Class-Based Zero-Sum Beliefs

May 2025A: Analysis

Background

This is a pilot of an experimental manipulation of class zero-sum beliefs. This was the order of the study: (1) manipulation; (2) random order of (a) class zs and (b) class solidarity; (3) policy support; (4) upper class; (5) politics; (6) demographics (including identification as working class).

For recruitment, I set the following criteria on connect: Bachelor’s degree and below; $100k annual income and below; 30% democrats; 30% republicans, 40% independents.

Demographics

Race

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(race) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

race	N	Perc
Asian	18	6.02
Black or African American	31	10.37
Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin	19	6.35
White	216	72.24
multiracial	15	5.02

Gender

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  mutate(gender = ifelse(is.na(gender) | gender == "","other",gender)) %>% 
  group_by(gender) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

gender	N	Perc
man	149	49.83
other	5	1.67
woman	145	48.49

Age

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  summarise(age_mean = round(mean(age,na.rm = T),2),
            age_sd = round(sd(age,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

age_mean	age_sd
39.28	12.52

Education

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(edu) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

edu	N	Perc
noHS	4	1.34
GED	99	33.11
2yearColl	61	20.40
4yearColl	132	44.15
MA	3	1.00

Subjective SES

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(ses) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

ses	N	Perc
Lower Class	47	15.72
Lower Middle Class	112	37.46
Middle Class	128	42.81
Upper Middle Class	11	3.68
Upper Class	1	0.33

Identification as working class

To what extent do you see yourself as part of the working class?

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = wrkclass)) +
  geom_histogram(fill = "lightblue",
                 color = "lightblue",
                 binwidth = 1) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,5,1),
                     limits = c(0,6)) +
  ylab("density") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$wrkclass,na.rm = T),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"))

Income

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = income)) +
  geom_bar() +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
  coord_flip()

Politics

Ideology

Participants were asked about the extent to which they subscribe to the following ideologies on a scale of 1-7 (select NA if unfamiliar): Conservatism, Liberalism, Democratic Socialism, Libertarianism, Progressivism.

means <- df_cbzs_elg %>%
  dplyr::select(PID,ideo_con:ideo_prog) %>% 
  pivot_longer(-PID,
               names_to = "ideo",
               values_to = "score") %>% 
  filter(!is.na(score)) %>% 
  group_by(ideo) %>% 
  summarise(score = mean(score)) %>% 
  ungroup()

df_cbzs_elg %>%
  dplyr::select(PID,ideo_con:ideo_prog) %>% 
  pivot_longer(-PID,
               names_to = "ideo",
               values_to = "score") %>% 
  filter(!is.na(score)) %>%  
  ggplot() +
  geom_density(aes(x = score), fill = "lightblue") +
  scale_x_continuous(limits = c(1,7),
                     breaks = seq(1,7,1)) +
  geom_vline(data = means,mapping = aes(xintercept = score),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold")) +
  facet_wrap(~ideo,nrow = 2)

Party affiliation

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(party_id) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

party_id	N	Perc
Democrat	106	35.45
Independent	95	31.77
Republican	98	32.78

Vote 2024

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(vote_2024) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

vote_2024	N	Perc
Donald Trump	109	36.45
I did not vote	51	17.06
Kamala Harris	125	41.81
Other	14	4.68

Reflections

In a few sentences, please reflect on the ways in which the excerpt above describes how the economic system works?

Zero-sum condition

reflection
I think its fair to have this reflection. People are struggling and theres no resolve.
it has always been the same since antiquity, before we call them aristocrat, nowadays capitalist
The upper class makes it easier for those already rich to keep staying rich, while those poor tend to stay poor.
Wealthy people have more resources and influence than those without. For example if the penalty for a crime is a fine, that’s really only a crime for the poor people then. They get to do whatever they want with hardly any pushback, while those without can hardly do anything.
The modern economy gives advantages for those who have money, since money can buy pretty much anything. People with more money also are able to influence the government, to benefit themselves. It allows the super rich to get even richer by influencing everything, while cutting out anyone beneath
The modern economy creates advantages for the wealthy by lobbying for anti-worker policies, such as wage decreases and outsourcing jobs. This rigs the system for the benefit of the wealthy.
I think that the modern economy creates opportunity for everyone. Unfortunately there are a lot of people that don’t get into the right thing at the right time and things don’t workout for them. There are a lot of people that are making a crazy wage for doing hardly any work, like influencers.
Basically everything in the country is skewed towards catering to and benefits the rich. They get all the tax breaks, preferential treatment by all government related institutions and authorities, they get all the opportunities to prosper and really just everything. While the poor are constantly just used and abused.
The so called “modern economy” serves only the wealthy. The wealthy have decided to kill off the average person by murdering prices so normal people can’t afford to live.
It is very evident that the most privileged groups hold the majority of the power and can influence society through their wealth. It has become nearly impossible to move up the socioeconomic ladder due to the unchecked influence of the wealthy.
The modern economy enables a system in which the ones already at the top are able to hoard all of the profits while the hardworking ones at the bottom are left with little or nothing.
It is hard for anyone to survive on minimum wage, we know that much. But now it is becoming increasingly difficult to survive on what would have been thought of as decent salaries maybe even just 10-15 years ago. The shrinking of the middle class is a great indicator of this
The upper class has been using their power and influence to make it harder for the working class to get ahead. Examples of this include lobbying for tax breaks and anti-worker laws, cutting wages and using their power to influence the economy to their own advantage.
The upper class gains more wealth by having tax breaks and slashing wages for the working class. They built the system and are benifiting from it
I feel like we currently have a model where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. I think a huge example would be the current housing issues. I have seen rich people buy homes and rent them out, and as they get richer, they can buy even more homes and rent those out. Meanwhile, the working class is stuck paying very high amounts of debt. This is pretty close to how everything in our economy works and it is awful for the working class.
The modern economy creates advantages for some groups, mainly the affluent, by allowing them to pay money to make the system better for them. Money allows them to influence laws in government. Money allows them to break up unions that are trying to form. Money allows them to find loop holes in the tax system. This is not something the common person is able to do and therefore gets left behind.
The way that I see it is some companies don’t just outsource workers, they hire illegal immigrants to do cheap work under the table, because they know it would cost them more to hire a citizen and pay them a living wage. This takes away jobs from very qualified individuals who need an income to survive in this economy. It is a travesty and should be illegal for companies to act this way.
The cost of attending college is prohibitive to people. Student loans aren’t the answer. This straps a person for years, paying interest on a loan they can’t afford.
This is because the wealthy control the stock market which allows them to manipulate it to increase their wealth at the expense of others. Additionally, increasing living costs keeps low income people unable to save and get ahead which makes them work low end jobs that benefit the rich. Finally, the rich control rental properties and monopolize them so they can increase the rent costs to their own benefit.
Middle class whites are losing jobs to illegal immigrants. They will work for less pay and less in benefits.
It is often known that you need money to make money, and thus people who do not have a lot of extra money are limited in growing their money.
By moving manufacturing overseas companies are able to get low cost labor, which takes away jobs from Americans and puts more profit in their pockets, while creating a unsustainable price competition. No one can compete with those low prices. By paying less taxes they put their burden on the rest of society. Gaining unfair tax advantages creates more wealth for them to keep.
The wealthy have the means in society to make investments. They can even start their own businesses to turn a profit. Employees however hardly make a decent wage at times and only make enough for everyday living.
The upper class is definitely changing the modern economy to help gain more wealth and influence over others like people below them. The upper class feel like they can do anything, so whenever they see their businesses fail they will fire workers or drastically increase prices. It does not affect them but will affect the hard working consumers. They also do not like competition, so if they see a smaller company doing better than them, they will find a way to destroy them. This could be making the same product but for cheaper or just buying the company and getting rid of everyone.
In the modern economy the rich have a huge advantage by being able to have wealth to put into markets when they are low and cash out when they are high. They also have to advantage of running the stores everyone has to buy from so they can raise prices to make themselves richer while making those below them poor.
When it comes to the lower class citizens to get ahead or begin their small business, they have very few resources and tax breaks that are available to the higher class and rich people. The working class does not get the breaks necessary to leave the day to day job and pursue their goals, the ability to get a loan, tax incentives are just not there.
The modern economy allows businesses to charge whatever they want for their services which is a disadvantage to the poor, but the poor also have the ability to shop around in a free/capitalist market.
The modern economy may create advantages for some groups while limiting opportunities for others by having different classes. For example, the upper class is higher up and has more money and opportunities. Whereas the lower class/working class is lower and doesn’t get as many opportunities. I feel this happens due to money and connections. The higher class gains more money and connections due to their ranking. This takes away from the lower class.
The current administration has slashed funding to several programs that are geared towards people on social security and welfare, saying it is cutting wasteful spending. Minimum wage has not been raised in years, while the cost of living gets higher. And now due to tarriffs, people will be paying more for consumer goods
The rich use all political levers available to them to game the system to their advantage, often at the expense of the middle and lower class. This includes everything from tax benefits to lobbying to keep their advantage.
The modern economy is made to benefit the top one percent above all else. The tax breaks the rich are allowed, the fact that collective bargaining is illegal in many states, the use of AI and other automation, all make it so profits lead back to the 1%
Modern economy is outsourcing jobs, paying people lower wages and asking for more tax breaks. Out sourcing jobs means less jobs for those of us in our country lower wages means longer ours or working more then 1-2 jobs at a time.
I think that they create advantages for some groups is buy making sure that like-minded people are put into positions of power, either in companies themselves or regulatory bodies like government or other oversight positions. By having people that are in the same station, you can kind of ensure that the mindset of making things sway in your benefit is easier to accomplish. Many billionaires pay little amounts (if any) in taxes where poorer people or those that earn less actually have to go without due to tax bills. Lower wages mean more money for the board members and CEOs while keeping the workers poor and in need. It seems to be a never-ending cycle.
As discussed above, powerful lobbyists lobby members of congress to influence policy for things like tax breaks and anti worker laws. By doing some of these things, the playing field becomes unequal - If the most powerful people in the country are trying to repeal things like worker’s protections, then our society is working against people of lower class. If you’re a construction worker or a member of a protected class, and the government is trying to repeal regulations that have historically kept you physically safe or from discrimination, then society is working against you. Who does this benefit? These types of repeals or rollback financially benefit company owners, stock owners, and other people who have the capital to benefit. These policies make rich people richer and poor people poorer. By taking away protections, they’re harming the lower class and enriching the higher class.
I would say that large corporations exploit tax loopholes, and there have been cases where they do not pay any income taxes at all. The average American household cannot take advantage of such deductions and often just settles for the standardized deduction. This creates a much larger income disparity when it comes to investing in housing and development, as larger corporations now have more capital to monetize the market and set prices for average wage earners.
I think a major factor is how public school funding and education budgets keep getting slashed. The elites in control just want to pump out obedient little workers who are taught nothing but obedience and to follow instructions. It’s a shame to see how much critical thinking and and any kind of creativity get removed or devalued from public education. Obviously, the rich pay for private school and private tutors, so making our public schools worse does not affect them.
The wealthy have less of a reliance and need for things. This gives them power over other people who do need things more. So they can control the pricing and the demand for such items.
One could say that the modern economy has been created and shaped by the wealthy throughout the years to benefit themselves only. Politicians are easily bought to pass laws that benefit those who donated to their campaigns. So their loyalty is to the highest bidder, not to the working class.
Recently, there has been anti-bird flu vaccine propaganda. This causes death of farmer’s chickens, which puts lower-class farmers under while richer farmers can take the loss. This happens with other things as well, anti-China tariffs in the US have destroyed small businesses that can’t pay them while larger and richer ones can.
I am not totally sure this article is correct or right. Everyone has an equal chance to succeed in our country. You will have to put in hard work and actually do the work. So many poor people just do not want to work.
White people have always had more advantages and those of color minorities still may have a hard time being accepted and given more opportunities
Raising prices here in the U.S. puts lower income families at a disadvantage. We are forced to look for alternatives to US manufactured products and services due to their higher cost. This causes us to look overseas where costs are cheaper. In addition this limits the work available here in the U.S. since employers may outsource work in order to save money.
The upper and middle class people can find ways to do loopholes in the system while the lower class and poor people will have to pay a higher precentage.
The modern economy has given more advantages to the upper class than the working class. With the onset of automation, workers have been steadily losing there jobs to machines that could do the same work. Also, outsourcing call center work to other countries has also made an impact on the amount of jobs that are available. Companies and their executives are doing this to line their pockets.
Money talks, and following the money is a good way of discovering it. Those with access to capital can sway and influence politicians to their side of an issue. This creates a loop where those with extra capital can use it to generate even more.
By forcing those who benefit least from our system to give back the most, and those who benefit most to give back the least, an economic polarization is perpetually cultivated.
The current investment system heavily benefits those with disposable income while never allowing those without the additional funds to get ahead. The credit system helps the less fortunate dig a bigger hole for themselves and by the time it’s time to fix it, the situation is hopeless. The current housing market is absolutely insane for anyone born post 1985.
I feel that there will be more opportunities but only for ones already wealthy. But this could create more jobs after the wealthy creates more jobs.
Seems like upper class is really cutting the working by taking away any opportunity to move upwards on the social ladder. The working class is stuck exactly where they are and keep grinding away, trying to make ends meet while the upper class just keeps getting richer.
The wealthy elite is always looking for a way to not pay taxes and often subsidizes these tax breaks by cutting social programs that benefit the working class. As a result, billionaires get richer by stealing from working class people. The top 1% invests a lot of money and resources lobbying congress and influencing political candidates to keep their power. After all, exuberant wealth is not possible without exploitation of the working class.
Tax policies are good for the wealthy, but not necessarily for persons in middle class or lower. People with money can gain influence over our politicians for policies that benefit themselves. Business owners are able to produce products in other countries that have very low labor income, so they don’t have to pay for producing products anywhere near what it would cost in the United States with Minimum wage laws.
The modern economy creates advantages for certain groups by pandering to a specific income group, may they be poor or rich, limiting opportunities for all.
This can be accomplished through the tax system. Creating tax breaks that only benefit those in the upper class while asking the working class to pay without the opportunity to write off the same taxes puts the burden on those employed in regular working positions including basic managerial jobs.
The modern economy creates advantages for some groups while limiting opportunities for others in many ways. Upper-class wealthy people use their status to influence the opportunities the less fortunate receive. This is a way to keep everyone underwater while they swim to the top and keep collecting more riches.
The modern economy creates advantages for others in many ways, the most obvious of which just happened very recently with Donald Trump. Everyone knows the market is doing pretty bad right now, and a week or so ago there was a “leak” from the White House about tariff’s being paused, market went up. About 8 hours later the white house said that it was not true, so they stocks went back down. One day later Trump pauses tariffs, and a clip surfaces of him in a room with 2 other billionaires talking about how he made each one tens or hundreds of millions of dollars that day.
The modern economy and political environment create a place where the rich and big corporations thrive and have many advantages, while normal people and the middle and lower class have less opportunities and pay the price. The rich are advantaged, everyone else is not. The system is not fair for everyone. The powerful rig the system in their favor.
the modern economy seems to be focused on making more money for big businesses. Prices are higher than ever but employees are not getting paid more
everyone today is a scumbag. the level of exploitation of workers is fierce and the worst part is that there is no will even among the workers themselves to fight back. It’s kind of shocking that people don’t know how theyre being exploited for their surplus wage as the passage above mentioned. None of this is by design, of course not. I know the elites and those with money hate us. and we hate ourselves too. we were designed out of this, even if you are educated like me and came from their same background, it was never enough for them. they hate you too even if you went to their schools. all that matters is what they can gain from us like pack mules which is why i said immediately that everyone is scum.
the modern economy benefit the upper class while everyone that is not upper class is affected by it. Working people that are barely making it or that are considered low class are paying the price of the system
Some people are overlooked. Also sometimes you need to have money to get help that you might need.
A lot of modern jobs require a good education. Some people who are poor or from minorities may not get the same chances to succeed educationally, which tends to leave people behind.
the rich people influence the politicians, who in turn create loopholes in the system to benefit their rich friends.
The modern economy often creates advantages for the wealthy and powerful by fostering systems that prioritize capital accumulation and corporate interests over workers’ rights and fair wages. Policies like tax breaks for the rich, deregulation, and outsourcing jobs to lower-wage markets concentrate wealth at the top, while leaving working-class Americans with stagnating wages, fewer benefits, and limited opportunities for upward mobility. This deliberate shaping of the economic system ensures that the wealth gap continues to widen, limiting opportunities for many while enriching a select few.
The working class is paying for the rich, through tax breaks and anti-worker laws, also by cutting wages and outsourcing jobs. The upper class are benefiting much more than the middle and lower classes.
Tax brackets have allowed some groups certain advantages and others disadvantages
the upper class is hoarding the wealth - due to many policies such as tax breaks, anti workers laws. they create more generational wealth for themselves and keep it to themselves, while the working class eveyrthing is getting more expensive and there is no benefits.
I am not quite sure if I agree with everything that was stated above. If the working class could have a lower or no tax liability, it would greatly improve the economy because they would have more money to spend.
Some things are t the advantage of the rich and that makes it very hard for the low class citizens to work it to the top.
It definitely advantages some groups because the poor gets poorer while the rich gets richer. There’s no doubt behind that statement.
I read somewhere that a lot of the more higher class people instead of doing something like getting their money, paying taxes on the money they got and letting those taxes help where they are supposed to they (higher class) instead will do something like get a loan without having to use a deposit and since it’s a loan they don’t need to pay taxes on the loan, then they use the loan to buy stocks that appreciate in value and they get their money from the stocks and they pay the tax on the stock money instead so that it’s a lower amount and don’t even have to worry about paying the loan back because of some way they do the loan it’s not important for them to pay it back. So they get all the tax benefits of buying stock (especially if the stock lowers in value) or by donating they get benefits from that. Pretty much all of their money even while they are spending it is being processed and gained back instead of being spent and gone. Lower class people don’t have this advantage. If they even get a chance to save anything at all it’s maybe a few hundred perhaps a thousand but then one small issue that happens could take all that money from them. They can’t just put disposible income into anything because none of theirs is disposable.
The model creates tax breaks for higher income citizens. The model protects employers by stripping away workers rights and stagnating wages. The powerful set prices higher and higher every year and extract wealth from the middle and lower class.
Everyone has the same oppurtunities, its just if they choose to use them correctly. I think that yes there are some things that are easier for the weathy, it is still reachable by all with dedication and hard work.
Passing tax laws that benefit those who have the oodles of money to invest in the stock market at overall 10% interest over the long term, then not taxing the unrealized profits and using that as collateral to borrow more money to make more money. Thos born rich tend to stay rich, those who work for a living never get rich. Look at all those famous singers - they all had rich parents so they were able to play guitar and sing .
Ways includes tax cuts for the wealthy while not wanting to acknowledge the effects of how people are able to make the wealth for the wealthy including schools, proper health care, road and bridges and other things that make a society functional. By making the poor pay more of a part of our paycheck to taxes and a larger part of our paychecks to insurance in comparison to the wealthy, is how the poor are kept down in the United States.
I feel that the fluctuation in the stock market due to the presidents comments on current events is done on purpose so people with money, can make more. Also, us in the lower class are taxed more, pay a good amount for insurances, and have to work long hours to get by, while someone wealthy could put a few million in an account that occurs 3-5% and make what we do in a year just by having the money sit.
The saying is true. The rich get richer while the poor stay poor. The elite and big corporations need the working class to prosper and advance, while the working class need the jobs that the corporations have to make ends meet. A horrible yet true cycle.
I have to agree with the above. I keep hearing about all the tax breaks the wealthy are going to receive while the working class suffers. They might be removing taxes from overtime. This will lead to the elimination of overtime for the working class. It’s all set up to assist the wealthy in continuing to have the upper hand.
The modern economy has catered to big business and allows for more ways for wealthy people avoid paying taxes by reinvesting their money into other means to make money. It also allows for lower wages for the working class.
It’s no secret that the modern economy, as well as many places outside it, is ruled primarily by the Elon Musks and Donald Trumps of the world. Those who were brought up with wealth, using as much money as necessary to bend the rules and laws that might get in their way. Their money opens doors that laypeople cannot tread without immense effort, the White House itself being one, and they throw around their money to buy senators and governors to further pad their pockets.
As the old saying goes it takes money to make money so those with money may be perceived as having an advantage. Certainly businesses want to pay as little as they can so the combination of outsourcing to foreign countries and leveraging AI over paid employees puts some at an advantage over others. However, even white-collar jobs are threatened by AI which even further advantages business owners as white collar workers are generally paid more - so they will save even more by eliminating them.
Wealthy people do not have to work as hard to gain things such as education, jobs, and connections because their money has already opened up all of the doors to obtain these things. Meanwhile, working class and poor people have to work extremely hard for a chance at these things, with no advantages. Everything from rent to food is extremely expensive and makes it so that those with less money only have enough for necessities while wealthy individuals can freely spend on things that help them make even more money and also relax/have fun.
The modern economy often favors those with exisiting wealth and connections allowing them to influence policy and the protect their interests this creates structural barriers for working class peoples are differently handle all the time who are all faced stagnant wages fewer job protections.
When trickle down economics and other “pro wealthy” policies were popularized in the 80’s, there was an reintroduction to, in my opinion, indentured servitude. In other words, “If you work for me then I’ll do the bare minimum in keeping you happy.” There was just empty promises, and continues to be so when the majority are taken advantage of making it so if they succeed then no one else can, or at least take a small margin of the majority that are the lower class and let them make small gain. But not enough that they are above you
There’s a saying where it say’s “the rich keeps getting richer and the poor keeps getting poorer.” rich people exploit the working class by paying just enough to survive with this current economy.
Aside from the examples listed in the article, it’s also just simply more difficult for many working class people to be able to invest money. More of their money is tied up in providing themselves with their daily needs, while the wealthy have more exposable income that they can take investment risks with.
The modern economy often creates advantages by enabling them to shape policy and system by tax breaks , deregulation.
While I agree that some of the top upper class have advantages over others, they worked very hard to earn their wealth. While it’s easy to keep accumulating wealth once you are rich, it is very difficult to get to that position and those people shouldn’t be seen as villains because of their success that they brought to the country or world.
The fact that federal minimum wage is still set at $7.25 an hour in 2025 says it all. Everything seems designed to benefit the ultra wealthy. Things that were normal a generation ago - home ownership, vacations and security in general have all become dreams for the average working person. More and more jobs are going to be replaced by artificial intelligence - the writing is on the wall and everyone seems unprepared. The system that we have right now can’t - and wasn’t built to - last. Our modern economy is also plagued by systemic racism that has created opportunities for some while punishing others, often encouraging and even rewarding those who commit ‘white collar’ crimes or theft related to businesses.
They think about creating jobs but don’t consider those with kids or single parents. The poorer groups do not benefit because they can’t get jobs or housing. They create tax breaks for middle class but don’t consider the poorer groups because they are already relying on the government.
This economy has been set up by the wealth to strip the working class for decades. It has paid for our courts to favor them, keep the common folk in their place and will do anything to skirt their responsibilities or paying their fair share while they destroy this earth and make plans to colonize other planets.
The modern economy may create advantages for the upper class by receiving tax breaks and slashing wages for their workers. This would cause a disadvantage and limit opportunities for the middle class and lower. These issues would make it so that the average worker has to pay more taxes, even though they make less money.
Create tax breaks for some classes and not others. Provide services for some classes and not others.
Inflation is a substantial obsticle when comparing the advantages and disadvantages of groups. The upper class has the advantage in a high inflation economy as they have more opprtunities to resources while the lower class has limited resources with very little funds.
Globalism has made it so jobs can be outsourced to countries with cheaper labor. Globalism has hurt workers in developed countries who are unable to compete with the low wages of workers in poor countries. Increased immigration to developed countries has also played a role in suppressing wages with poor immigrants and citizens competing for low wage jobs. The rich, also have undue influence on politicians through lobbying. Politicians accept money from corporations and wealthy businessman and make policies that favor the wealthy and powerful.
The more wealth you have the more you can take advantage and put it to work, rather than just use it for everyday expenses. Therefore you’re earning money on your money whereas those who don’t have that much are just using their money to live.
I feel that the economy today works much better for rich people because they have more power and money to make the rules. Regular workers get stuck with low pay and fewer chances to get ahead. It feels like the system is built to help the rich stay rich.
The upper class has used their influence to change the economic landscape resulting in laws and tax breaks that benefit them and negatively influence the lower classes. They have it set up to more or less exploit the working classes while the gain from labor they do not perform exponentially.
Some people still make minimum wage of 7 something a hour in my state. With the affordable housing crisis people with money are charging an arm and a leg for rent. The higher ups in government can change this. The rich get richer as the poor afford less and less
businesses are raised prices on practially all consumer goods, which in turn helps the business profit, and hurts the average person financially because it is more money coming out of their pockets, while wages and salaries are not going up for the most part.
The wealthiest people do indeed have some advantages that the rest of us do not, as they can use their wealth to continually receive personal gains. They also use their wealth to provide jobs for others, and some may give to charity, to individuals less fortunate than themselves. The opposite may also be true…the working class have some benefits that the wealthy don’t have, such as time with family, less stress, and more joy and freedom.
When people are wealthy, they can buy or invest in other start-up businesses without much effort. People who want to start from scratch have a much more difficult time because it is harder to get loans approved or find people to invest.
The people at the top are getting richer by reducing wages for the working class. They outsource jobs and lobby for anti-worker laws.
I believe the modern economy creates advantages for the upper class by taxing the lower class citizens when they could tax the upper class slightly more and get the funds they need that way without it affecting their lives as much as the lower class. This is because the upper class has enough money to “live” and has all basic needs met, so the extra income is far more likely to be used in greedier ways.
At this point few besides those with money can afford to go to college without taking out any loans. Having a bachelor’s degree is required at many workplaces, so those that can’t afford college get shut out of many jobs. Those jobs that don’t require college education make considerably less money. With the costs of living it is very hard for people without a college degree to be able to save money and get ahead.
I mean, you could (and people have) write tomes about this phenomenon, so to fully explain it in a “few sentences” is almost a comical ask. You can see it in our tax code, the concentration of capital in the hands of a few at the expense of the many and on and on and on. We’ve defunded education in this country and made it nigh on impossible for people to learn new skills that would allow them to move up in the “modern economy” without going into massive amounts of debt that, by design, can’t really be repaid.
The modern economy has continuously been working towards favoring those who are already at the top, I have seen this change happen right before my eyes. My parents have always been working class people, the house they bought years ago would be unobtainable now. Taxes, grocery prices, insurance costs, medical bills, and a plethora of other things are more unapproachable for the average working class person. These are great examples of limited opportunities.
Wages haven’t increased for the lower class workers at nearly the same rate as it has for the elite. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. The poor don’t have near the political pull they used to. Unions, which use to be the standard response to this, have largely become corrupt and don’t protect their workers. Employers have been allowed to outsource labor for profit, destroying American jobs and wages.
I think that the economy allows for some to take advantage of unfair systems to increase their wealth, while lower income individuals do not have access to the knowledge and expertise and falls behind
For someone to have gain (in this situation it is the upper class), it needs to come at the expense of others (the middle/working class). Ultimately, the upper class has a position of power where they can help shape economic situations to their benefit while also hurting the working class. We can see it with the outsourcing of labor in many jobs. Companies (run by upper class elites) push their labor offshore because it is cheaper and will maximize their profits which in turn affects jobs of working class people who then are stuck out of a job due to their labor being deemed too high, even though in a modern country like America, they are probably making barely enough to survive.
History does not bode well for the wealth of a nation to fall into the hands of too few. It has become obvious to anyone paying attention that our politicians can now be bought by the wealthy. Many seem to wonder why the wealthy continue to want more and more and more when they have enough now to support ten generations of their family. Perhaps it has now become a competition among the wealthy themselves to simply outdo each other?
Now a days, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Tax cuts for the rich, while the poor have to spend 20% of their already low income on taxes.
By implementing tax breaks for the upper class at the expense of the poorer people.
CEOs and other more rich groups of people use the money they save by using cheaper labor to buy investments to make them more money - ex rentals, Musk buying twitter and tesla, investing in stocks, etc. If most of your paycheck goes towards rent and food, and your savings get drained anytime you have a medical emergency or your car breaks down, you don’t get these same opportunities.
The rich can afford to do what they like. Like shark tank no amount of money will satisfy them, they invest and are so greedy trying to take extra % of companies when they already have billions. Also they buy all the houses to rent back to people to make even more money.
The minimum wage has gone up but the cost of living has also gone up. It’s like no difference.
Whichever group controls the economy will control the world basically. Money allows people to do whatever they want really and the lower class citizens have no choice but to accept it.
The modern economy can create advantages for a certain group by making sure there the price to actually own thing is high, while the people that cant afford that initial expense have to keep renting in order to survive, making sure they never actually own it and are kept poor
I think that the modern economy definitely might create advantages for some groups while limiting opportunities for others because most of the people who have the most money are the ones who are creating the details of the economy in the first place. Therefore, I think that it means that this would advantage them and probably disadvantage those who have less income and economic opportunity. I think that it would be logical that those who create certain systems would want to be sure that those foundations benefit them while others are not as important.
Companies or individuals being taxed less or not at all. Voting in presidents who are are just there to increase their own wealth. Not implementing a fair minimum wage, which exploits workers, who have no choice.
It’s a disgrace. There is enough money in this country that NO ONE should be at the bottom. It’s not just the working class. People who are disabled are getting the raw end of the deal too. The upper class are too selfishly worried about how many vacations they’re going to get to take that year and how many diamonds their dogs bathtub is studded with rather than focusing on what really matters, and that’s how many HUMAN BEINGS are suffering financially. Financial suffering also causes emotional and physical suffering. Then we wonder why there’s so much violence in the country. WAKE UP!
I believe that upper class has more say in how the rules are in the society. They can set up rules that benefit them and harm the lower class. It is unfair and make it near impossible to climb up in the social status.
There are a handful of ways that the economy today will create opportunities for those well off. Creating an environment where prices are going up and wages remain stagnant and even less factoring in inflation. Receiving tax breaks individually or as a business is another wayto put pressure on those less fortunate.
There is a huge problem with working-class people getting ahead. There comes a point where staying on low wages means they can eat and have medical care with government help. There is no way to rise out of it, especially if you have children. Your children’s income disqualifies you from any assistance once they start trying to get ahead and out on their own. These programs need better, streamlined ways for people to get ahead in life. People with the most money feed the business that makes the most profits, and those who are poor suffer and cannot compete.
It creates advantages like in the stock market. Some tranactions in the exchange are not for the average citizen and that gives the rich advantages in accessing money and concentrating power.
In our modern economic landscape, there are groups that are at an advantage in comparison of others. The Upper class has gained wealth and influence that has allowed them to make calculated strategies to protect and increase their financial gains. One way it has done this is by slashing wages to the working class. There will always someone willing to do the job for less, so cutting wages allow the corporation to continue to make profits without as much operating costs, resulting in more money in the end.
The modern economy may create advantages for some groups because they have more opportunities and chances than those from a lower social class. There are less chances or opportunities to raise up on the social and economic ladder so thus it makes it harder for the working class to raise up. Those from the Upper Class are more privileged and have more doors opened. Thus, the working class has a system that works against them.
I think one way this happens is that the rich and powerful have successfully lobbied for the removal of most regulations that contribute to a fair economy. I think a perfect example of this is the continuing practice of predatory lending, pay-day loans, high-interest credit products, etc.
As is indicated by our elected president, being a semi – successful, corporate drone, our country pedestals the same entities that manipulate and profit off of us. Just like during the pandemic, when corporations of businesses were able to receive millions upon millions of dollars from the government and the general public was not given it much other than a measly couple thousand dollarsJust like during the pandemic, when corporations of businesses were able to receive millions upon millions of dollars from the government and the general public was not given it much other than Measley couple thousand dollars
In today’s economy, advantages such as tax breaks, deregulation and job outsourcing frequently benefit the wealthy, exacerbating income inequality.
It is end game capitalism. The whole goal is to gain more wealth from your products or services than they are worth, and continue amassing this wealth until you own as much as possible. Ideally, everything. Fiat currencies are designed to take wealth from the ignorant, through inflation. With a fixed income, and constant inflation, you are constantly paying your workers less and less over time in real value. Then you give them a raise, raise minimum wage, but it is not enough to return to the worker’s real previous wages. It’s all math games and scams.
The modern economy may create advantages for some groups while limiting opportunities for others because they can make the weaker group or the group that need opportunities more than others , work for money that other groups can access easily. The higher groups or the ones at an advantage are able to make the wokring group work far more for far less
In terms of access to technology, those with access to advanced technology and digital literacy have some advantages over those without it. Another aspect is income inequality as those who are already wealthy has more access to opportunities and accumulates more wealth than those that are poor.
I feel that the modern economy definitely creates advantages for the wealthy which is mostly evident in the tax breaks that they receive. It is also evident in the federal minimum wage which I believe is still at $7.25, and hasn’t been updated since the late 90s/early 2000s. It is also seen in the way corporations are run with the brunt of the prices being put on the consumer.
The modern economy has created ways for the upper class to have access to better tax cuts and lower rates while the working class is still paying higher taxes and bringing home less income. Large companies and their owners are not paying these taxes as well. Only the top percentage of Americans have access to stocks and then in turn gain even more wealth. The working class have less access to healthcare and therefore cannot afford to fix health concerns that may arise.
they let the rich have tax breaks. they encourage limited hourly weeks so the poor have to get a lot of jobs. the system is to keep taxes low for the companies but not for the lower-level workers. modern economic systems focus on the systems and not the workers. profits matter over wellbeing.
They solely base their protection and finance stability on race, if you are white you are in and any other race is left behind.
If the wealthy get tax breaks but the lower classes don’t and the lower classes have to work harder to maintain their lifestyle then then the lower classes is just working harder to make it so the wealthy can stay that way and have it easier and the lower class needs to buy things and they work hard to purchase the items from the wealthy so the wealthy just keep making money off the lower classes
I can only speak for the USA but our government has favored the wealthy through tax loopholes, deregulation at the expense of the people and lobbying for corporate interests. The working poor face a higher effective tax rate, limited access to quality education and healthcare and stagnant wages! The middle class has been shrinking since the 1980’s when we collectively started this whole trickle down garbage that was PROVEN to be garbage and yet here we are again collecting ushering more of it in. Maybe the population ultimately deserves it though for being so ignorant.
Some factors include tech advancements and skills. For example, some companies use automation and AI which can reduce jobs for labor but increase jobs for software development in the tech industry. There may also be a need to upskill. To be competitive in the market, people may need to invest more money to get higher education and training.
The modern economy is shaped by people in power who want control and make the less advantaged people fearful of their economic position in the world. Keeping people fearful creates uncertaintly and makes people continue to work just to get by in jobs they may not like while keeping the rat race going. The backbone of the economy is workers keeping companie going and the very rich benefit the most. Control of media is another way they keep infuence and power.
The real wages of the average American have remained stagnant over the last 40 years. With wages barely providing for everyday necessities, like food and housing, the ability of the average person to accumulate wealth is minimal and what they do save can be easily wiped out with one misfortune. However, those who are able to accumulate wealth are able to compound it quickly. There is essentially a minimum cost of entry for building substantial wealth, a fee that is too high for most of society to pay.
I do feel that certain groups of people have advantages over other groups of people. Being born into wealth has it’s advantages over being born into a poorer family. I also feel that everyone has the same opportunities in the United States, and that there is still a level playing field, but you have to put in the work, and if you work hard enough. you can have success in this country.
In my opinion anyone in each category has a chance to succeed if they inherit or have learned the mindset of work ethic.
They way the modern economy works, many people are living paycheck to paycheck, and do not have excess money to invest and help their assets grow. That limits those that can make investments to only thoughts of higher income brackets, and leaves the rest of the working class constantly working to stay above water, rarely making it out of that cycle.
While corporations continue to post record-breaking profits year after year, while the top 1% accumulate historic sums of money every year to become richer and richer, all the while pushing for tax cuts for themselves paid off of welfare cuts, the average person is struggling to keep up with inflation, struggling to pay their bills, and seeing dreams like owning a house or a business get farther and farther away from them. This is largely because the rich have achieved so much power in the system already, and they continue to tighten their grip to lock the lower classes out of power and wealth.
The system is, and always has been, rigged. It’s structured to keep those of color and those of color, particulary in poverty, to remain on the bottom. To never achieve. From how education and funds are distributed to each state, to the resources available in schools, it’s designed to keep people uneducated. Because, uneducated people typically don’t advance far in the business world, leading to financial gains and independence.
One of the biggest issues in my opinion is all the tax stuff. Large corporations and wealthy people should not be getting all these huge tax breaks while the regular hard working American has to pay higher rates and could get in trouble when they don’t. There is NO reason for big tax cuts for an wealthy should exist. If the top percent people paid their fair share, it would bring in so much more money. It just disgusts me that my family sometimes isn’t making it paycheck to paycheck but we have to pay more in taxes.
Union busting is one way in which the upper class stops the working lower class from receiving a larger share of company profits. Wealthy people are about to hire lobbyist in Washington DC to advocate for tax breaks which would help wealthy people keep more of their wealth. Working class and poor have no lobbyists in Washington DC.

Control condition

reflection
Different countries provide different skills and different products. Most of which are needed by other countries. It usually balances out in trade agreements.
The global economy is a balancing act of competing interests and policies between nations, corporations, and individuals. Each part effects the others and they constantly war and push against one another to create what we think of as the economy.
The modern economy works by nations around the world working together to buy and sell their stuff. Things are always changing. Price goes up, price goes down. The economy is complex and interesting.
The economy is a complicated concept that relies on the entire state of the world down to the minutia.
I guess from each country producing their own goods and the citizens buying those same goods or exporting them out to other countries. Then other countries buy their own goods or export them or import other goods from other countries.
It’s a system. People put out products that others need. The needy customers then simply pay money for those products. It’s a cycle that keeps going on and on. There are many parts and influences that all come together.
the modern economy is a system of supply and demand. as of the last 5 years it has gotten a lot faster and is changing more than ever. everyone copies each other and this could sway things very quickly.
The modern economy is a vast and complex network of different industries that all come together to form a global market. Many industries and businesses rely on each other, and several industries have propped up in recent years in response to the needs and issues pertaining to another.
The economy changes all the time, it is highly dynamic and shifts from supply and demand cause large changes. There are also no single groups that fully control it, it is the result of many smaller groups working together. Different areas or regions might have policies that determine certain rules, however this does not cover all the regions.
the modern economy is not defined by a single factor. shifts in supply demand and techonology advancements shapes the outcomes. the modern economy is constantly adapting to new conditions
The modern economy works as a complex and connected system that’s intertwined with new technology, governments, and global events. Over time these variables create change that hard to particularly place on one key thing.
It’s a very complex system that is affected by many different factors. As technology evolves and global governments change, supply and demand can be very dynamic. There are many things that change from day to day.
The modern economy is a complex coordination between global governments and businesses. There are many shifting dynamics, such as technology and policy, that have wide reaching effects on this global economy.
The economy depends on the current supply and demand of various groups around the world along with the inflation trend in that country. If the prices raise too high and too fast, most people would not want to spend anymore. This may cause an increase in too much supply which may cause a steep drop in prices.
The economy of our planet that we are a part of is a living breathing organism. No single part rules the entire market, without some ripple effect on another area. Sometimes, changes are beneficial and we all thrive. Sometimes there’s a disease that forms, putting the entire world in chaos and disease.
The modern economy changes constantly to adapt to new technology and demands. It needs to be able to do this to keep up with modern times. For instance AI is becoming more useful and accepted. It is being integrated more into jobs such as healthcare.
The modern economy is influenced by multiple factors. It is affected by the markets needs and certain policies. It is always changing from these influences.
The world economy is a combination of many different factors. No single group or action can fully determine the outcome or effects.
The modern economy works in different directions, from shifts in supply and demands to advancements in technology
The modern economy works by working in unison with all kinds of factors. Things like supply and demand where if people are poor they won’t be buying as much.
The economy works by many different companies & people buying & selling goods also making personal and business related investments. There is no one factor that controls the economy. The economy is a open market place
The modern economy is influenced by many things, including technology, trends and politics. No single thing has major control over the modern economy. Changes in different subjects and industries shape our economy daily in radically different ways, and a the world has different outputs that can change it further.
The economy is very complicated and fragile. The smallest things can make it collapse and it has in the past. I think that it is made up of many factors around the world and in our own government and policies.
Supply and demand creates shifts in technology, markets, policy and even global trends. These shifts cause changes, some good and some bad, to the economy.
The modern economy is complex and driven by many different factors. It is constantly adapting and according to some economists, there is no clear blueprint or “invisible hand” guiding it along.
The modern economy is fueled by consumers. Whether it be food, necessities, housing, entertainment, etc. When supply is higher than demand, those prices are low. The opposite is also true. When demand is higher than supply, prices rise.
The modern economy is more about global trade than it has ever been before. Countries rely on both imports and exports for their GDP. The US is trying to buck the globalization trend and become more self reliant but I don’t think it will prove to be successful because of costs. Covid showed that supply chains were easily disrupted and with lingering effects. Climate change will continue to wreak havoc on crops so we will continue to see escalating prices from that.
The modern economy is the product of many influences, evolving through technological innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions, and global trends. No single factor or group fully determines the direction and outcomes of the worldwide market.
The modern economy has many moving parts and is always adapting. It is influenced by so many different things that it is impossible to say what even controls it because it is so complex.
Economies work on supply and demand, and the modern economy accelerates this using digital technologies
The modern economy is shaped by many groups and factors. The economy is ever evolving based on supply and demand, technological advancements, rogue political leaders, etc.
The modern economy works with many different parts working individually. Consumers, manufacturers, suppliers, government policy all contribute to the economy.
The modern economy is vastly dependent on technology, social media, and now AI.
nothing in singular form is a cause for the outcome or the change in direction of the economy. many things influence it. lots of factors cause these shifts or changes. it is always evolving and always changing. many people around the world come together to plan and respond to all of these changes.
The modern economy works in complete conjunction with global trade. It is crucial that in order for our or any economy to work, we work with other nations on a global scale. It is also crucial to work with world leaders to have ways for each and every economy to become the best it can be. It is true that there is not one single factor, rather there is a long list of complex things that make a modern economy work, however, each one requires cooperation and communication on a global scale.
The modern economy is shaped by various factors that interact in complex ways. New developments such as new technologies and policy changes cause the economy to be constantly evolving. This makes it difficult to predict where the economy is headed or rely on any expected outcome.
The modern economy operates almost like a living organism with many different factors that go into it functioning as a whole. The outcome of any modern economy relies on people from different countries working as a whole. Conflict can interrupt the functioning of the economy and create problems that trickle down. There are many different moving parts and an economy relies on them all to operate.
It is influenced by technological innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions, and global trends. Shifts in supply and demand to advancements in technology can change regulation, which interacts in complex ways to shape economic outcomes. It is a living system that is constantly adapting to our conditions.
There isn’t one big factor or idea that controls the economy. There are innumerable factors that can each change how the global economy works.
As supply decreases, demand increases. The same goes the other way as the supply increases, the demand decreases. I think the countries around the world adhere to this and it works at times.
The economy is created by a complex connection of technology, markets, political policy and global trends. As a result there is no single factor determining the direction. Its an adaptive system that countries and governments react to with changing conditions.
The modern economy functions as a complex, interconnected system influenced by technology, polices, global trade, and shifting consumer demands. It evolves through constant interactions between markets, governments, and innovations, adapting to new challenges without a fixed path or central control.
The modern economy is ever changing due to market changes, policies, and trends. Supply and demand made a big difference as well. It’s a living system!
The modern economy is affected by many factors, such as supply and demand, innovation, technology, government regulations, people’s perceptions, and more. Recently the economy has been strongly affected by the work of one president and his view of tariff implementation.
Modern economy work as a system where people, businesses, and governments produce, trade, and goods and services are paid by money. Theres production and supply, consumption and demand, markets and prices, money and banks, government has a role.
It shifts based on supply and demand. It’s like a living system, always changing and adapting to peoples and nations needs. There is no clear blueprint.
The world economy is complex and depends on multiple factors including tech innovations, policy decisions and trends. In short, the economy is a living system that is constantly changing and adapting.
Modern economy function as a adaptive system which is shaped by Market forces, policy. and global trends coordinated with many “blueprints” than just following a single one.
The modern economy works by evolving with the times. It must adjust to global economics that have many factor involved in how a company changes it conditions to fit todays economy.
The modern economy functions like it’s own living entity. It isn’t influenced by a single factor but by many. The sum of it’s parts, multiple factors drive the economy and many countries and leaders come together to respond in unison to conditions to influence the economy.
The modern economy is influenced by a lot of things. Most recent, it is highly influenced by politics. The current or future administrations predict the comfort level of people to invest or spend money or not to.
The modern economy largely works based on import and exports, manufacturing, supply and demand, and consumers feelings about the economy. If consumers feel the market is health they will buy, spend, invest, etc. If they feel the economy is unstable, they will save, not spend, sell off investments. The modern economy is driven by the consumer, and the ability for companies and governments to keep up with demand and set up legislation that supports the economy.
Modern economy is ever changing, influenced by many factors including the president, world-affairs, and other conditions.
The modern economy works with supply and demand. Buyers want certain products, and sellers then supply it to them. Depending on the demand and how the product is sourced then sets how much the supplier should charge for the product.
It works by operating like a dynamic interconnected web driven by shifting supply and demand. It is not controlled by any one entity, but shaped though feedback loops between innovation and global trade.
The modern economy is a complicated system influenced by markets and demands.
the modern economy has many influences: a combination of tech innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions, and global trends. Supply and demand, tech advancements, and regulation interact to shape the economy. Nations often coordinate with changing systems.
The modern economy is a living system that doesn’t have a clear blueprint. It can adapt to new conditions and change over time.
The modern economy is a complex web of manufacturing and consumption. The stock market and the real goods market are two separate but interconnected things often get mixed up when people talk about the economy.
The modern economy is the product of many influences, evolving over time through a combination of technological innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions, and global trends.The economy is a living system—constantly adapting to new conditions, without a clear blueprint or single guiding hand.
The Economy is changing and A I is becoming to start taking over and I think that it will be a lot better for the future.
I think the economy is always changing and adapting like the article says, but in my opinion, there is a lot more at play than just that. For one, corporations exist and they are constantly trying to manipulate this economy into making them more profit. In other words, they keep trying to create a blueprint that will guarantee them success and it just doesn’t work because the economy will never follow a proper blueprint. There are way too many random factors to consider, but these companies swear they’ll figure out some blueprint.
In today’s modern economy, there are a series amount of dynamics that impact how the economy will go. Technology, policies, and global trends will impact the modern economy in various ways. With how the world is constantly changing and unexpected events, such as the COVID pandemic or the policies on tariffs, the economy is hard to predict!
Countries around the world work together to trade, innovate, set prices and react to economic forces.
The modern global economy allows countries the flexibility to make deals that work best for them. It allows countries to adapt when conditions change and be able to keep their economy healthy even when other countries are not cooperating.
It is a large system that has many moving parts. There are a lot of factors that go into changes. It is complex and not simply impacted by single factors.
Modern technology works by weaving inside and outside of different technology and its innovations. Its a living system which adapts and thrives in its environement.
The modern global economy is capitalist, which means it will eventually fail because no system based on endless growth is sustainable. Nations will continue to screw around with the concept of currency and markets until Earth is no longer a viable place to live for the masses of humans living on it. Very few participants in the modern economy actually understand how it works.
Modern economy works through supply and demand. Innovations lead to consumers buying and spending creating an influx of demand.
the modern economy does not work in a specific way, it is always evolving and there a lot of factors we need to take into consideration, from techonology to governments, the moidern economy it is always shifting
The modern economy is based upon free trade. We depend upon an incredible complex system that operates internationally and evolves constantly.
Modern economy evolves from technology advancements, innovation, as well as many other things. I would not say that our economy currently is working.
The modern economy functions through complex interactions of technological innovation, policy, market forces, and global trends, constantly evolving.
I believe the modern economy works off of supply and demand. I also believe that tariffs should play a big part in our modern economy, with taxes being essential as well.
The modern economy feels like a huge, interconnected web where everything affects everything else. Technology changes fast and that pushes businesses and workers to keep adapting. its more like a constant balancing act that shifts depending on what’s happening in the world.
The modern global economy is under pressure in that each participant has different internal needs that most believe each has a need to relieve the internal pressure by relying on other external participants will help relieving for them. To maximize the global economy, each participant must have control of their internal economy to be a contributor and not reliant on outside economies to make up internal short falls.
The economy fluctuates and does not have a set framework. The modern economy can change from policy creation, what is happening around the globe and the development of new technology.
The modern economy is a hydra of many nations and industries. So many inputs come from so many different places that even small changes in one can impact the prices in many, many others. It feels truly alive and dynamic but that makes it incredibly hard to predict.
The modern economy is currently largely affected by the world’s political instability. There are also issues due to the tariff BS and narcissism currently running the US political system. Currently those with money own most of the real estate and businesses while lower income people struggle to pay rent and feed their children.
The modern economy can be viewed almost like an ecological system, with many interdependent moving parts creating habitats, atmospheres and situations allowing for growth or stagnation.
I disagree with the statement. The single guiding hand of modern economics is greed. You can accurately predict where the economy will go if greed is not stopped. American society allows it, even though they will not benefit from it. Only social elites have the luxury to believe the statement above.
The modern economy operates as a complex, adaptive system influenced by technological innovation, and global interactions.
Modern economy works as a connected system of multiple facets and acts in an unpredictable way. It must adapt to constant changes in various aspects. It’s is a bunch of decisions and reactions from people, companies, markets, and so forth.
The economy thrives and changes with time. It is influenced by many different factors including businesses, governments and nations all over the world.
I think the biggest factor in the economy is supply and demand. That is always changing and evolving with trends and preferences.
It is forever changing. It is forever evolving. Many factors influence our economy. Our world is vary diverse and so is the economy.
The economy is a dynamic system in which inputs are always changing. It functions through a combination of various factors and influences such as global trends, technology, and political influences. All of these factors come together to shape the economy which adapts and evolves as time passes.
The modern economy has many factors that influence it. Technology, governments, global trends, and other factors contribute to how the economy functions. It is a living system, that changes and adapts as conditions change.
The modern economy works in combination of various factors. It’s a combination of technology, innovation, market dynamics, policies, trends, and more. It’s constantly evolving, adapting, changing - it is fluid and not stagnant.
Modern economy shifts in ways that humanity itself shifts. It may not be in major ways or all at once, but minor adjustments over time you can tell it’s much different now than in decades past. You can see when the job market isn’t well, there’s sickness in the world, and more, just in the numbers.
The modern economy is not controlled by a single entity. It is a lifeforce of it’s own, constantly changing and adapting to global influences. Those influences can be supply and demand, market dynamics. policy decisions etc.
The economy is a living and breathing organism which pulls it’s status from many facets of economies around the world.
The modern economy is based on fluidity and the idea that things are constantly changing, evolving, and innovating. The economy HAS to adapt to the way society works, especially in modern times, and especially with all of the changes in policies from the president/Congress/world leaders. There are tons of things happening with laws and regulations and just general consumerism and the economy has to be always updating and changing to keep up with the pace of the world.
The modern economy is influenced by the things that people want the most. It is a system that moves, changes and shifts around depending on people and trends.
The modern economy is affected by a myriad of factors. The decisions of nations around the world affect the global economy in many ways, and they create new situations that also interact with each other. It’s constantly changing and adapting to new situations and environments.
The modern global economy works as a system with a lot of moving parts. There is a lot of coordination and reaction between countries, businesses, supply/demand, and technological advancements. The economy changes because of fluctuations in all different areas not just one cause.
The modern economy is complex and layered with no single person being the direct cause or the outcome of the global market. Trends and other countries impact the outcome of the economy.
The modern economy function as a dynamic and interconnected system influenced by technological advancements policies, and global trends. These factors contionuously interact and adapt to each other.
Modern economy can be an ever shifting process. Never the same day after day, specially in periods of instability. This can be seen with the United States economy and its new government that has daily changes and never stable lately. It is sad that such a great country is not stable any longer and is influencing the modern economy in such a way.
The economy has a bunch of fluctuating factors that influence it in different ways. These factors help shape economic decisions throughout time since no economy is the same as before.
The modern economy is the product of many different influences. Regulations and changes in supply and demand shape the forces of the economy. The economy is constantly changing due to multiple factors.
The modern economy runs on global trade, digital tech, and consumer demand, driven by businesses, markets, and gov policies.
The modern economy is influenced by many factors. Sometimes governments, businesses and nations work together to influence the outcome of these factors.
According to this, the worldwide economy is shaped and operates by a complex dance of market conditions, technology, policy and many other factors. The economy is its own ‘system’ which grows and moves according to not one factor, but very many
the modern economy operates as a dynamic interconnected system influenced by a various of factors including technology trade government policies and consumer behaviour, these elements constantly interact and evolve creating both opportunities and challenges across regions
The modern economy is like a big system where everything affects everything else. People, companies, and countries are all connected. When one thing changes, like prices or new inventions, it causes other changes. No one is fully in charge. it just keeps shifting over time.
In my opinion, modern economy, while somewhat influenced by technological innovation, is greatly influenced by policy. Policy, as we see today with MR. TRUMP, has an even greater impact on the economy both nationally and internationally.
Mostly works by supply and demand. Free trade and enterprise. New technology just makes advancement easier.
If a natural disaster strikes, goods tend to get more expensive. When Trump put Tariffs on everyone, the economy took a drastic fall, and prices were going up
Modern economy is basically supply and demand. However factors that can impact economy are innovations, political policies along with marketing on global trends.
The modern economy has lots of moving cogs to make it work efficiently. A combination of technology, the market, government, and global businesses all work together to make it the system we know.
I really feel that the economy is run by a few select groups and is fueled by greed. There is no reason why everything’s price has to sky rocket and never stay the same or heaven forbid reduce in price. it is not sustainable.
While the workings behind our modern economy are somewhat based on the aforementioned principles, there are also other variables such as corruption from national and international influences, growing monopolies, such as a few large elite corporations owning several other corporations, which greatly influence price competitiveness, innovations, quality control and so forth. There is the appearance of several choices in our economy, in everything from snack foods to medical companies, but it is mostly an illusion. Our modern economy is less organic in nature than it was back in the 1980’s, and is becoming more or less manipulated by greedy corrupt elites and allowed by corrupt regulators and politicians. Our modern economy isn’t working as it should, but is being interfered with instead of allowing it to ebb and flow in an organic way.
The modern economy works principally through the laws of supply and demand, though government interventions through regulations can alter the balance of that. Competition among businesses tends to push each to be more efficient or lose out.
THe modern economy is very dynamics and shifts regularly. There are many reasons for a shift and because we are so globally connected one country alone cannot determine those sfits.
The modern economy works as a collaborative system, with technology innovation, global trends, and policy decisions determining how the economy is shaped.
The modern economy works by nations working together and making sure there is fairness. Technology has helped this process especially in recent years.
The economy stems from many factors, and these factors change over time as technology, trade, policy and trends on a global scale change over time. It’s a shift for which no specific entity or factor is responsible. Our global economy is shaped by changes in supply in demand, technological advancements, and regulatory changes. These factors work with one another to forge economic outcomes. Globally, political leaders, businesses, governments and nations work together to respond to changes in the economy. The economy is an organism that responds and adapts to change from many directions.
The modern economy is based on many factors such as policy decisions, technological innovation, shifts in supply and demand, etc. Though these factors are always changing, nations, governments, and businesses work together to address these changing conditions.
The modern economy works because it is constantly changing, developing and evolving with the time. There is no set layout to follow it just flow as it may.
The global market is unpredictable. The modern economy is made up up all these different parts like technological innovations, market dynamics, and policy decisions. The economy is like an ecosystem that is growing or shrinking without a clear blueprint.
The modern economy is like a living system that’s always changing based on many different factors. New technology, changes in what people want to buy, government decisions, and events around the world all play a part. No one person or group controls it completely. Instead, countries and individuals all influence how things move. The economy grows, slows down, or shifts direction depending on how these parts interact with each other over time
I think supply and demand are huge factors. It sets the price point and lets manufacturers know if more supply is needed and if demand decreases, they know that less supply is needed. I think this best shows what is needed and when. The manufacture has to innovate to increase the supply and still do it with the same resources or develop new ways to get the job done.
The economy works by goods being produced, transported and sold to consumers.
the modern economy is based on product production and this includes interest rates availability of products which are sold internationally and made available to the public for consumption through tariffs and distribution via farmers and wholesalers the world over
The modern economy works by a combination of things versus one single factor. Supply and demand determine the economic outcome. Somebody said that the economy is comparable to a living organism in the face that it is always evolving.
The modern economy is a connected system thanks to technology. Supply and demand, cost of resources. Government rules that change over time. Bug business as a factor. Rather then a simple path, today’s world you need to adapt more, and nothing is certain.
The modern economy works as a living system. There are many facets to the economy. Input from various people, companies and governments help shape the economy.
modern economy is ever changing system that is influenced by a combination of technological innovation, market dynamics, policy decisions, and global trends. These forces of the economy shape the outcomes.
Modern economy has made people take so many decisions around the world. It also created a way of bringing people together , communicate and also make life easier.
The modern economy is heavily influenced by technological advancements. Labor is expensive, so there is more demand for technology in the manufacturing process on the supply end. It demand is heavily influenced by technology as well, as “trends” direct sales and in turn, demand.
Bankers finance corporations. Corporations form intl corporations and hire the cheapest possible labor globally and to move money around and avoid taxes and backdoor trade agreements. That is complex
The modern economy is a system that interacts constantly and is influenced by many different things. Technological advancements have changed the economy over time by shifting demand and therefore supply has changed with it.
The modern economy is an intricate, multilayered entity with many, many components that are dependent upon each other. Modern communications technologies have enabled instant global trade, and the modern economy is a complex structure in which sudden change in any one area can create complications and struggles down the supply chain.
The economy works like a person. Some days it is happy and doing good, other days it is unhappy and doing bad. There is not just one thing that effects the economy, there are multiple parts that have to work together in order for it to work properly.
The modern economy is a complex and ever-changing system without a clear blueprint or structure. Many aspects are interconnected and there is no single factor that determines the direction and outcomes in the global market. Nations, businesses and governments are forced to coordinate and respond together to adapt to changing conditions.
Currently the modern economy is very complex. the current state is that we have many different moving parts such as foreign government and economies all combining to an overall market. If one market is struggling, impacts are sure to touch other economies as well.
The economy adapts itself to various changing conditions.There is not a certain single factor that can completely determine outcomes for the economy as it constantly changes.
Modern day economy is in a way a machine. With many moving factors and pieces that account for society as a whole, be it working your first job or being a multi-billionaire everyone is a vital piece.
The modern economy is extremely complex. Everything is always changing and the only thing we can do is to deal with inflation and problems in the most optimal way. Policy changes in the Government are crucial. I would have to disagree with this “Prominent Economist.” We do have a guiding hand. His name is GOD.
The modern economy is always evolving, and consumers need to be dynamic in how they learn and approach economics. There is no one way to be successful, just adapt to the changes as best you can.
The modern economy functions as a dynamic and interconnected system shaped by different forces, including technology, policy, and market behavior. These elements interact in unpredictable ways, requiring constant adaptation by governments, businesses, and individuals. Rather than following a single path, the economy evolves through collaboration, innovation, and response to global challenges
The economy is unfortunately sometimes driven by emotions. When people don’t understand something, they tend to freak out and pull their investments out, which causes good, solid stocks to fall when there was no real reason to. The economy, if left to its own devices, will take care of itself, however. If we were to remove minimum wage restrictions, and allow companies to hire and fire as they see fit, every single business would be better off. Individuals who aren’t worth $10 and are known to slack off could either be replaced or only paid $5, whatever they’re actually worth. This frees up money to pay the harder working employees, who then can go and spend more and put back into the economy, thereby rewarding those who work hard and punishing the lazy. Unfortunately our modern economy is driven by socialist/liberal nonsense that allows individuals to take advantage of their companies and game whatever system is in place.
The modern economy fluctuates depending on many circumstances, It can change due to supply and demand, advancements in technology, regulations and trends around the world. It is constantly changing.
The modern economy works as an ever evolving machine. There are always new and changing factors that can contribute to a good or bad economy. No one person can flick a switch and make it a good or bad economy. People need to realize that.
The economy is just as it says, modern. In order to “keep up with the times,” it is always changing and forming to fit the present day’s society. Whether that is inflation, supply and demand, new trends coming into play, policy changes, or new technology being introduced, the economy is always changing and sure to remain on its toes in order to remain current.
The global economy is a complex, interconnected web of influences, adapting to changes and challenges. Technology, policies, market dynamics, and worldwide trends all contribute to its shape while nations, businesses, and governments respond together.
The contemporary economy operates through intricate interactions among technological advancements, policy shifts, market dynamics, and global collaboration.
I think the modern economy works through many large and small companies selling goods and services that people either want or need. I think it’s composed of goods like groceries, hardware and electronics being sold in and outside the US.
the economy works because all countries work together to supply one another with products. customers like a product and buy it and this in turn helps everyone around the world. when we see a good deal on something we buy it and this gives money to the supplier of the product. this just goes around and around and when people buy a lot it makes the economy work well.
The modern economy functions as a complex adaptive system where countless individual decisions interact with systemic forces to create emergent outcomes. Market mechanisms of supply and demand operate alongside regulatory frameworks, technological disruption, and cultural values to determine resource allocation and wealth distribution.

Measures

Class-based Zero-Sum Beliefs

1. If the upper class becomes richer, this comes at the expense of the working class
   
2. If the upper class makes more money, then the working class makes less money
   
3. If the upper class does better economically, this does NOT come at the expense of the working class [R]
   
   alpha = 0.9

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = zs_class)) +
  geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
                 color = "black") +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
                     limits = c(1,7)) +
  ylab("density") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$zs_class,na.rm = T),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"))

Class solidarity

1. I feel a sense of solidarity with the working class
   
2. I feel a strong bond with the working class
   
3. I feel committed to the working class
   
   alpha = 0.93

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = soli)) +
  geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
                 color = "black") +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
                     limits = c(1,7)) +
  ylab("density") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$soli,na.rm = T),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"))

Support for policy

Raise taxes on the rich
Currently, households earning $647k/year or more pay federal income tax at a rate of 37%. This proposal would increase the rate to 50%.

Raise the federal minimum wage to $18/hour
Currently, the federal minimum wage is set at $7.25/hour. This proposal would increase the wage to $18/hour and tie it to the yearly inflation index moving forward.

Enact a universal basic income to all US citizens
Currently, there is no guaranteed income from the government at all. This proposal would enact a universal basic income of $1,000/month to all American tax-paying citizens.

Require business to pay salaried employees, making up to $70k/year, time-and-a-half for overtime hours
Currently, the federal requirements for time-and-half overtime pay is set for any employee making up to $46k/year. This proposal would increase the threshold for any employee making up to $70k/year.

alpha = 0.84

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = support)) +
  geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
                 color = "black") +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
                     limits = c(1,7)) +
  ylab("density") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$support,na.rm = T),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"))

Responsibility

How responsible do you think upper class Americans are for economic challenges faced by working class Americans? (0 = Not at All Responsible, 100 = Completely Responsible)

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = responsible)) +
  geom_histogram(fill = "lightblue",
                 color = "lightblue",
                 binwidth = 1) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0,100,10),
                     limits = c(-1,101)) +
  ylab("density") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$responsible,na.rm = T),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"))

Analysis

Manipulation check: CBZS

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = round(mean(zs_class,na.rm = T),2),
            SD = round(sd(zs_class,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

cond	N	Mean	SD
ctrl	151	4.87	1.54
zs	148	5.44	1.45

m <- t.test(zs_class ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]

t(296.59) = -3.33, p = 0.001, Lower CI = -0.92, Upper CI = -0.24, d = -0.39.

Solidarity

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = round(mean(soli,na.rm = T),2),
            SD = round(sd(soli,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

cond	N	Mean	SD
ctrl	151	5.45	1.25
zs	148	5.81	1.05

m <- t.test(soli ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]

t(290.33) = -2.69, p = 0.007, Lower CI = -0.62, Upper CI = -0.1, d = -0.32.

Policy Support

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = round(mean(support,na.rm = T),2),
            SD = round(sd(support,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

cond	N	Mean	SD
ctrl	151	5.23	1.55
zs	148	5.38	1.56

m <- t.test(support ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]

t(296.72) = -0.87, p = 0.384, Lower CI = -0.51, Upper CI = 0.2, d = -0.1.

Responsibility

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = round(mean(responsible,na.rm = T),2),
            SD = round(sd(responsible,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

cond	N	Mean	SD
ctrl	151	62.96	25.69
zs	148	71.15	22.80

m <- t.test(responsible ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]

t(294.13) = -2.92, p = 0.004, Lower CI = -13.71, Upper CI = -2.66, d = -0.34.

Identification as working class

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = round(mean(wrkclass,na.rm = T),2),
            SD = round(sd(wrkclass,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

cond	N	Mean	SD
ctrl	151	3.79	1.09
zs	148	4.02	1.05

m <- t.test(wrkclass ~ cond,data = df_cbzs_elg)
d_mod <- cohens_d(m)
d = d_mod[1,1]

t(296.93) = -1.82, p = 0.07, Lower CI = -0.47, Upper CI = 0.02, d = -0.21.

Correlations

Full sample

ZS Condition

Control Condition

Order effects

Manipulation check: CBZS

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(blockorder,cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = round(mean(zs_class,na.rm = T),2),
            SD = round(sd(zs_class,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'blockorder'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.

blockorder	cond	N	Mean	SD
soli_first	ctrl	82	4.89	1.50
soli_first	zs	86	5.31	1.52
zs_first	ctrl	69	4.84	1.60
zs_first	zs	62	5.62	1.35

Ok, this makes sense.

Class solidarity

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(blockorder,cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = round(mean(soli,na.rm = T),2),
            SD = round(sd(soli,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'blockorder'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.

blockorder	cond	N	Mean	SD
soli_first	ctrl	82	5.49	1.19
soli_first	zs	86	5.87	0.96
zs_first	ctrl	69	5.40	1.33
zs_first	zs	62	5.72	1.17

No real order effect on solidarity.

Support for policy

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(blockorder,cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = round(mean(support,na.rm = T),2),
            SD = round(sd(support,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'blockorder'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.

blockorder	cond	N	Mean	SD
soli_first	ctrl	82	5.23	1.54
soli_first	zs	86	5.38	1.57
zs_first	ctrl	69	5.22	1.57
zs_first	zs	62	5.38	1.56

Nothing here either.

Extra

Working class identification

Same as before: let’s see if identifying as working class predicts some of these things over and above demographic variables.

Outcome: CBZS

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-46)

Predictor	\(b\)	95% CI	\(t\)	\(\mathit{df}\)	\(p\)
Intercept	5.14	[3.77, 6.50]	7.40	279	< .001
Wrkclass	0.31	[0.16, 0.47]	3.91	279	< .001
Edu num	0.13	[-0.06, 0.32]	1.37	279	.170
Income num	-0.05	[-0.15, 0.04]	-1.09	279	.275
Ses num	-0.27	[-0.53, -0.01]	-2.01	279	.045
Genderwoman	0.26	[-0.08, 0.59]	1.51	279	.133
RaceBlack or African American	-0.04	[-0.90, 0.82]	-0.09	279	.926
RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin	0.07	[-0.90, 1.03]	0.13	279	.893
Racemultiracial	0.57	[-0.47, 1.61]	1.07	279	.285
RaceWhite	-0.11	[-0.83, 0.61]	-0.31	279	.758
Age	-0.02	[-0.04, -0.01]	-3.16	279	.002

Outcome: Solidarity

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-47)

Predictor	\(b\)	95% CI	\(t\)	\(\mathit{df}\)	\(p\)
Intercept	2.92	[1.91, 3.93]	5.70	279	< .001
Wrkclass	0.49	[0.38, 0.61]	8.33	279	< .001
Edu num	0.04	[-0.10, 0.18]	0.55	279	.584
Income num	0.03	[-0.04, 0.10]	0.75	279	.452
Ses num	-0.03	[-0.22, 0.16]	-0.32	279	.749
Genderwoman	0.23	[-0.02, 0.48]	1.85	279	.066
RaceBlack or African American	0.46	[-0.17, 1.10]	1.45	279	.149
RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin	0.14	[-0.57, 0.85]	0.39	279	.696
Racemultiracial	0.38	[-0.38, 1.15]	0.98	279	.326
RaceWhite	0.14	[-0.39, 0.67]	0.50	279	.616
Age	0.01	[0.00, 0.02]	1.70	279	.091

Outcome: Support for policy

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-48)

Predictor	\(b\)	95% CI	\(t\)	\(\mathit{df}\)	\(p\)
Intercept	4.56	[3.16, 5.96]	6.40	279	< .001
Wrkclass	0.30	[0.14, 0.46]	3.63	279	< .001
Edu num	0.11	[-0.08, 0.31]	1.13	279	.259
Income num	-0.08	[-0.17, 0.02]	-1.55	279	.121
Ses num	-0.15	[-0.42, 0.12]	-1.09	279	.275
Genderwoman	0.26	[-0.08, 0.61]	1.52	279	.129
RaceBlack or African American	1.05	[0.17, 1.93]	2.36	279	.019
RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin	0.38	[-0.61, 1.37]	0.76	279	.449
Racemultiracial	1.44	[0.38, 2.51]	2.67	279	.008
RaceWhite	0.50	[-0.24, 1.24]	1.34	279	.183
Age	-0.02	[-0.04, -0.01]	-2.92	279	.004

Outcome: Responsbility

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-49)

Predictor	\(b\)	95% CI	\(t\)	\(\mathit{df}\)	\(p\)
Intercept	57.64	[34.33, 80.94]	4.87	279	< .001
Wrkclass	3.17	[0.48, 5.86]	2.32	279	.021
Edu num	1.65	[-1.58, 4.88]	1.00	279	.316
Income num	-0.80	[-2.40, 0.80]	-0.98	279	.326
Ses num	-2.39	[-6.84, 2.06]	-1.06	279	.291
Genderwoman	1.67	[-4.02, 7.36]	0.58	279	.564
RaceBlack or African American	7.46	[-7.14, 22.06]	1.01	279	.315
RaceHispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin	7.01	[-9.40, 23.42]	0.84	279	.401
Racemultiracial	8.53	[-9.22, 26.27]	0.95	279	.345
RaceWhite	2.86	[-9.40, 15.11]	0.46	279	.647
Age	-0.10	[-0.34, 0.13]	-0.87	279	.386