oligarchs present utilize both the labor of the average citizen and heavily subsidize any advances through government grants and loans. Subsidize the costs, privatize the profits is the new economic mottos. |
| The modern economy takes many factors that have been built up worldwide for many years and combines them with technology and the modern world’s take on certain issues in order to create an economy. Seemingly unrelated policies and topics can have extensive effects on the economy. |
| The modern economy works through many systems. It fluctuates based on a variety of factors such as businesses, government policy, cost of living, technology and more. |
| The economy is ever changing and evolves based on what’s happening in the market. A perfect example is the tariffs imposed by Trump. That “shocked” the economy and had/has a huge effect on policy decisions and global trends. Those decisions affect all of us and can cause good and bad results. |
| Has many influences. No single factor determines its direction. It’s a living system. |
| The modern global economy does not so much as ‘work’ as it does constantly evolve over time. There are a multitude of factors that affect the larger picture in ways that range from very minute to very large. These effects could be determined by a single, larger country like the United States, or a smaller country that provides a very specific good or service. |
| Just like how a living system constantly adapts to new conditions, a modern economy does the same. For example, the modern economy evolves through time and it can change due to many influences such as technological innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions and global trends. |
| The modern economy works by different countries working together through importing and exporting goods. However, the global economy creates dependence on other nations, which can be problematic. To improve the modern economy, superpowers like the United States must focus on being more independent through producing and sourcing more goods and resources at home. |
| The modern economy has grown over the years from a combination of several factors from technical innovation to policy decisions . No single thing has been the single catalyst for the growth . |
| There are a lot of things that affect the modern economy and it’s also always constantly changing. It is affected by basically everything including what’s going on in other countries. No singl ething is responsible for the economy. It’s everything |
| The modern economy works by being influenced by many different factors. With that being the case, the direction and outcomes of the market becomes impossible to determine. Some of the factors include technology innovation, supply and demand, policy decisions, and global trends. |
| The modern economy runs on a mix of governments, machines, and tech to keeps things moving. Big companies and small companies trade goods and services, while the money flows through the banks and markets. It is fast moving and constantly changing. |
| The modern economy is sort of like a giant machine with multiple moving parts. Each part is essential to the continued proper operation of the machine. Businesses and governments around the world are the parts of this machine. One part doesn’t dictate the functioning of the machine, but rather all parts working together determines the direction and outcomes of the global market. |
| The modern economy is a system made of many interacting parts. This includes factors like supply-and-demand, policy decisions, and global trends. Consequently, the economy has no distinct singular driving force. |
| The modern economy seems to be driven by social media, as well as current trends. |
| The modern economy currently is controlled by corporations, who have heavy influence over governments. Most governments are heavily incentivized to do things which benefit corporations over the needs of the average person. |
| The modern economy is a complicated web of various influences. Business connections are complex and reliant on one another. If one industry experiences advancements, many others will feel the implications of that. |
| Businesses create goods and services to sell that customers buy. This leads to a cycle the ultimately results in the economy. Extneral factors like the government, trade, foreign nations, etc. also influence the economy in ways. Governments for example regulate industries.Then there is investing. |
| The modern economy is a living system that is constantly adapting to new conditions. It evolves over time through a combination of technological innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions and global trends. |
| Modern economy puts us all in unnecessary struggle. Living in America is becoming unaffordable |
| The modern economy is a complex market of all the worlds countries acting in unison. Each country’s economy affects the world economy in some way, large or small. When a larger economy does something unstable, it destabilizes the world economy. Economies change due to advancements in technology and investments in infrastructure. |
| There are many factors that shape the modern economy. Often, it is a combination of these factors and not just one alone. Some factors that shape the modern economy are technological innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions, and global trends. Governments and businesses respond to these conditions, making it ever-evolving. |
| The modern economy function as a dynamic and interconnected system shaped by a mix of market forces , technological advances,policy choices and global events. |
| Things advance and trends change. The economy changes too. Not one thing directs the outcome of it but many things together. |
| The modern economy is a global economy. What happens in other countries has an effect on what happens here. |
| The modern economy is fluid, it does not function through one singular channel, nor is it constant. In today’s world technology is constantly changing and evolving, and so is the economy. You can think of the modern economy as an organism that is always evolving in different ways. |
| The economy is a big mix of things happening at once, like new tech, what people want to buy, and new government rules and tariffs. All these things bump into each other and change how everything works. It’s less like someone is in charge and more we’re all just trying to figure it out together. |
| The modern economy is a dynamic entity - factors and influences come from all over the world and interact in changing ways depending on things like politics, market, and innovation. There are multiple factors and influences that can shift and change over time to impact the balance. |
| The modern economy works by evolving over time and combining different and new innovation with market dynamics. It is a living system which adapts to new conditions with governments around the world that coordinate and respond with one another to adapt to the changing conditions. POlicy decisions help the global economy respond to different political decisions. |
| I don’t know much about the global economy. But the economy in the US feels very corrupt and benefits the most rich, It allows business to have loopholes and avoid paying fair tax wages . The middle class and lower class do not benefit from the economy at this time |
| The economy is extremely complex and influenced by various different factors. The inherent complexity of the system allows the economy to be responsive to changes while resisting one factor exercising too much control over others. In a way, the economy is full of many “butterfly effects” in which one event cascades through the system to cause unique and often unintended consequences. |
| It’s influenced by market conditions, policy, technology, and global trends. No single factor controls it, and it changes and adapts based on both the national and global scale. |
| The modern economy is intertwined and has may working parts. Sometimes when something happens overseas that you do not think will affect the US economy, it does. And it seems surprizing when you find out why. |
| Modern economy is influenced by such things as innovation, trends, supply and demand. Many factors contribute to the direction of the market. |
| The modern economy is based largely on global demands and global trade. It is a lot more complex than it used to be, constantly in flux. A lot of variables are involved. It is all interdependent. It can be manipulated somewhat, like we are seeing right now with tariffs. Wars influence it a lot and geopolitical conditions do also. |
| The modern economy works through the interaction of producers, consumers, markets, and governments. Money and credit flow through the system, enabling trade, investments, and growth. Technology, globalization and finance also play major roles in shaping how economies evolve. |
| The modern economy is expansive and reaches all corners of the world with our globalized supply chains. This enables specific countries and locations to specialize in a certain area, then export that expertise to willing buyers. Everything is so interconnected that no single nation, business, or government is in control and must respond to any changes together. |
| The modern economy is based on global trade. We have seen evidence of this lately with Tariffs enacted. |
| Modern economy is a combination of nations, businesses, and governments working together through evolving tech innovation and market dynamics. |
| The economy is a constantly shifting organism, as it is influenced by many different things such as supply and demand, regulatory changes, and advancements in technology. The economy regularly changes because of these external factors, and no one single entity or policy can totally shift or change the economy. |
| The economy is an ever-changing system. Multiple forces are acting on it, pulling the economy in various directions all at once. From regulations to technology to even changes in culture, they all affect the economy in various ways. |
| The modern economy works by using many different system. People shop in stores and other people work at those stores to keep the economy goes and it is this way of exchanging good and services that help to keep the economy flowing. |
| The modern economy is influenced by lots of varying factors. It changes along with the conditions of the world. Some of the factors that influence it are technology, political decisions, and market demands. |
| The global economy is a web of networks. It is complex and intertwined. |
| As one prominent economist puts it, “The economy is a living system- constantly adapting to new conditions, without a clear blueprint or single guiding hand.” From shifts in supply and demand to advancements in technology, the modern economy is the product of many influences evolving over time. |
| The modern economy is a complex system that has many influences. There is no single force that predominates. |
| I don’t believe at all that the economy is a living system - unless you consider it a cancer, which I guess is a sort of living thing. It’s mostly a way for people who already have money and power to make more of it by exploiting people with less, as well as by exploiting the planet itself. Like a horde of locusts (another life metaphor, I guess!) moving on when they’ve gobbled everything up, the economy will continue to shift until the entire planet is depleted of natural resources and there’s nothing left to destroy. I guess I do agree that it’s made of many influences and that no single factor or group determines the direction of the global market, which makes it inherently unstable and prone to wobbling. |
| The modern economy works through technological innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions, and global trends. However, one factor does not determine the direction and outcomes of the global market. There factors work interconnectedly to shape economic outcomes. |
| The modern economy is a massive beast, there are so many different factors that go into place from politics to technology innovation supply and demand one small change and it can all change drastically. Just as if you were to suddenly remove frogs from an ecosystem an economy is the same way takeaway supply from one place and the whole ecosystem would feel it. |
| The modern economy works in many ways including making technological advancements and innovations. Fulfilling demand through businesses and supply chains. Policies and global standards tend to have an effect on the consumer as well, it’s a blend of all things not just one. |
| Many factors globally influence the modern economy. Regulation, technology, supply and demand, businesses, and governments all play a role. |
| The modern economy does not work. It is based on the whims of some guys on Wall Street and like 8 billionaires. It’s not a “living system” so much as it is a broken one based on the ineffective principles of capitalism. |
| New advanced in technology and automation causes the economy to change quickly and dramatically. |
| I’m thinking it’s very difficult to grasp or predict, and even more difficult to influence in a meaningful way globally. So many people’s lives depend on it going well when they themselves have no hope of influencing it or predicting it. |
| The global economy is a network of supply and demand that ebbs and flows based on the political sways of the world. Large forces with large sums of money or labor can push the economy in order to benefit themselves or their allies. |
| It evolves over time with all the new technologies, global trends, and other factors as well. Supply and demand and regulation help shape the economic outcomes. |
| The way the global modern economy works is quite nebulous. Seemingly small changes in policy or consumer factors can have an oversized effect to the economy. |
| The economy has many different factors shaping it. All of these factors - including policy and market dynamics - are interacting in mostly unpredictable ways. The economy is also shaped by the entire world’s changing conditions. |
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The modern economy definitely has many influences and evolves over time. Currently, the modern economy is shaped in large by the major countries of this world such as China, United States, and Europe. There is a big supply chain in which we get resources from a 3rd world country like africa or china. Then the resources are processed. The processed goods are then manufactured in a place like china and then finally distributed all over the world. Any problems within the supply chain can cause great delays in any type of product. For instance, eggs have seen a shortfall because of bird flu. Recently there was shortages of cars due to semiconductor shortages. There are so many things in play that the world economy relies on. What’s worse is now we are dealing with instability due to wars. Wars are causing disruptions in the global economy. |
| The modern economy is a global system of trade and exploitative labor practices that is shaped and influenced by market dynamics, national and international regulations, international diplomacy and war, and more. Individual national economies influence each other and constantly change in many ways in a global economy. Local economies are influenced by national and global economies and these larger economies are made by many millions of smaller local economies working together and against each other. |
| the modern economy is dynamic, shaped by tech, policy, markets and trends. |
| It’s all intertwined and connected. If anything, major happens it can have a ripple effect through the economy. |
| Seems very chaotic, and it flows a little too much without much thought. |
| The modern economy works on exports, imports, supply, demand, relations with other countries, etcetera. |
| The modern economy works on the principles of supply and demand. When there is demand for a product, and there’s not a lot of it, prices go up. When there is a glut of the product, prices go down. |
| It evolves over time, through many factors, resulting in many possible outcomes. It is a system that is subject to constant change. |
| Several factors work together to influence today’s modern economy. Policy decisions, market dynamics, global trends and advances in technology all play a role in influencing the economy. As a result the modern economy is constantly changing. |
| The modern economy changes to fit the needs of the customers, adapts to new technological advances, and builds off of the work of other countries. It is also based on the supply and demands of products and services. The most innovative businesses will have success. |
| the economics works in such a way that it helps the government generate a greatv amount of income |
| The modern economy is not influenced by just one factor or country. It is shaped by different cultures and countries throughout the world. Weather, supply chains, strikes, etc. are just a few examples of ways the economy can be effected and change the way it works. |
| The modern economy is based off of both supply, and demand. Various new conditions are always being added, or changing in the world. Humans are capable of adapting to these changes rather quickly. |
| The economy is a result of many factors all over the globe. It is affected by different economic elements around the world that come together to create the modern economy as we know it. |
| The modern economy works though a variety of factors which work together, or against each other, to steer the outcome. Is is very complex and no one factor can make or break it. |
| The modern economy works by taking a multitude of factors into consideration as it develops, such as technological innovation, market changes and policy decisions. There isn’t a singular group that determines the growth or decline of a modern economy. Rather, the modern economy is dependent on multiple sources in order to shape what it looks and feels like. |
| The economy is shifting towards the advancement of technology. It’s a “living system” constantly adapting to new changes. |
| The economy is fluid and adapts to different situations and conditions of business and markets. Markets, trading, and cost of services change all the time which reflect back on the economy. |
| The modern economy is more globally integrated than ever before. While the modern economy is large and complex, the biggest corporations and countries do still have an larger effect on it compared to much smaller companies/countries. |
| Modern economy isn’t dictated by a single method of how its function. It’s multifaceted and constantly changing. |
| The modern economy is of course complex and has a lot of inputs. It is amazing it works at all given the complexity and the fact that there is no one plan, blueprint or guiding organization. Recently the tweets of one particular old mental deficient at 3AM has managed to swing markets, stop industries, wipe out billions in wealth, empty ports, etc. Long term effects will be felt from the random ideas of this idiot. But eventually the world will return to something like normal. and then the next big revolution will cause major changes and things will return to a new normal etc. Nothing stays the same forever. |
| The modern economy is primarily based on “supply and demand” and how external factors impact that concept. The flow of money through the economy is based on a myriad of different factors that all cause small changes, |
| The modern economy has constant twist and turns. Never being the same from month to month, year to year. Not predictable and ever changing. |
| The modern economy reacts to the wants and needs of the world as time passes. We’re more focused on technology these days and social media versus old school things like TV and going out to malls, so the economy puts a higher emphasis on those things. |
| The economy is incredibly reactive. Even if people know that circumstances are temporary or it will improve soon, it doesn’t stop it from changing. I feel like people can get very swept up in this and make major life decisions too quickly when things change. |
| The modern economy works through many different influences that evolve over time. No single factor solely affects the economy but rather the combination of all of them that are subject to change at any moment |
| I think that the modern economy is very complex and also very unpredictable. I think that major players in the economy – including global corporations, small businesses, political leaders, financial institutions, shareholders, consumers, etc. – often make decisions based on emotion rather than reason and rationality. Also I think that all of these stakeholders are trying to gain the upper hand as much as possible whether it’s a government setting a trade policy, or a consumer who, fearing supply chain issues, begins hoarding various consumer goods. I think the modern economy is fraught with many unknowns. |
| The modern economy is a global entity that relies on international supply chains and intellectual property from all over the world. |
| Depending on how the world is going financially and policy wise, the economy can have its ups and downs. Sometimes things can be very bad and cause downward shifts which can be scary like the times we are in right now |
| The modern economy is an constantly changing system. It molds itself to its environmental factors, including technological advancements, trends, and the dynamics between producers and consumers. There is always something happening that effects economies, like during the outbreak of bird flu prices have to be raised because the decrease of supply. Economies are always having to adapt to new, unforeseen conditions. |
| The global market features a lot of different moving parts that acts as one adaptive system that tries to meet the needs of the people. Many unpredictable variables factor into its direction and it’s outcomes. |
| It’s an oligarchy. Rich people can do whatever they want. Back in the day, Ronald Reagan convinced us that if we gave the rich tax breaks and other benefits that wealth would trickle down to us poor people. We have been taking the golden shower ever since. Now we can take health care from the poorest Americans to pay for permanent tax cuts for the rich. |
| The modern economy is multi-factorial, large, and not shaped by a single driving force. Supply and demand especially related to technology advancements changes the economy. Along with that there is also constant changes in government regulations. |
| The modern economy is dependent on international cooperation and trade. The recent proposals for punitive tariffs against many countries caused our economy to fluctuate negatively as well as those of the affected countries. Isolationism is not a logical concept in today’s world. |
| The economy fluctuates depending on national and global factors. Sometimes it changes to our benefit and sometimes it changes for the bad. |
| The modern economy is a very complex system that is effected by many variables and is in a constant state of evolution and flux. In the not so distant past the economy was less global, more local and more dependent on physical goods. In more recent times the quality of goods has become less important than the quantity, and the goods are almost less important than services. |
| The modern economy works wonders when it comes to bringing goods and services to consumers. The living system described above is more impressive when you remember how many things you couldn’t get easily 50 years ago. The global supply chain is one of our modern marvels and is only more awe inspiring when you learn about all of the people who try to disrupt the economy for their own personal gain. |
| The modern economy is dynamic. Technology drives change Markets shift with supply and demand. Government shapes the policy. Government trans influence outcomes. The economy evolves without a blueprint. |
| Due to many variables, the economy is constantly changing. Slight variations in technology, market, and trends can produce fluctuating outcomes. |
| The market is shaped by numerous factors, technology, leadership, global events, pandemics, etc. There is no one particular force that affects the market. |
| The modern economy is complex and has many dynamic characteristics. Regulations and businesses, foreign policies, they all play a role in the economy that we daily participate in. There is no clear blueprint or single guiding hand in this web we weave. |
| The modern economy is a living thing. Always evolving, changing and recovering from damages. No one person or group can really manage change in an economic system. An individual can, however, ruin an economic system for a time, until it can remake itself into a stable being. |
| tHE ECONOMY IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING. SOMETIMES IT GOOD, SOMETIMES ITS BAD, SOMETIMES IT JUST HANGS BETWEEN THEM BOTH. THERE ARE NATIONS, BUSINESS, GOVERNMENTS, ALL WORKING TOGETHER TO MAKE WHATEVER TIME, OF ECONOMY IT IS, RESPONDING AND MAKING THINGS WORK OU T FOR THE BEST OF THE PRESENT CONDITION. |
| The economy is very complex and has many contributing factors. Those factors change over time with technological advances and progression in society. |
| Countries are dependent on buying and trading goods from each other. Economic outcomes are changed by technology. The economy is a living system and changes happen often and rapidly. |
| The modern economy fluctuates based on a large number of factors. This can include who is in political power, how wealth is distributed, supply and demand, and many other factors. Advancements in technology have also effected the economy and will continue to – the ease of being able to shop from the comfort of our homes has certainly been a huge shift in economy. |
| there is no way to predict the way the modern economy will work out. There are too many factors that come into play and it’s hard to know which direction it will take you. With the way regulation is always changing to make it more efficient, you never know what the outcome of that decision will be |
| Billionaires spend a lot of time and effort convincing people that they need to spend more and more money on material things. Corporations feel they need unsustainable growth to make shareholders happy and the easiest way to do that is to cut costs at every opportunity. Corruption and greed fuel the economy. |
| The modern economy operates as a complex, interconnected system driven by globalization, technology, and consumer demand. Digital platforms and automation have transformed how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed. Capital flows rapidly across borders, while labor markets and industries continuously adapt to innovation and shifting societal needs. |
| The modern economy is the global conglomerate of several different facets. It is made up and influenced by a myriad of things within the business world. It is constantly changing, reacting, and adapting to different influences. |
| The modern economy is a complex, unpredictable entity with many influences: technology, government, markets being the most prominent. |
| The modern economy is a complex system that has many influencing factors. At is core, the economy is made up of goods and services that consumers want to buy. Influencing factors include supply and demand, various policies, technology, etc. |
| There is so much at play in the modern economy. Factors from all around the world come into play. A bad storm or factory fire across the ocean can affect the price of items in a small town thousands of miles away. It is so important that we all work together. |
| The modern economy is influenced not only by monetary or fiscal policies but also by technology advances as well as regulatory policies. |
| The modern economy is a system that shapes economic outcomes and the global market by relying on many influences. Some of these influences include policy decisions, global trends, or changes in regulation. A lot of the times, countries collaborate to respond to the influences that affect the global market. |
| Todays economy is very dependent. We depend on other countries and entities for trade and commerce. We are swayed by the stock market to a high degree. Controversies, wars, diseases, can all contribute to the health of the economy. |
| I mean right now the economy is trash. With the rising cost of everything and the pay of our wages staying the same. The two just don’t equate. I get that there are many factors in the economy, but it’s a trickle down affect for the average person and the average person if who it generally adversely affects. |
| The current world economy can shift and change due to any number of outside factors. As we know, there’s been talks of tariffs from the US, and the world is still recovering from production shortages during the 2020 pandemic. Even smaller things like prominent figures on social media can have an impact on the global economy, such as dips and spikes in stock prices in multiple trade markets. Because of this, the world’s market is constantly changing, and though we can make estimates based on previous trends, we can still face never-before-seen challenges at any given time. |
| Many things come together to describe the modern economy. Supply chains, demand, market dynamics, innovation, laws and regulations all play a part, along with more subtle forces. |
| The modern economy is a combination of many factors, forces, and actors. It is more complex than the actions of one company or country. |
| People make money by selling things which were manufactured by someone and then its bought by consumers. |
| The economy evolves steadily with system shaped by technology, policies, market forces. |
| Today everything in the world is changing faster and more unpredictably than ever. Economy responds to these changing dynamics, and it makes the economy unpredictable as well. |
| The modern economy is a forever-changing situation that requires constant adaptation to a constantly changing economy. |
| The modern economy is a constantly evolving system shaped by technology, policies, market forces and global interactions. |
| The modern global economy might be seen as a living being. Just as a single person’s outcome is influenced by politics, social norms, and laws, economic outcomes are also determined by many different factors. |
| Modern economy works in a complex manner that is influenced by many things such as technology, government decisions, and global trends. There is no single factor one can look, it is many things pushing and pulling the economy at once. |
| The modern economy is influenced by natural disasters, policies, innovation and advancement in research and technology. The challenges and changes nations and continents face that impact their individual economies, ultimately affect the world economy. |
| technology, markets and different decisions change the global economy. |
| It is extremely volatile. Trends and things that go viral can spike the popularity of certain products but maintaining that long-term nowadays is the real challenge. |
| The modern economy is an open market based on the principles of supply and demand but dominated by the big players who maintain control over a vast amount of resources not letting others get a foot in the game |
| Technology, changes in demand, government policies, and global trends all shape a modern economy. All of these things work together to affect how countires do business with each other. The ecomony is unpredictable and it can adapt and change without a plan or guide. That is why it is so difficult to always have a successful economy. |
| The modern economy is able to help us work together as a global entity. If one country has an issue, it effects everyone. |
| The economy responds to what is going on around it. In a perfect economy, both trade and jobs are doing well so that money is not an issue for most people in a country. What is happening now in the US is that trade deals are questionable with no real change in job opportunities or disparities in pay for those employed. There is also rampant job loss which leads to less spending which in turn hurts the economy as fewer items are bought and the items that are bought are often more expensive due to economic decisions. Are by the current government. |
| Basically global trends, political influences, and natural events dictate how the modern economy works. It isn’t as predictable as finding one reason or purpose as to why something happened, only easier in retrospect. Its basically a “living” system because there are so many complex aspects and parts involved in the way it functions. |
| The economy is constantly changing. Meaning it’s not fixed and evolves to a variety of factors. As a result, not a isolated factor or group will be the sole reason the economy changes. |
| The modern economy is a sphere of influences that evolver over time, following global trends, tech innovation and market dynamics. Shifts in supply and demand, new policies and changes in regulation can all come together to shape the outcome of the current market. |
| The modern economy operates through a combination of market forces and government policies to allocate resources. |
| Sharing tech advancement all over, for example China has made milestone after mile stone and could be 5 years ahead of USA and if that tech was shared could have a great impact on society |
| It keeps evolving and growing. Services and information now dominate over traditional manufacturing and the economy activity is increasingly shaped by dav |
| The economy consists of many different factors. Technology, supply and demand, market dynamics, policies, global trends of market data. The economy is constantly adapting to change around the world. People have to adapt to what is offered to them in the ever changing system and it is very difficult at times with prices on the rise.. |
| The economy is heavily influenced by a range of factors, including advancements in technology, the dynamics of the financial markets, governmental policy, foreign trade and exchange, etc. There is no one clear way for the economy to run, and it is very susceptible to the ebbs and flows of all factors. |
| The modern economy works together by many moving parts acting as a living system. Supply and demand is a large factor that contributes to the flow of goods. |
| Countries and businesses work together to make the economy work. What also affects it is policy decisions, technology, and global trends. The economy is constantly changing, adapting to new conditions. |
| Usually, by supply and demand, except when manipulated by market forces, such as governments and the Federal Reserve. |
| Our economy is mostly driven by the desperation of individuals. In order to live a decent life, they must engage in labor that they do not often enjoy. And the economy is always looking for ways to extract labor from a population at the cheapest cost possible. |
| I think this economy is a complete scam and we are just an atm for the government to get rich off of us. I personally am financially destroyed and so is everyone I know! Inflation has collapsed the middle class and the working class is now mostly homeless and completely given up because why bother |
| The economy works now because people work and spend money to go back into the economy. |
| The modern economy works through many different ideals such as production and distribution, controlled by supply, demand, technology, etc. |
| The modern economy is just the historical economy of fiefdom re-imagined to allow just enough folks from none affluent backgrounds to make it out of the doldrums of poverty while constantly stretching the concept of ownership further and further away from reality for a massive majority of folks. |
| It is a dance that countries perform with one another in the hopes of further expanding their economies. |
| A modern economy, being a product of many influences, constantly adapts to new conditions and challenges. |
| Based on supply and demand needs products and services are exchanged for monetary rewards. |
| Modern economy is like evolution, but with technology and items. New things are constantly being created, and we are learning how to use them. We are also adapting to all the changes that are happening. |
| The modern economy has many different factors and influences that contribute to its direction and outcomes |
| The modern economy shapes our collective lives and is ever-evolving. As it always has, it currenly is shifting along with government regulations and global trends,as well as supply and demand and changes in technology, such as artificial intelligence. |
| The modern economy changes frequently due to supply chain issues and market dynamics. It is always changing, and sometimes not for the best. There is no one single factor that makes these diversions. |
| Shifting supply and demand changes how people and technology grow within the economy. This shows us that trends are important to look at to ensure that you are meeting demands. |
| when people have jobs. when they have money to spend and are buying things. they need to buy things to help the economy. |
| The modern economy relies on many factors and is constantly changing. The main factors having an impact on the economy are global trends, businesses, government decisions, and market dynamics. |
| It’s the sum of many different factors, and evolves over time. There’s no one thing that determines outcomes of the global market, but more a sum of multiple things. |
| The economy of today’s world is often very reactionary. With the internet and social media connecting people all over the world, new ideas and trends keep emerging all the time. Companies and corporations often take note of these new fads and trends and try to jump in on the action and make a product, service and or marketing campaign that utilizes the new trend to their advantage. |
| The ways a modern economy works is that it continues to change with people’s needs or wants. Certain trends in culture can predict how a company should create the products or services to meet the need of customers. Technology is a major driver of the modern economy which makes it easier to stay efficient for customers and competitive with other businesses. |
| The modern economy works by having a global economy where goods are sourced globally instead of just within their own country. Countries often buy goods they can get cheaper in other parts of the world instead of just at home. There is a tendency to buy from countries that have a lower labor rate therefore goods are cheaper. |
| The modern economy baffles and confuses me. It starts with components made in eastern Asia and if there is any hiccup in the supply chain it causes ripples throughout many sectors. Now, we are dealing with tariffs and the threats of tariffs. |
| The modern economy is very influential in where a combination of determining factors can influence the direction the economy goes in. From market dynamics, policy decisions and global trends. Shifts in supply and demand can shape the modern economy as well. |
| I would say the modern economy primarily through supply and demand. There are, of course, outside factors such as needs vs wants, trade deals and suspension of trade between nations. It hasn’t really changed all that much throughout history. Modern economy just happens to be much greater amounts of goods and currency being traded. |
| The modern economy is global. We trade with countries around the world and business and governments often coordinate to respond to changing conditions together. |
| The modern economy is a complex machine with many different factors influencing it. It is fluid and changing regularly with advancing technology, global events, and shifting cultural ideals. |
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According to the above text, the modern economy is like a “living” system, that changes constantly based on influential factors such as policy decisions, global market trends, and innovations in tech. It has no guiding hand, but instead adapts to a wide variety of forces which interact in complex ways. I suppose I fundamentally agree with this description. |
| The economy is constantly changing and is always trying to adapt to new conditions. |
| Modern economy works by having products that are in demand or have a need for a certain product. The products supply line will fluctuate what the economy will do. The economy also have rates that it wants to set that gives us a guideline on how the country and the world can borrow money and purchase assets. When the economy is thriving there is a lot of transactions and new businesses are created as well as more fluid supply lines. There are times when due to world events where consumers might not feel confident in certain assets so they will look to other options and the economy needs consumers and readily available products to be be consumed. If there is not enough transactions or cashflow then we can expect lower rates, but if there is too much cashflow we can expect higher rates. |
| The economy is an interplay of individuals within businesses, governments, nations around the world that allows us to each adapt to new conditions. Even without a clear blueprint or a single guided hand, we are able to restructure daily life as needed to navigate the eb and flow of life. |
| Modern economy is influenced by a variety of factors. With that being said the modern economy works in systems like market dynamic and tech just to name a few. None of tgese factors alone can result in a particular market outcome |
| The global economy is all made up in this day and age. It’s based on reputation and currency valuations. |
| The modern economy works because it has the good of the people as it’s most significant interest and simply put because it’s simply supply and demand |
| The modern economy just has a lot of moving parts. People all over the world are involved in many aspects of the economy. Someone in a sweatshop in China might sit there all day making little parts of an item that you buy on Amazon, and each section along the supply chain will take a cut. Probably the person who actually made the item will make the least amount of money for their work. |
| The modern economy is constantly changing due to many factors as if it were a living system. Advances in technology, policy decisions, and market dynamics may all cause a shift in supply and demand. Different countries sometimes unite to respond to these changes for mutual benefit. |
| There are many factors that influence the economy today. Some of those influences are technological innovation, policy decisions, and global trends. The economy is constantly adapting to the environment. |
| The modern economy is shaped by a wide variety of factors. Technological innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions, and global trends all play a role in determining the direction of the economy. All kinds of actors, including nations, governments, business, and consumers, interact and influence the global market in different ways. |
| The modern economy has no limits or restrictions. Its ability to adapt to changes and advancements contributes to the multitude of directions and outcomes of the global market. |
| The modern economy works by a market system and the interaction of supply and demand. The businesses will make goods and services based on demand. The prices are usually determined by the supply and demand. |
| The economy is the system in which our money revolves. it includes the governments both locally, nationally, and globally. There is no clear cut way to describe how the economy works. it’s better defined as a living system which is always changing. |
| The modern economy is supposed to be based off of trickle-down economics; however, the economy does not actually support this due to most of the global wealth being owned by the same 800 men. |
| Modern economy has to adapt to the different changes that happen every day. There can be a plan to raise or lower taxes but many times there are instances/conflicts that would cause this not to happen. |
| The economy is made up of many different factors. It is constantly adapting to the world around it. |
| The modern economy develops and works within a network of systems. These systems range from legal policies, political governments, independent businesses, national structure and includes processes such as production, globalization and industrialization to produce a designated output. The structural type dominant in each nation (democracy, dictatorship, constitutional monarchy, stratocracy, etc.) is the basis for the trajectory in which an economy develops. This in turn influences the globalized structure of goods and services determining the structure of poverty, wealth and innovation. |
| The global economy works on trade between members, through imports and exports and how those countries collectively choose to manage this is what makes up the global economy. This is a very broad definition but includes exporting raw materials, manufacturing, agriculture, finance, technology, education, tourism, consulting, waste management, ship building, and pretty much anything you can give a label. It also can include the global black market, which is how some nations like North Korea get around sanctions, as well as individuals circumventing regulations, customs, and tariffs/quotas. |
| I think modern economy is extremely competitive. Whether it is relative to geography, individuals, or companies, it is who can make more profit in the most innovative ways and who can do it the fastest. |
| The modern economy is influenced by many different things. Changes in supply and demand greatly influence the economy and other economies around the world affect our economy. Economies are constantly changing. |
| The modern economy is interconnected by numerous factors. Something that happens in Japan can easily affect U.S. markets. |
| The modern economy emerges from the confluence of independent market forces. For example, a new technology could emerge that simultaneously removes demand for one type of labor while creating opportunity for another. It behaves like a living organism, with certain areas compensating and adapting to changes in others. |
| The modern economy is a global economy/ It is affected by many countries and various businesses that contribute and alter it daily. While there is no straight path it can take, it can be shifted by different factors. |
| Lots of moving parts and those parts influence the whole. There is now way to tell how the parts interacting will guide the whole. |
| While the small essay above focuses on lots of small little forces, I’m reminded of the many large concentrated government actions that influence economic outcomes. For example, consider that goverments control interest rates across the entire economy, but also consider that central banks often coordinate with each other. |
| The modern economy is going to be different for different countries. In general things are made somewhere and sold in another place. This process creates jobs which allow people to make money. This money is then used to buy things that are made and needed/wanted by people. It’s like a circle where everything relies on itself to stay alive. |
| I think the modern economy works due to continuous transactions from businesses and individuals. People supply the demands of others and it creates a constant circle for the economy to keep going. |
| The modern economy is an ever-moving and ever-changing force. It requires many hands in order to run somewhat smoothly. It requires accountability, competency, and the desire for the economy to thrive in a way that is beneficial for those around the world and the world itself. |
| The modern economy is very interrelated and, as such, quite unpredictable. What happens in one sector or in one part of the world affects what happens everywhere else. This environment of uncertainty and unpredictability is why governments are continually seeking sources of reliability and stability, through the deals they make and the relationships they build. |
| The modern economy is an ever-changing global system, influenced by advancements in technology and market demand. It’s difficult to predict exactly how the economy will progress through time, but success can be achieved when different businesses and countries work together to shape the future of the global markets. |
| I believe modern Economy works by peoples ideas and thoughts, being innovative and wise to create things that people around the world need. The economy forever changes either by invitations, war, money, even the way a country is run effects our economy. They work people do creating and selling products like farmers, all the amazing hard work they put in to grow plants, fruits, vegetables and sell them to supplies helps our economy greatly. |
| The modern economy is very interconnected globally. Pant people are unaware about how interconnected we are in the modern economy. |
| The modern economy is influenced by multiple factors like policy changes and global trends. Each shift in these factors can influence global market outcomes. |
| The modern economy evolves over time. It shifts its needs due to the needs of supply and demand. This also allows competitors to compete with each other to help create a healthy and competive environment. This then leads to company’s trying to get ahead of the other and further their tec. This tec could lead to bigger breakthroughs that change the current supply and demand. |
| The modern economy works in that when people are spending money and going places and out to eat, etc. then the economy seems to move forward and do better, but when prices rise from inflation and people can’t afford to spend and go out to eat and travel then the economy drops and there’s less happiness and contentment. Like it was put here–the economy is a living system that is always changing. |
| It’s fascinating how the modern economy operates in an interconnected system. Like a living organism, it constantly adapts to a multitude of interacting forces, from technological leaps and the ebb and flow of markets to the policies enacted by governments and overarching global trends. |
| The modern economy is diverse. It involves technology, trends, and politics. It takes ideas and thoughts from every person and department of society and then works to improve the economy. |
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So the economy, like, is stated here, is a complex system that can change fairly easily. I always think of it like a giant Rube Goldberg machine where there are levers on the outside. Various people try moving levers to make the machine run better, but it never works out the way people want it to. There are also people who amass great fortunes, whether through hard work or accident of birth (or some combination of those elements,) and they also throw the machine out of whack. So in short, I think the economy is a Rube Goldberg machine that is thunking and clunking its way along. |
| I think the modern economy is a global system that requires so many working parts to coincide with one another. I love how interconnected people all are now. Ideally, we would get to a point where no one is suffering because it’d be in all of our interest to help each other succeed. |
| Because it seems to be very fluid, meaning that it changes depending upon a variety of factors. If one part changes, then all other parts respond by changing or adapting. |
| Through innovations in technology, market dynamics, monetary policy decision, global trends and trade. Supply and demand has a big effect. Government spending is also, probably, the biggest factor by inflating currency and devaluing money. |
| There is not one true way for the economy to work. Instead, it relies on many complex variables that can change in an instant. This can be good because that means not one single force can do much to change anything. |
| The modern economy adjusts to its current conditions and it will leave others behind who don’t keep up. We all must adapt to the modern economy to continue to live our lives. |
| The modern economy is affected by a host of factors. No one single factor, industry, society has total influence over a country or global economies. As cultures, societies, technologies change, economies change as well. |
| The modern economy is not determined by one factor. It’s determined by many factors - who is in power and making decisions, what is happening in the world, advancements in technology, amongst other things. |
| The modern economy works through constant give and take between consumers, businesses, and governments across the world. Technology keeps changing how we buy and sell things, while supply chains connect countries in ways we didn’t see before. Markets respond quickly to everything from political decisions to natural disasters, creating a complex system where everyone’s actions affect everyone else. Money and information flow across borders faster than ever, making our economy more connected but also more vulnerable to global problems. |
| The modern economy still is the same basis of supply a demand but on an ever changing scale. Sometimes demand beats out supply and vice versa, this makes the changes both technical and regulatory to help balance the change. New Innovations and ideas also help drive the economy. |
| It is constantly shifting with supply and demand. There is never set numbers and you really do not know when it changes. Nothing really defines economy other than evolving supply and demand. |
| Modern economy involves many things. For example, people who own the business, the workers, the flow of the market, how politicians make policies based on the economy and so on. It is always changing based on what’s happening. |
| The modern economy works withinfluence of policy, market conditions. inovations, especiaally in technology, and global trends. |
| I am not going to do the best job here, but I can tell you that the modern economy is greatly affected by outside factors like the bird flu, rising food prices. I am going to run out of time if I think too hard on this, but another example of how the economy works that I can think of relates to the time when California raised the minimum wage for fast food workers to $18, I think it was, and the restaurants responded by raising prices, laying people off and closing down stores. |
| The modern economy adjusts to the effects of supply and demand by increasing prices when demand is high and supply is low. Policies are made to affect the economy and bring about positive change. |
| It works by adapting to new conditions that are generated by market dynamics, policy decisions, global trends and the technology changes that bring upon all changes |
| The modern economy is very globalized with so much trade going on. So many products evolve fast in the tech sector. Policies play a large role in this in all countries. Too many restrictions cause so much red tape it’s hard to be able to move the economies fluidly. Some countries have to resort to many different types of policies to keep their country in jobs and money. |
| The modern economy has been evolving by advancement and regulations. Supply and demand also influence the economy. |
| The modern economy is based on a fiat money fraction based currency system. Banks like water banks determine the flow of money. Its a giant pyramid scheme which is unregulated and is leading to a cashless pure electronic system which all monies will be tracked and control. No longer in the hands of the people as a physical but solely virtual system people will lose total control and freedom over how and when, where and to whom the make financial transactions with. |
| The economy is influenced in many ways. Technology, supply and demand and global needs all play a factor in how the economy works. It’s something that is always changing and always evolving with the times. |
| For me, the economy has always been a mystery. There are so many things that work in agreement or opposition to each other and they all seem to have an effect on the economy. |
| The modern economy functions as an interconnected and adaptive system shaped by many dynamic forces, including technology, government policies, consumer behavior and global events. Rather than following a fixed plan, it evolves in response to both predictable trends and unexpected disruptions. This complexity requires constant collaboration and adjustment among nations, business and individuals. |
| One of the ways the economy works is by people or entities having certain wants or needs and having it fulfilled by others with the use of money at a price that seems fair, it is constantly changing such as the prices and or demand or stock of those items. |
| Modern economy is an ever evolving puzzle made up up many moving pieces. It is influenced by technology, consumers and governments alike. The way all of these pieces interact are hard to predict. Usually countries/governments and businesses all try to work together to keep up with all of the real time changes. |
| The modern economy is a complex system that allocates resources,distributes output,and facilitates exchange |
| Modern economy seems to work according to the way the current President wants. Prices at the grocery store keep going up and there doesn’t seem to be an end in sight. The utility companies keep raising their prices to keep up with the changing economy. Everything in the modern economy has shifted for the worse. |
Measures
Class-based Zero-Sum Beliefs
- If the upper class becomes richer, this comes at the expense of the
working class
- If the upper class makes more money, then the working class makes
less money
- If the upper class does better economically, this does NOT come at
the expense of the working class [R]
alpha = 0.91
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = zs_class)) +
geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
color = "black") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
limits = c(1,7)) +
ylab("density") +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$zs_class,na.rm = T),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"))
Class solidarity
- I feel a sense of solidarity with the working class
- I feel a strong bond with the working class
- I feel committed to the working class
alpha = 0.93
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = soli)) +
geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
color = "black") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
limits = c(1,7)) +
ylab("density") +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$soli,na.rm = T),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"))
Support for policy
Raise taxes on the rich
Currently, households earning $647k/year or more pay federal income
tax at a rate of 37%. This proposal would increase the rate to
50%.
Raise the federal minimum wage to $18/hour
Currently, the federal minimum wage is set at $7.25/hour. This
proposal would increase the wage to $18/hour and tie it to the yearly
inflation index moving forward.
Enact a universal basic income to all US citizens
Currently, there is no guaranteed income from the government at all.
This proposal would enact a universal basic income of $1,000/month to
all American tax-paying citizens.
Require business to pay salaried employees, making up to
$70k/year, time-and-a-half for overtime hours
Currently, the federal requirements for time-and-half overtime pay
is set for any employee making up to $46k/year. This proposal would
increase the threshold for any employee making up to
$70k/year.
alpha = 0.78
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = support)) +
geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
color = "black") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
limits = c(1,7)) +
ylab("density") +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$support,na.rm = T),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"))
Responsibility
How responsible do you think upper class Americans are for economic challenges faced by working class Americans? (0 = Not at All Responsible, 100 = Completely Responsible)
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = responsible)) +
geom_histogram(fill = "lightblue",
color = "lightblue",
binwidth = 1) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0,100,10),
limits = c(-1,101)) +
ylab("density") +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$responsible,na.rm = T),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"))
Analysis
Manipulation check: CBZS
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(cond) %>%
summarise(N = n(),
Mean = round(mean(zs_class,na.rm = T),2),
SD = round(sd(zs_class,na.rm = T),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| ctrl | 246 | 5.05 | 1.54 |
| zs | 245 | 5.52 | 1.37 |
m <- t.test(zs_class ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]t(483.47) = -3.57, p = 0, Lower CI =
-0.73, Upper CI = -0.21, d = -0.32.
Solidarity
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(cond) %>%
summarise(N = n(),
Mean = round(mean(soli,na.rm = T),2),
SD = round(sd(soli,na.rm = T),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| ctrl | 246 | 5.49 | 1.15 |
| zs | 245 | 5.73 | 1.17 |
m <- t.test(soli ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]t(488.75) = -2.31, p = 0.021, Lower CI =
-0.45, Upper CI = -0.04, d = -0.21.
Policy Support
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(cond) %>%
summarise(N = n(),
Mean = round(mean(support,na.rm = T),2),
SD = round(sd(support,na.rm = T),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| ctrl | 246 | 5.41 | 1.48 |
| zs | 245 | 5.42 | 1.44 |
m <- t.test(support ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]t(488.69) = -0.03, p = 0.977, Lower CI =
-0.26, Upper CI = 0.25, d = 0.
Responsibility
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(cond) %>%
summarise(N = n(),
Mean = round(mean(responsible,na.rm = T),2),
SD = round(sd(responsible,na.rm = T),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| ctrl | 246 | 63.46 | 26.08 |
| zs | 245 | 70.38 | 24.87 |
m <- t.test(responsible ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]t(488.09) = -3.01, p = 0.003, Lower CI =
-11.44, Upper CI = -2.41, d = -0.27.
Identification as working class
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(cond) %>%
summarise(N = n(),
Mean = round(mean(wrkclass,na.rm = T),2),
SD = round(sd(wrkclass,na.rm = T),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| ctrl | 246 | 3.87 | 1.10 |
| zs | 245 | 3.94 | 1.09 |
m <- t.test(wrkclass ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]t(489) = -0.74, p = 0.46, Lower CI =
-0.27, Upper CI = 0.12, d = -0.07.
Correlations
Full sample
ZS Condition
Control Condition
Extra
Working class identification
Same as before: let’s see if identifying as working class predicts some of these things over and above demographic variables.
Outcome: CBZS
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 4.76 | [2.61, 6.90] | 4.36 | 463 | < .001 |
| Wrkclass | 0.34 | [0.21, 0.46] | 5.44 | 463 | < .001 |
| Edu num | 0.08 | [-0.06, 0.23] | 1.11 | 463 | .269 |
| Income num | 0.00 | [-0.07, 0.07] | -0.05 | 463 | .960 |
| Ses num | -0.25 | [-0.44, -0.07] | -2.66 | 463 | .008 |
| Genderwoman | -0.13 | [-0.39, 0.13] | -0.95 | 463 | .343 |
| RaceAsian | 0.23 | [-1.82, 2.27] | 0.22 | 463 | .827 |
| RaceBlack or African American | 0.27 | [-1.71, 2.25] | 0.27 | 463 | .787 |
| RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 0.15 | [-1.87, 2.18] | 0.15 | 463 | .880 |
| RaceMiddle Eastern or North African | 1.20 | [-1.32, 3.73] | 0.93 | 463 | .350 |
| Racemultiracial | 0.24 | [-1.76, 2.25] | 0.24 | 463 | .811 |
| RaceNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | -0.12 | [-3.51, 3.27] | -0.07 | 463 | .945 |
| RaceOther please specify | -2.21 | [-5.60, 1.18] | -1.28 | 463 | .201 |
| RaceWhite | 0.06 | [-1.90, 2.02] | 0.06 | 463 | .952 |
| Age | -0.01 | [-0.02, 0.00] | -2.23 | 463 | .026 |
Adding condition interaction + ideology as controls
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 5.78 | [3.75, 7.80] | 5.60 | 443 | < .001 |
| Wrkclass | 0.33 | [0.18, 0.49] | 4.23 | 443 | < .001 |
| Condzs | 0.81 | [-0.07, 1.69] | 1.81 | 443 | .071 |
| Edu num | 0.02 | [-0.11, 0.16] | 0.36 | 443 | .721 |
| Income num | 0.01 | [-0.05, 0.07] | 0.31 | 443 | .758 |
| Ses num | -0.24 | [-0.41, -0.07] | -2.72 | 443 | .007 |
| Genderwoman | -0.25 | [-0.49, 0.00] | -1.97 | 443 | .050 |
| RaceAsian | -0.27 | [-2.16, 1.61] | -0.29 | 443 | .775 |
| RaceBlack or African American | -0.06 | [-1.89, 1.76] | -0.07 | 443 | .944 |
| RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | -0.28 | [-2.14, 1.58] | -0.30 | 443 | .767 |
| RaceMiddle Eastern or North African | 0.82 | [-1.50, 3.14] | 0.69 | 443 | .488 |
| Racemultiracial | -0.07 | [-1.91, 1.77] | -0.08 | 443 | .939 |
| RaceNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | -0.59 | [-3.71, 2.53] | -0.37 | 443 | .709 |
| RaceOther please specify | -2.33 | [-5.44, 0.79] | -1.47 | 443 | .143 |
| RaceWhite | -0.20 | [-2.00, 1.59] | -0.22 | 443 | .824 |
| Age | -0.01 | [-0.02, 0.00] | -1.96 | 443 | .051 |
| Ideo con | -0.25 | [-0.31, -0.19] | -8.13 | 443 | < .001 |
| Wrkclass \(\times\) Condzs | -0.07 | [-0.29, 0.14] | -0.65 | 443 | .515 |
Outcome: Solidarity
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 2.55 | [1.00, 4.11] | 3.23 | 463 | .001 |
| Wrkclass | 0.51 | [0.42, 0.59] | 11.37 | 463 | < .001 |
| Edu num | 0.03 | [-0.08, 0.13] | 0.51 | 463 | .611 |
| Income num | -0.03 | [-0.08, 0.02] | -1.12 | 463 | .264 |
| Ses num | -0.03 | [-0.16, 0.11] | -0.38 | 463 | .701 |
| Genderwoman | 0.16 | [-0.03, 0.35] | 1.70 | 463 | .089 |
| RaceAsian | 1.03 | [-0.45, 2.52] | 1.37 | 463 | .171 |
| RaceBlack or African American | 1.06 | [-0.37, 2.49] | 1.45 | 463 | .147 |
| RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 0.87 | [-0.60, 2.33] | 1.17 | 463 | .244 |
| RaceMiddle Eastern or North African | 1.87 | [0.04, 3.70] | 2.01 | 463 | .045 |
| Racemultiracial | 0.64 | [-0.81, 2.10] | 0.87 | 463 | .383 |
| RaceNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1.91 | [-0.55, 4.36] | 1.52 | 463 | .128 |
| RaceOther please specify | 0.86 | [-1.60, 3.31] | 0.69 | 463 | .492 |
| RaceWhite | 1.01 | [-0.40, 2.43] | 1.40 | 463 | .161 |
| Age | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.01] | 0.71 | 463 | .481 |
Adding condition interaction + ideology as controls
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 2.35 | [0.78, 3.93] | 2.94 | 443 | .003 |
| Wrkclass | 0.61 | [0.49, 0.73] | 9.98 | 443 | < .001 |
| Condzs | 1.03 | [0.35, 1.71] | 2.97 | 443 | .003 |
| Edu num | 0.02 | [-0.08, 0.13] | 0.39 | 443 | .699 |
| Income num | -0.03 | [-0.08, 0.02] | -1.07 | 443 | .286 |
| Ses num | -0.02 | [-0.15, 0.11] | -0.31 | 443 | .756 |
| Genderwoman | 0.13 | [-0.06, 0.32] | 1.33 | 443 | .185 |
| RaceAsian | 1.02 | [-0.44, 2.48] | 1.37 | 443 | .170 |
| RaceBlack or African American | 1.01 | [-0.40, 2.42] | 1.41 | 443 | .160 |
| RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 0.69 | [-0.76, 2.13] | 0.93 | 443 | .351 |
| RaceMiddle Eastern or North African | 1.66 | [-0.14, 3.46] | 1.81 | 443 | .071 |
| Racemultiracial | 0.53 | [-0.90, 1.96] | 0.73 | 443 | .466 |
| RaceNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1.84 | [-0.58, 4.26] | 1.50 | 443 | .135 |
| RaceOther please specify | 0.67 | [-1.75, 3.09] | 0.54 | 443 | .587 |
| RaceWhite | 0.94 | [-0.46, 2.33] | 1.32 | 443 | .187 |
| Age | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.01] | 0.91 | 443 | .362 |
| Ideo con | -0.06 | [-0.10, -0.01] | -2.47 | 443 | .014 |
| Wrkclass \(\times\) Condzs | -0.21 | [-0.38, -0.05] | -2.50 | 443 | .013 |
Let’s take a closer look at this interaction
Outcome: Support for policy
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 4.97 | [2.83, 7.12] | 4.56 | 463 | < .001 |
| Wrkclass | 0.24 | [0.12, 0.37] | 3.98 | 463 | < .001 |
| Edu num | 0.02 | [-0.12, 0.17] | 0.34 | 463 | .736 |
| Income num | -0.07 | [-0.14, 0.00] | -2.04 | 463 | .041 |
| Ses num | 0.01 | [-0.17, 0.20] | 0.14 | 463 | .891 |
| Genderwoman | 0.29 | [0.03, 0.55] | 2.19 | 463 | .029 |
| RaceAsian | 0.56 | [-1.49, 2.60] | 0.54 | 463 | .592 |
| RaceBlack or African American | 0.25 | [-1.73, 2.23] | 0.25 | 463 | .801 |
| RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 0.46 | [-1.56, 2.48] | 0.45 | 463 | .655 |
| RaceMiddle Eastern or North African | 0.12 | [-2.41, 2.64] | 0.09 | 463 | .927 |
| Racemultiracial | 0.43 | [-1.57, 2.44] | 0.43 | 463 | .670 |
| RaceNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | -0.25 | [-3.64, 3.14] | -0.14 | 463 | .886 |
| RaceOther please specify | -1.93 | [-5.32, 1.46] | -1.12 | 463 | .264 |
| RaceWhite | 0.25 | [-1.71, 2.20] | 0.25 | 463 | .802 |
| Age | -0.02 | [-0.03, -0.01] | -3.72 | 463 | < .001 |
Adding condition interaction + ideology as controls
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 6.39 | [4.50, 8.29] | 6.62 | 443 | < .001 |
| Wrkclass | 0.23 | [0.08, 0.37] | 3.09 | 443 | .002 |
| Condzs | 0.26 | [-0.56, 1.08] | 0.62 | 443 | .536 |
| Edu num | -0.07 | [-0.19, 0.06] | -1.01 | 443 | .312 |
| Income num | -0.06 | [-0.12, 0.00] | -1.93 | 443 | .054 |
| Ses num | 0.06 | [-0.10, 0.22] | 0.70 | 443 | .483 |
| Genderwoman | 0.07 | [-0.16, 0.30] | 0.57 | 443 | .570 |
| RaceAsian | 0.11 | [-1.65, 1.87] | 0.12 | 443 | .904 |
| RaceBlack or African American | -0.02 | [-1.72, 1.68] | -0.02 | 443 | .984 |
| RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 0.18 | [-1.56, 1.92] | 0.21 | 443 | .836 |
| RaceMiddle Eastern or North African | 0.11 | [-2.06, 2.28] | 0.10 | 443 | .920 |
| Racemultiracial | 0.13 | [-1.59, 1.85] | 0.15 | 443 | .881 |
| RaceNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | -0.40 | [-3.32, 2.51] | -0.27 | 443 | .785 |
| RaceOther please specify | -1.58 | [-4.49, 1.34] | -1.06 | 443 | .288 |
| RaceWhite | 0.13 | [-1.55, 1.81] | 0.15 | 443 | .879 |
| Age | -0.01 | [-0.02, 0.00] | -2.41 | 443 | .016 |
| Ideo con | -0.38 | [-0.43, -0.32] | -13.26 | 443 | < .001 |
| Wrkclass \(\times\) Condzs | -0.03 | [-0.24, 0.17] | -0.33 | 443 | .738 |
Responsibility as a mediator
beta coefficients are standardized
a = 0.13 (p = 0.003)
b = 0.37 (p = 0)
c = 0.1 (p = 0.021)
c’= 0.05 (p = 0.204)