Data 622 Assignment 4: Insurance Claim Prediction

1. Objective

As a healthcare analyst at a major New York health insurance company I work on predictive modeling related to insurance claim statuses. Analyzing insurance claims data on a daily basis requires me to implement data preprocessing techniques along with feature engineering and SMOTE balancing as essential components of my responsibilities. Mastering these methods allows me to analyze claim trends and identify risk factors while improving the precision of claim predictions which are critical for managing claim processes effectively in my role. The ability to forecast claim behavior not only enhances operational efficiency but also leads to company cost reductions and better customer service in the healthcare insurance sector. The project below aims to predict whether a customer has made a claim on an insurance policy using demographic, behavioral, and health-related data.

2. Data Selection

The dataset is an insurance dataset containing 8 variables, including numerical and categorical features relevant to the prediction of insurance claim status. Data is downloaded from https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/yasserh/insurance-claim-dataset/data

library(tidyverse)
library(caret)
library(smotefamily)
library(pROC)
library(fastDummies)
library(rpart)
library(rpart.plot)
library(randomForest)
library(nnet)
library(e1071)
library(gbm)
library(xgboost)
library(MLmetrics)
library(highcharter)
library(ggpubr)
library(gridExtra)
library(PRROC)
library(GGally)
library(knitr)
library(tibble)

set.seed(123)
# --- Data loading and preprocessing as per original code ---
insurance_data <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/uplotnik/DATA-622/refs/heads/main/Insurance%202.csv")

variable_description <- tibble(
  Variable = c("age", "sex", "bmi",  "children", "smoker", "region", "charges", "insuranceclaim"),
  Description = c(
    "Age of the policyholder",
    "Gender (female=0, male=1)",
    "BMI (Body Mass Index, kg/m^2)",
    "Number of children/dependents",
    "Smoking status (non-smoker=0, smoker=1)",
    "Region (northeast=0, northwest=1, southeast=2, southwest=3)",
    "Medical charges billed",
    "Insurance claim status (yes=1, no=0)"
  )
)

kable(variable_description, 

      col.names = c("Variable", "Description"),

      align = c("l", "l"),        # Left align both columns for readability

      caption = "Description of Variables in the Dataset")

Description of Variables in the Dataset

Variable	Description
age	Age of the policyholder
sex	Gender (female=0, male=1)
bmi	BMI (Body Mass Index, kg/m^2)
children	Number of children/dependents
smoker	Smoking status (non-smoker=0, smoker=1)
region	Region (northeast=0, northwest=1, southeast=2, southwest=3)
charges	Medical charges billed
insuranceclaim	Insurance claim status (yes=1, no=0)

Data types check and unique counts:

# Data types check and unique counts
glimpse(insurance_data)

## Rows: 1,338
## Columns: 8
## $ age            <int> 19, 18, 28, 33, 32, 31, 46, 37, 37, 60, 25, 62, 23, 56,…
## $ sex            <int> 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1…
## $ bmi            <dbl> 27.900, 33.770, 33.000, 22.705, 28.880, 25.740, 33.440,…
## $ children       <int> 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0…
## $ smoker         <int> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0…
## $ region         <int> 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 0, 0, 3…
## $ charges        <dbl> 16884.924, 1725.552, 4449.462, 21984.471, 3866.855, 375…
## $ insuranceclaim <int> 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1…

unique_counts <- sapply(insurance_data, function(x) length(unique(x)))
unique_counts <- sort(unique_counts)
print(unique_counts)

##            sex         smoker insuranceclaim         region       children 
##              2              2              2              4              6 
##            age            bmi        charges 
##             47            548           1337

The Dataset consists of 8 columns and 1338 rows

Convert the target variable insuranceclaim into a factor with meaningful labels for classification:

insurance_data <- insurance_data %>%
  mutate(insuranceclaim = factor(insuranceclaim, levels = c(0, 1), labels = c("Not_Claimed", "Claimed")))
head(insurance_data)

##   age sex    bmi children smoker region   charges insuranceclaim
## 1  19   0 27.900        0      1      3 16884.924        Claimed
## 2  18   1 33.770        1      0      2  1725.552        Claimed
## 3  28   1 33.000        3      0      2  4449.462    Not_Claimed
## 4  33   1 22.705        0      0      1 21984.471    Not_Claimed
## 5  32   1 28.880        0      0      1  3866.855        Claimed
## 6  31   0 25.740        0      0      2  3756.622    Not_Claimed

The dataset contains variables including age, sex, BMI (Body Mass Index), number of children, smoking status, region, medical charges billed, and the insurance claim status—whether a claim was made (yes=1) or not (no=0). The insurance claim status was converted into a categorical target variable with labels “Claimed” and “Not_Claimed” for clarity.

We will now establish new variables with the expectation that they will enhance the performance of our models.:

1. BMI category - bmi_cat based on BMI value
2. Age group buckets - age_group

# BMI category based on BMI value

insurance_data <- insurance_data %>%

  mutate(bmi_cat = case_when(

    bmi < 18.5 ~ "Underweight",

    bmi >= 18.5 & bmi < 25 ~ "Normal",

    bmi >= 25 & bmi < 30 ~ "Overweight",

    bmi >= 30 ~ "Obese"

  ))

# Age group buckets

insurance_data <- insurance_data %>%

  mutate(age_group = case_when(

    age < 30 ~ "Young",

    age >= 30 & age < 50 ~ "Middle_Aged",

    age >= 50 ~ "Senior"

  ))

str(insurance_data)

## 'data.frame':    1338 obs. of  10 variables:
##  $ age           : int  19 18 28 33 32 31 46 37 37 60 ...
##  $ sex           : int  0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 ...
##  $ bmi           : num  27.9 33.8 33 22.7 28.9 ...
##  $ children      : int  0 1 3 0 0 0 1 3 2 0 ...
##  $ smoker        : int  1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ region        : int  3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 ...
##  $ charges       : num  16885 1726 4449 21984 3867 ...
##  $ insuranceclaim: Factor w/ 2 levels "Not_Claimed",..: 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 ...
##  $ bmi_cat       : chr  "Overweight" "Obese" "Obese" "Normal" ...
##  $ age_group     : chr  "Young" "Young" "Young" "Middle_Aged" ...

# Calculate counts for target variable
target_counts <- table(insurance_data$insuranceclaim)
pie_df <- data.frame(Category = names(target_counts), Count = as.numeric(target_counts))
pie_df

##      Category Count
## 1 Not_Claimed   555
## 2     Claimed   783

Target distribution visualization

highchart() %>%

  hc_chart(type = "pie") %>%

  hc_title(text = "Insurance Claim Status Distribution") %>%

  hc_plotOptions(

    pie = list(

      allowPointSelect = TRUE,

      cursor = "pointer",

      dataLabels = list(enabled = TRUE, format = "{point.name}: {point.percentage:.1f}%"),

      showInLegend = TRUE,

      colors = c("#2ECC71", "#E74C3C")

    )

  ) %>%

  hc_series(list(

    name = "Count",

    colorByPoint = TRUE,

    data = list_parse2(pie_df)

  ))

features <- setdiff(colnames(insurance_data), "insuranceclaim")
categorical_feats <- c("sex", "smoker", "region","bmi_cat", "age_group") 
numerical_feats <- setdiff(features, categorical_feats)

cat_feats_plot <- lapply(categorical_feats, function(feat) {

  ggplot(insurance_data, aes_string(x = feat)) +

    geom_bar(aes(fill = ..count..), color = "black", show.legend = FALSE) +  # Use fill gradient by count and black border

    scale_fill_gradient(low = "lightblue", high = "steelblue") +           # Gradient color for bars

    geom_text(stat='count', aes(label=..count..), vjust = -0.5, size = 3) + # Add count labels above bars

    labs(
      title = paste("Distribution of", feat),
      x = feat,
      y = "Count"
    ) +

    theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +

    theme(
      plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 16, color = "#2C3E50"),
      axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, vjust = 1, color = "#34495E", size = 11),
      axis.title.x = element_text(face = "bold", size = 13),
      axis.title.y = element_text(face = "bold", size = 13),
      panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),      # Remove vertical grid lines for clarity
      panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank()
    )

})

print(ggarrange(plotlist = cat_feats_plot, ncol = 3, nrow = ceiling(length(cat_feats_plot) / 3)))

library(reshape2)
numeric_feats <- c("age", "bmi",  "children", "charges")
num_df <- insurance_data %>% select(all_of(numeric_feats))

corr_mat <- cor(num_df)

melted_corr <- melt(corr_mat)

ggplot(melted_corr, aes(Var1, Var2, fill = value)) +

  geom_tile(color = "white") +

  scale_fill_gradient2(low = "#E74C3C", high = "#3498DB", mid = "white", midpoint = 0, limit = c(-1,1)) +

  geom_text(aes(label = round(value, 2)), size = 4) +

  labs(title = "Correlation Heatmap of Numeric Features", x = "", y = "") +

  theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +

  theme(

    plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 16),

    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)

  )

The heatmap displays the correlation coefficients between pairs of variables: age, bmi, children and charges.

There is a moderate positive correlation between Age and Charges, indicating that the age is a relatively significant predictor of insurance charges.

ggpairs(insurance_data, columns = which(names(insurance_data) %in% numeric_feats),

        aes(color = insuranceclaim, alpha = 0.5),

        upper = list(continuous = "cor"),

        diag = list(continuous = "densityDiag"),

        lower = list(continuous = "points")) +

  theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +

  ggtitle("Pairwise Plots of Numeric Features Colored by Insurance Claim")

3. Dataset Preparation

Check duplicates and missing data

insurance_no_dup <- distinct(insurance_data)

diff_rows <- nrow(insurance_data) - nrow(insurance_no_dup)

if(diff_rows == 0) {

  cat("\nInference: The dataset has no duplicates.\n")

} else {

  cat(sprintf("\nInference: Number of duplicates dropped ---> %d\n", diff_rows))

}

## 
## Inference: Number of duplicates dropped ---> 1

# Check for missing values and percentages

missing_summary <- sapply(insurance_no_dup, function(x) sum(is.na(x)))

missing_df <- data.frame(Feature=names(missing_summary),

                         Missing=missing_summary,

                         Percentage=round(10 * missing_summary / nrow(insurance_no_dup), 3))

print(missing_df)

##                       Feature Missing Percentage
## age                       age       0          0
## sex                       sex       0          0
## bmi                       bmi       0          0
## children             children       0          0
## smoker                 smoker       0          0
## region                 region       0          0
## charges               charges       0          0
## insuranceclaim insuranceclaim       0          0
## bmi_cat               bmi_cat       0          0
## age_group           age_group       0          0

cat("\nInference: Dataset has no missing values.\n")

## 
## Inference: Dataset has no missing values.

Cap outliers in numeric features

cap_outliers <- function(x){

  Q1 <- quantile(x, 0.25, na.rm=TRUE)

  Q3 <- quantile(x, 0.75, na.rm=TRUE)

  IQR <- Q3 - Q1

  lower_bound <- Q1 - 1.5*IQR

  upper_bound <- Q3 + 1.5*IQR

  x[x < lower_bound] <- lower_bound

  x[x > upper_bound] <- upper_bound

  return(x)

}

numeric_vars <- c("age", "bmi", "children", "charges")

insurance_data <- insurance_data %>%

  mutate(across(all_of(numeric_vars), cap_outliers))

Apply one-hot encoding

We will apply one-hot encoding (dummy variables) to categorical features for numerical model compatibility. And also combine numerical features, dummy variables, and the target into a single data frame.

# Dummy encode categorical variables including new features

cat_features <- c("sex", "smoker", "region", "bmi_cat", "age_group")

dummy_vars <- dummyVars(~ ., data = insurance_data[, cat_features])

dummy_df <- as.data.frame(predict(dummy_vars, newdata = insurance_data[, cat_features]))

# Combine numeric variables + dummy variables + target variable

df_encoded <- cbind(insurance_data[, numeric_vars], dummy_df, insuranceclaim = insurance_data$insuranceclaim)

df_encoded$insuranceclaim <- factor(df_encoded$insuranceclaim, levels = c("Not_Claimed","Claimed"))

Preprocessing steps involved feature engineering to create BMI categories (Underweight, Normal, Overweight, Obese) and age groups (Young, Middle-Aged, Senior), allowing more meaningful grouping of continuous variables. The dataset was checked for duplicates and missing values; none were found. Numeric variables were inspected for outliers, which were capped based on interquartile ranges to mitigate their impact on model performance. Categorical variables were one-hot encoded to transform them into a numerical format suitable for machine learning models.

In the next steps the dataset will be partitioned into training (70%) and testing (30%) sets.

The complexity of analysis arises due to the fact that the dataset is slightly imbalanced.To address class imbalance in the training data (unequal numbers of claimants and non-claimants), Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) will be applied to generate synthetic examples of the minority class, balancing the data for better model learning. Numeric features will be scaled using centering and scaling transformations to standardize variable ranges.

Split dataset into train/test

set.seed(123)

trainIndex <- createDataPartition(df_encoded$insuranceclaim, p=0.7, list=FALSE)

train_data <- df_encoded[trainIndex, ]

test_data <- df_encoded[-trainIndex, ]

Balance training data using SMOTE

train_features <- train_data %>% select(-insuranceclaim)

train_target_num <- ifelse(train_data$insuranceclaim == "Claimed", 1, 0)

minority_count <- sum(train_target_num == 1)

majority_count <- sum(train_target_num == 0)

dup_size_val <- ceiling((majority_count - minority_count) / minority_count)

smote_out <- SMOTE(X=train_features, target=train_target_num, K=5, dup_size=dup_size_val)

balanced_train <- smote_out$data

colnames(balanced_train)[ncol(balanced_train)] <- "target_num"

balanced_train$Target <- factor(ifelse(balanced_train$target_num == 1, "Claimed", "Not_Claimed"), levels=c("Not_Claimed","Claimed"))

balanced_train <- balanced_train %>% select(-target_num)

Scale numeric features in balanced training and test data

# Scale numeric features

num_cols <- numeric_vars

preProcValues <- preProcess(balanced_train[, num_cols], method = c("center", "scale"))

balanced_train[, num_cols] <- predict(preProcValues, balanced_train[, num_cols])

test_data[, num_cols] <- predict(preProcValues, test_data[, num_cols])

Prepare data for modeling

# Prepare balanced train and test feature-target sets

x_train <- balanced_train %>% select(-Target)

y_train <- balanced_train$Target

x_test <- test_data %>% select(-insuranceclaim)

y_test <- test_data$insuranceclaim

4. Train Models

The objective of our assignment is to develop an accurate machine learning model to predict whether a policyholder will file an insurance claim. This will be helpful to assist insurers in risk assessment, resource allocation, and fraud detection by forecasting claims based on customer profiles and related features.

Key points to consider when choosing the model:

• The target is binary classification.
• Multiple numeric and categorical features exist.
• Imbalance corrected using SMOTE.
• Features scaled (important for some algorithms).
• Dataset is moderate size

Considering the particular characteristics of our dataset, the most suitable models are classification models that can effectively manage imbalanced binary data, incorporating a variety of feature types and accommodating non-linear relationships.

Although the Logistic Regression model offers rapid training and prediction capabilities, making it suitable for real-time scoring in insurance systems, I chose to pursue a more complex approach. Tree-based models, such as decision trees, random forests, and gradient boosting, are particularly adept at identifying nonlinear patterns and delivering superior predictive accuracy, with gradient boosting frequently outperforming others. Support Vector Machines can achieve effective classification when properly tuned, while neural networks are capable of modeling intricate relationships but necessitate larger datasets and meticulous configuration.

Each model will be trained using 5-fold cross-validation with class probabilities and ROC-based evaluation to optimize predictive performance.

# Control parameters

fitControl <- trainControl(method = "cv", number = 5, classProbs=TRUE, summaryFunction=twoClassSummary, savePredictions = TRUE)

results <- list()

results_improved <- list()

4.1. Decision Tree

Decision Tree baseline

# Decision Tree baseline

set.seed(123)

dt_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "rpart",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl

)

results$Decision_Tree <- dt_baseline

rpart.plot(results$Decision_Tree$finalModel, main = "Decision Tree Visualization")

Decision Tree tuned

Decision Tree tune cp from 0.001 to 0.05

By tuning the cp parameter we expect to yield better model accuracy on unseen data, mitigating overfitting or underfitting issues that may present in the baseline model.

# Decision Tree tune cp from 0.001 to 0.05

set.seed(123)

dt_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "rpart",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneGrid = data.frame(cp = seq(0.001, 0.05, length.out = 5))

)

results_improved$Decision_Tree <- dt_improve

Plot the tree with node labels showing splits and predicted classes.

rpart.plot(results_improved$Decision_Tree$finalModel, main = "Decision Tree Visualization")

4.2. SVM

SVM linear baseline

Using default tuning parameters

# SVM linear baseline

set.seed(123)

svmLinear_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "svmLinear",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl

)

results$SVM_Linear <- svmLinear_baseline

SVM linear tune cost

The tuned model sets up a tuning grid for C, which helps the training process pick the best C from the options 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 by checking the accuracy through cross-validation. We expect SVM linear tuned model to perform better or equal in terms of accuracy due to better hyperparameter optimization.

# SVM linear tune cost
set.seed(123)

svmLinear_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "svmLinear",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneGrid = data.frame(C = 2^( -1:2))

)

results_improved$SVM_Linear <- svmLinear_improve

# Plot SVM tuning results for cost and sigma

plot(svmLinear_improve, main = "SVM Linear: ROC vs. Parameters")

SVM Radial basis baseline

This model below is set up with the standard hyperparameters for the RBF kernel SVM. It sticks to a constant cost parameter and a set sigma, without any tuning. The aim is to create a baseline performance using these default settings and evaluate accuracy from this starting point.

# SVM Radial basis baseline
set.seed(123)

svmRadial_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "svmRadial",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl

)

results$SVM_Radial <- svmRadial_baseline

SVM radial tune cost and sigma

This model fine-tunes the cost and sigma settings for the RBF kernel SVM by setting tuneLength to 5. This tells the training function to automatically explore 5 different values for these parameters using the training data and cross-validation outlined in fitControl. The goal of this tuning is to find the best cost and sigma values that boost classification accuracy, which could enhance the model’s performance beyond the baseline.

#SVM radial tune cost and sigma

set.seed(123)

svmRadial_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "svmRadial",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneLength = 5

)

results_improved$SVM_Radial <- svmRadial_improve

# Plot SVM tuning results for cost and sigma

plot(svmRadial_improve, main = "SVM Radial Kernel: ROC vs. Parameters")

4.3. Random Forest

Random Forest baseline

# 5) Random Forest baseline

set.seed(123)

rf_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "rf",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl

)

results$Random_Forest <- rf_baseline

plot(results$Random_Forest$finalModel, main = "Random Forest Error Rate")

var_imp1 <- varImp(rf_baseline)

var_imp_df <- var_imp1$importance %>%

  rownames_to_column("Variable") %>%

  arrange(desc(Overall)) %>%

  top_n(10, wt = Overall)

ggplot(var_imp_df, aes(x = reorder(Variable, Overall), y = Overall)) +

  geom_col(fill = "darkcyan") +

  coord_flip() +

  labs(title = "Top 10 Important Variables (Random Forest)",

       x = "Variable", y = "Importance") +

  theme_minimal()

Random Forest tune mtry more thoroughly

This model includes hyperparameter tuning for mtry and sets the number of trees to 500, which may lead to improved predictive performance by better balancing bias and variance.

set.seed(123)

rf_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "rf",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneGrid = data.frame(mtry = seq(2, ncol(x_train), by = 2)),ntree = 500

)

results_improved$Random_Forest <- rf_improve

var_imp <- varImp(rf_improve)

var_imp_df <- var_imp$importance %>%

  rownames_to_column("Variable") %>%

  arrange(desc(Overall)) %>%

  top_n(10, wt = Overall)

ggplot(var_imp_df, aes(x = reorder(Variable, Overall), y = Overall)) +

  geom_col(fill = "darkcyan") +

  coord_flip() +

  labs(title = "Top 10 Important Variables (Random Forest)",

       x = "Variable", y = "Importance") +

  theme_minimal()

4.4. GBM

GBM baseline

This model does not specify any parameter grids, relying on default internal settings.

#GBM baseline
set.seed(123)

gbm_baseline <- train(
 x = x_train, y = y_train,
 method = "gbm",
 metric = "Accuracy",
 trControl = fitControl,
 verbose = FALSE


)
results$GBM <- gbm_baseline

gbm_imp1 <- varImp(gbm_baseline)

plot(gbm_imp1, main = "GBM Variable Importance")

GBM tune parameters more deeply

This model outlines a tuneGrid parameter that includes several options for four key hyperparameters: number of trees (n.trees = 100, 150), interaction depth (interaction.depth = 1, 3), shrinkage (learning rate) (shrinkage = 0.1, 0.05), and minimum observations in terminal nodes (n.minobsinnode = 10). This setup enables the model to test different combinations of these parameters to discover a more effective configuration.

#GBM tune parameters more deeply
set.seed(123)
gbm_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "gbm",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  verbose = FALSE,

  tuneGrid = expand.grid(

    n.trees = c(100, 150),

    interaction.depth = c(1, 3),

    shrinkage = c(0.1, 0.05),

    n.minobsinnode = 10

  )

)

results_improved$GBM <- gbm_improve

gbm_imp <- varImp(gbm_improve)
plot(gbm_imp, main = "GBM Variable Importance")

## 4.5. Neural Network

Neural Network baseline

set.seed(123)
nnet_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "nnet",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  trace = FALSE

)

## Warning in train.default(x = x_train, y = y_train, method = "nnet", metric =
## "Accuracy", : The metric "Accuracy" was not in the result set. ROC will be used
## instead.

results$Neural_Net <- nnet_baseline

Neural Net tune size and decay

The adjusted model looks at different size options (3, 5, 7) and decay rates (0, 0.1) using a tuning grid, helping the training process find the best combo based on accuracy.

set.seed(123)

nnet_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "nnet",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneGrid = expand.grid(size = c(3, 5, 7), decay = c(0, 0.1)),

  trace = FALSE,

  maxit = 200

)

## Warning in train.default(x = x_train, y = y_train, method = "nnet", metric =
## "Accuracy", : The metric "Accuracy" was not in the result set. ROC will be used
## instead.

results_improved$Neural_Net <- nnet_improve

library(NeuralNetTools)

# Add model to results list

results_improved$Neural_Net <- nnet_improve

# Plot tuning performance

plot(nnet_improve)

# Visualize the final trained neural network

plotnet(nnet_improve$finalModel)

garson(nnet_improve$finalModel)

4.6. XGBoost

Baseline XGBoost

# Baseline XGBoost model training
set.seed(123)
xgb_baseline <- train(
  x = x_train, y = y_train,
  method = "xgbTree",
  metric = "Accuracy",
  trControl = fitControl
)

## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:34] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:35] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:36] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:37] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:38] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:39] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.

results$XGBoost <- xgb_baseline

Tuned XGBoost

# Tuned XGBoost model training
set.seed(123)
xgb_tune_grid <- expand.grid(
  nrounds = c(100, 150),
  max_depth = c(3, 6),
  eta = c(0.1, 0.3),
  gamma = c(0, 1),
  colsample_bytree = c(0.7, 1),
  min_child_weight = c(1, 5),
  subsample = 1
)
xgb_improve <- train(
  x = x_train, y = y_train,
  method = "xgbTree",
  metric = "Accuracy",
  trControl = fitControl,
  tuneGrid = xgb_tune_grid,
  verbose = FALSE
)

## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:40] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:41] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:42] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:43] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:44] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:45] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:46] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:47] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.
## [09:50:48] WARNING: src/c_api/c_api.cc:935: `ntree_limit` is deprecated, use `iteration_range` instead.

results_improved$XGBoost <- xgb_improve

Visualize tuning results to see performance across different hyperparameter combinations

plot(xgb_improve)

Extract and plot feature importance from the best trained model

library(xgboost)

best_model <- xgb_improve$finalModel

importance_matrix <- xgb.importance(

  feature_names = colnames(x_train),

  model = best_model

)

xgb.plot.importance(importance_matrix)

5. Evaluation and Comparison

# Define a function to compute all  metrics

compute_model_metrics <- function(model, x_test, y_test, positive_class = "Claimed") {

  # Predict classes and probabilities

  preds_class <- predict(model, newdata = x_test)

  preds_prob <- tryCatch({

    if ("prob" %in% colnames(model$pred)) {

      predict(model, newdata = x_test, type = "prob")[, positive_class]

    } else {

      predict(model, newdata = x_test, type = "prob")[, positive_class]

    }  

  }, error = function(e) {

    

    preds_numeric <- as.numeric(preds_class == positive_class)

    return(preds_numeric)

  })

  # Confusion matrix

  cm <- confusionMatrix(preds_class, y_test, positive = positive_class)

  # Extract confusion matrix metrics

  accuracy <- cm$overall["Accuracy"]

  precision <- cm$byClass["Precision"]

  recall <- cm$byClass["Recall"]

  f1 <- cm$byClass["F1"]

  # Compute AUC if probabilities available and valid

  if(is.numeric(preds_prob) && length(unique(preds_prob)) > 1) {

    roc_obj <- roc(response = y_test, predictor = preds_prob, levels = rev(levels(y_test)))

    auc_val <- auc(roc_obj)

  } else {

    auc_val <- NA

  }

  # Return named vector of metrics

  c(Accuracy = as.numeric(accuracy),

    Precision = as.numeric(precision),

    Recall = as.numeric(recall),

    F1_Score = as.numeric(f1),

    AUC = as.numeric(auc_val)

  )

}

# Calculate metrics for baseline models

baseline_metrics <- lapply(results, compute_model_metrics, x_test=x_test, y_test=y_test)

baseline_df <- do.call(rbind, baseline_metrics) %>%

  as.data.frame() %>%

  tibble::rownames_to_column("Model") %>%

  dplyr::mutate(across(where(is.numeric), ~round(.x, 4)))

# Calculate metrics for improved models

improved_metrics <- lapply(results_improved, compute_model_metrics, x_test=x_test, y_test=y_test)

improved_df <- do.call(rbind, improved_metrics) %>%

  as.data.frame() %>%

  tibble::rownames_to_column("Model") %>%

  dplyr::mutate(across(where(is.numeric), ~round(.x, 4)))

# Present reults

cat("\nBaseline Models Performance Metrics:\n")

## 
## Baseline Models Performance Metrics:

print(knitr::kable(baseline_df, caption = "Baseline Models Evaluation Metrics"))

## 
## 
## Table: Baseline Models Evaluation Metrics
## 
## |Model         | Accuracy| Precision| Recall| F1_Score|    AUC|
## |:-------------|--------:|---------:|------:|--------:|------:|
## |Decision_Tree |   0.7325|    0.8038| 0.7179|   0.7585| 0.7214|
## |SVM_Linear    |   0.8750|    0.8866| 0.9017|   0.8941| 0.9242|
## |SVM_Radial    |   0.8850|    0.9159| 0.8846|   0.9000| 0.9562|
## |Random_Forest |   0.9750|    0.9956| 0.9615|   0.9783| 0.9974|
## |GBM           |   0.9400|    0.9605| 0.9359|   0.9481| 0.9870|
## |Neural_Net    |   0.9375|    0.9563| 0.9359|   0.9460| 0.9873|
## |XGBoost       |   0.9775|    0.9956| 0.9658|   0.9805| 0.9966|

cat("\nTuned Models Performance Metrics:\n")

## 
## Tuned Models Performance Metrics:

print(knitr::kable(improved_df, caption = "Tuned Models Evaluation Metrics"))

## 
## 
## Table: Tuned Models Evaluation Metrics
## 
## |Model         | Accuracy| Precision| Recall| F1_Score|    AUC|
## |:-------------|--------:|---------:|------:|--------:|------:|
## |Decision_Tree |   0.9550|    0.9779| 0.9444|   0.9609| 0.9710|
## |SVM_Linear    |   0.8850|    0.9017| 0.9017|   0.9017| 0.9237|
## |SVM_Radial    |   0.9050|    0.9298| 0.9060|   0.9177| 0.9665|
## |Random_Forest |   0.9750|    0.9956| 0.9615|   0.9783| 0.9975|
## |GBM           |   0.9400|    0.9565| 0.9402|   0.9483| 0.9890|
## |Neural_Net    |   0.9425|    0.9607| 0.9402|   0.9503| 0.9910|
## |XGBoost       |   0.9750|    0.9912| 0.9658|   0.9784| 0.9969|

To sum it up, tweaking hyperparameters usually boosts model performance on all metrics compared to the baseline. Take the Decision Tree model, for instance; its accuracy jumped from 0.7325 to 0.9550. Other models also saw improvements, though the extent varied. While tuning helped all models, the Random Forest model didn’t show any accuracy gains. Interestingly, both Random Forest and XGBoost consistently performed well in both their baseline and enhanced versions. XGBoost has a slight edge in the baseline models due to its higher accuracy. In the tuned models comparison, bort RF and XGBoost are very close, but RF has slightly higher precision.

Predict using the bestmodel - Random Forest (baseline)

# Predict using the best Random Forest model (baseline)

final_rf_model <- results$Random_Forest

rf_predictions <- predict(final_rf_model, newdata = x_test)

conf_matrix <- confusionMatrix(rf_predictions, y_test)
print(conf_matrix)

## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
## 
##              Reference
## Prediction    Not_Claimed Claimed
##   Not_Claimed         165       9
##   Claimed               1     225
##                                           
##                Accuracy : 0.975           
##                  95% CI : (0.9545, 0.9879)
##     No Information Rate : 0.585           
##     P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2e-16         
##                                           
##                   Kappa : 0.9489          
##                                           
##  Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.02686         
##                                           
##             Sensitivity : 0.9940          
##             Specificity : 0.9615          
##          Pos Pred Value : 0.9483          
##          Neg Pred Value : 0.9956          
##              Prevalence : 0.4150          
##          Detection Rate : 0.4125          
##    Detection Prevalence : 0.4350          
##       Balanced Accuracy : 0.9778          
##                                           
##        'Positive' Class : Not_Claimed     
## 

Conclusions and Business Impact

The study demonstrates that tuning hyperparameters typically enhances the accuracy of the tested algorithms. The high performance of Random Forest and Gradient Boosting models stems from their ability to handle nonlinear relationships between features and their interactions efficiently.

This predictive solution delivers benefits across multiple key areas for insurance companies by providing accurate insurance claim forecasts.

Risk Management: This solution enables insurers to assess claims probability with higher precision which results in improved premium pricing and risk segmentation strategies. Fraud Detection: Fraud detection systems benefit from the ability to identify claimants who tend to submit claims early which improves operational efficiency. Cost Optimization: Predictive insights assist in financial forecasting and reserve allocation which enables insurance companies to control claim payout costs. Customer Experience: Through predictive modeling companies can achieve smoother claims processing which produces faster settlements and more satisfied customers.

This machine learning technique supplies insurers with a data-based tool that allows proactive decision-making and enhances underwriting and pricing processes along with claims management to increase profitability and maintain market competitiveness.

library(tidyverse)
library(caret)
library(smotefamily)
library(pROC)
library(fastDummies)
library(rpart)
library(rpart.plot)
library(randomForest)
library(nnet)
library(e1071)
library(gbm)
library(xgboost)
library(MLmetrics)
library(highcharter)
library(ggpubr)
library(gridExtra)
library(PRROC)
library(GGally)
library(knitr)
library(tibble)
set.seed(123)
# --- Data loading and preprocessing as per original code ---
insurance_data <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/uplotnik/DATA-622/refs/heads/main/Insurance%202.csv")
variable_description <- tibble(
  Variable = c("age", "sex", "bmi",  "children", "smoker", "region", "charges", "insuranceclaim"),
  Description = c(
    "Age of the policyholder",
    "Gender (female=0, male=1)",
    "BMI (Body Mass Index, kg/m^2)",
    "Number of children/dependents",
    "Smoking status (non-smoker=0, smoker=1)",
    "Region (northeast=0, northwest=1, southeast=2, southwest=3)",
    "Medical charges billed",
    "Insurance claim status (yes=1, no=0)"
  )
)
kable(variable_description, 

      col.names = c("Variable", "Description"),

      align = c("l", "l"),        # Left align both columns for readability

      caption = "Description of Variables in the Dataset")
# Data types check and unique counts
glimpse(insurance_data)
unique_counts <- sapply(insurance_data, function(x) length(unique(x)))
unique_counts <- sort(unique_counts)
print(unique_counts)
insurance_data <- insurance_data %>%
  mutate(insuranceclaim = factor(insuranceclaim, levels = c(0, 1), labels = c("Not_Claimed", "Claimed")))
head(insurance_data)

# BMI category based on BMI value

insurance_data <- insurance_data %>%

  mutate(bmi_cat = case_when(

    bmi < 18.5 ~ "Underweight",

    bmi >= 18.5 & bmi < 25 ~ "Normal",

    bmi >= 25 & bmi < 30 ~ "Overweight",

    bmi >= 30 ~ "Obese"

  ))
# Age group buckets

insurance_data <- insurance_data %>%

  mutate(age_group = case_when(

    age < 30 ~ "Young",

    age >= 30 & age < 50 ~ "Middle_Aged",

    age >= 50 ~ "Senior"

  ))


str(insurance_data)
# Calculate counts for target variable
target_counts <- table(insurance_data$insuranceclaim)
pie_df <- data.frame(Category = names(target_counts), Count = as.numeric(target_counts))
pie_df
highchart() %>%

  hc_chart(type = "pie") %>%

  hc_title(text = "Insurance Claim Status Distribution") %>%

  hc_plotOptions(

    pie = list(

      allowPointSelect = TRUE,

      cursor = "pointer",

      dataLabels = list(enabled = TRUE, format = "{point.name}: {point.percentage:.1f}%"),

      showInLegend = TRUE,

      colors = c("#2ECC71", "#E74C3C")

    )

  ) %>%

  hc_series(list(

    name = "Count",

    colorByPoint = TRUE,

    data = list_parse2(pie_df)

  ))
features <- setdiff(colnames(insurance_data), "insuranceclaim")
categorical_feats <- c("sex", "smoker", "region","bmi_cat", "age_group") 
numerical_feats <- setdiff(features, categorical_feats)
cat_feats_plot <- lapply(categorical_feats, function(feat) {

  ggplot(insurance_data, aes_string(x = feat)) +

    geom_bar(aes(fill = ..count..), color = "black", show.legend = FALSE) +  # Use fill gradient by count and black border

    scale_fill_gradient(low = "lightblue", high = "steelblue") +           # Gradient color for bars

    geom_text(stat='count', aes(label=..count..), vjust = -0.5, size = 3) + # Add count labels above bars

    labs(
      title = paste("Distribution of", feat),
      x = feat,
      y = "Count"
    ) +

    theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +

    theme(
      plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 16, color = "#2C3E50"),
      axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, vjust = 1, color = "#34495E", size = 11),
      axis.title.x = element_text(face = "bold", size = 13),
      axis.title.y = element_text(face = "bold", size = 13),
      panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),      # Remove vertical grid lines for clarity
      panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank()
    )

})

print(ggarrange(plotlist = cat_feats_plot, ncol = 3, nrow = ceiling(length(cat_feats_plot) / 3)))
library(reshape2)
numeric_feats <- c("age", "bmi",  "children", "charges")
num_df <- insurance_data %>% select(all_of(numeric_feats))

corr_mat <- cor(num_df)

melted_corr <- melt(corr_mat)

ggplot(melted_corr, aes(Var1, Var2, fill = value)) +

  geom_tile(color = "white") +

  scale_fill_gradient2(low = "#E74C3C", high = "#3498DB", mid = "white", midpoint = 0, limit = c(-1,1)) +

  geom_text(aes(label = round(value, 2)), size = 4) +

  labs(title = "Correlation Heatmap of Numeric Features", x = "", y = "") +

  theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +

  theme(

    plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 16),

    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)

  )
ggpairs(insurance_data, columns = which(names(insurance_data) %in% numeric_feats),

        aes(color = insuranceclaim, alpha = 0.5),

        upper = list(continuous = "cor"),

        diag = list(continuous = "densityDiag"),

        lower = list(continuous = "points")) +

  theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +

  ggtitle("Pairwise Plots of Numeric Features Colored by Insurance Claim")
insurance_no_dup <- distinct(insurance_data)

diff_rows <- nrow(insurance_data) - nrow(insurance_no_dup)

if(diff_rows == 0) {

  cat("\nInference: The dataset has no duplicates.\n")

} else {

  cat(sprintf("\nInference: Number of duplicates dropped ---> %d\n", diff_rows))

}
# Check for missing values and percentages

missing_summary <- sapply(insurance_no_dup, function(x) sum(is.na(x)))

missing_df <- data.frame(Feature=names(missing_summary),

                         Missing=missing_summary,

                         Percentage=round(10 * missing_summary / nrow(insurance_no_dup), 3))

print(missing_df)

cat("\nInference: Dataset has no missing values.\n")
cap_outliers <- function(x){

  Q1 <- quantile(x, 0.25, na.rm=TRUE)

  Q3 <- quantile(x, 0.75, na.rm=TRUE)

  IQR <- Q3 - Q1

  lower_bound <- Q1 - 1.5*IQR

  upper_bound <- Q3 + 1.5*IQR

  x[x < lower_bound] <- lower_bound

  x[x > upper_bound] <- upper_bound

  return(x)

}
numeric_vars <- c("age", "bmi", "children", "charges")

insurance_data <- insurance_data %>%

  mutate(across(all_of(numeric_vars), cap_outliers))
# Dummy encode categorical variables including new features

cat_features <- c("sex", "smoker", "region", "bmi_cat", "age_group")

dummy_vars <- dummyVars(~ ., data = insurance_data[, cat_features])

dummy_df <- as.data.frame(predict(dummy_vars, newdata = insurance_data[, cat_features]))
# Combine numeric variables + dummy variables + target variable

df_encoded <- cbind(insurance_data[, numeric_vars], dummy_df, insuranceclaim = insurance_data$insuranceclaim)

df_encoded$insuranceclaim <- factor(df_encoded$insuranceclaim, levels = c("Not_Claimed","Claimed"))



set.seed(123)

trainIndex <- createDataPartition(df_encoded$insuranceclaim, p=0.7, list=FALSE)

train_data <- df_encoded[trainIndex, ]

test_data <- df_encoded[-trainIndex, ]

train_features <- train_data %>% select(-insuranceclaim)

train_target_num <- ifelse(train_data$insuranceclaim == "Claimed", 1, 0)

minority_count <- sum(train_target_num == 1)

majority_count <- sum(train_target_num == 0)

dup_size_val <- ceiling((majority_count - minority_count) / minority_count)

smote_out <- SMOTE(X=train_features, target=train_target_num, K=5, dup_size=dup_size_val)

balanced_train <- smote_out$data

colnames(balanced_train)[ncol(balanced_train)] <- "target_num"

balanced_train$Target <- factor(ifelse(balanced_train$target_num == 1, "Claimed", "Not_Claimed"), levels=c("Not_Claimed","Claimed"))

balanced_train <- balanced_train %>% select(-target_num)

# Scale numeric features

num_cols <- numeric_vars

preProcValues <- preProcess(balanced_train[, num_cols], method = c("center", "scale"))

balanced_train[, num_cols] <- predict(preProcValues, balanced_train[, num_cols])

test_data[, num_cols] <- predict(preProcValues, test_data[, num_cols])
# Prepare balanced train and test feature-target sets

x_train <- balanced_train %>% select(-Target)

y_train <- balanced_train$Target

x_test <- test_data %>% select(-insuranceclaim)

y_test <- test_data$insuranceclaim
# Control parameters

fitControl <- trainControl(method = "cv", number = 5, classProbs=TRUE, summaryFunction=twoClassSummary, savePredictions = TRUE)

results <- list()

results_improved <- list()
# Decision Tree baseline

set.seed(123)

dt_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "rpart",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl

)

results$Decision_Tree <- dt_baseline
rpart.plot(results$Decision_Tree$finalModel, main = "Decision Tree Visualization")
# Decision Tree tune cp from 0.001 to 0.05

set.seed(123)

dt_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "rpart",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneGrid = data.frame(cp = seq(0.001, 0.05, length.out = 5))

)

results_improved$Decision_Tree <- dt_improve
rpart.plot(results_improved$Decision_Tree$finalModel, main = "Decision Tree Visualization")
# SVM linear baseline

set.seed(123)

svmLinear_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "svmLinear",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl

)
results$SVM_Linear <- svmLinear_baseline

# SVM linear tune cost
set.seed(123)

svmLinear_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "svmLinear",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneGrid = data.frame(C = 2^( -1:2))

)

results_improved$SVM_Linear <- svmLinear_improve
# Plot SVM tuning results for cost and sigma

plot(svmLinear_improve, main = "SVM Linear: ROC vs. Parameters")
# SVM Radial basis baseline
set.seed(123)

svmRadial_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "svmRadial",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl

)

results$SVM_Radial <- svmRadial_baseline
#SVM radial tune cost and sigma

set.seed(123)

svmRadial_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "svmRadial",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneLength = 5

)

results_improved$SVM_Radial <- svmRadial_improve
# Plot SVM tuning results for cost and sigma

plot(svmRadial_improve, main = "SVM Radial Kernel: ROC vs. Parameters")
# 5) Random Forest baseline

set.seed(123)

rf_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "rf",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl

)

results$Random_Forest <- rf_baseline
plot(results$Random_Forest$finalModel, main = "Random Forest Error Rate")

var_imp1 <- varImp(rf_baseline)

var_imp_df <- var_imp1$importance %>%

  rownames_to_column("Variable") %>%

  arrange(desc(Overall)) %>%

  top_n(10, wt = Overall)

ggplot(var_imp_df, aes(x = reorder(Variable, Overall), y = Overall)) +

  geom_col(fill = "darkcyan") +

  coord_flip() +

  labs(title = "Top 10 Important Variables (Random Forest)",

       x = "Variable", y = "Importance") +

  theme_minimal()

set.seed(123)

rf_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "rf",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneGrid = data.frame(mtry = seq(2, ncol(x_train), by = 2)),ntree = 500

)

results_improved$Random_Forest <- rf_improve
var_imp <- varImp(rf_improve)

var_imp_df <- var_imp$importance %>%

  rownames_to_column("Variable") %>%

  arrange(desc(Overall)) %>%

  top_n(10, wt = Overall)

ggplot(var_imp_df, aes(x = reorder(Variable, Overall), y = Overall)) +

  geom_col(fill = "darkcyan") +

  coord_flip() +

  labs(title = "Top 10 Important Variables (Random Forest)",

       x = "Variable", y = "Importance") +

  theme_minimal()
#GBM baseline
set.seed(123)

gbm_baseline <- train(
 x = x_train, y = y_train,
 method = "gbm",
 metric = "Accuracy",
 trControl = fitControl,
 verbose = FALSE


)
results$GBM <- gbm_baseline
gbm_imp1 <- varImp(gbm_baseline)

plot(gbm_imp1, main = "GBM Variable Importance")
#GBM tune parameters more deeply
set.seed(123)
gbm_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "gbm",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  verbose = FALSE,

  tuneGrid = expand.grid(

    n.trees = c(100, 150),

    interaction.depth = c(1, 3),

    shrinkage = c(0.1, 0.05),

    n.minobsinnode = 10

  )

)

results_improved$GBM <- gbm_improve
gbm_imp <- varImp(gbm_improve)
plot(gbm_imp, main = "GBM Variable Importance")
set.seed(123)
nnet_baseline <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "nnet",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  trace = FALSE

)

results$Neural_Net <- nnet_baseline


set.seed(123)

nnet_improve <- train(

  x = x_train, y = y_train,

  method = "nnet",

  metric = "Accuracy",

  trControl = fitControl,

  tuneGrid = expand.grid(size = c(3, 5, 7), decay = c(0, 0.1)),

  trace = FALSE,

  maxit = 200

)

results_improved$Neural_Net <- nnet_improve
library(NeuralNetTools)

# Add model to results list

results_improved$Neural_Net <- nnet_improve

# Plot tuning performance

plot(nnet_improve)

# Visualize the final trained neural network

plotnet(nnet_improve$finalModel)

garson(nnet_improve$finalModel)
# Baseline XGBoost model training
set.seed(123)
xgb_baseline <- train(
  x = x_train, y = y_train,
  method = "xgbTree",
  metric = "Accuracy",
  trControl = fitControl
)
results$XGBoost <- xgb_baseline
# Tuned XGBoost model training
set.seed(123)
xgb_tune_grid <- expand.grid(
  nrounds = c(100, 150),
  max_depth = c(3, 6),
  eta = c(0.1, 0.3),
  gamma = c(0, 1),
  colsample_bytree = c(0.7, 1),
  min_child_weight = c(1, 5),
  subsample = 1
)
xgb_improve <- train(
  x = x_train, y = y_train,
  method = "xgbTree",
  metric = "Accuracy",
  trControl = fitControl,
  tuneGrid = xgb_tune_grid,
  verbose = FALSE
)
results_improved$XGBoost <- xgb_improve
plot(xgb_improve)
library(xgboost)

best_model <- xgb_improve$finalModel

importance_matrix <- xgb.importance(

  feature_names = colnames(x_train),

  model = best_model

)

xgb.plot.importance(importance_matrix)
# Define a function to compute all  metrics

compute_model_metrics <- function(model, x_test, y_test, positive_class = "Claimed") {

  # Predict classes and probabilities

  preds_class <- predict(model, newdata = x_test)

  preds_prob <- tryCatch({

    if ("prob" %in% colnames(model$pred)) {

      predict(model, newdata = x_test, type = "prob")[, positive_class]

    } else {

      predict(model, newdata = x_test, type = "prob")[, positive_class]

    }  

  }, error = function(e) {

    

    preds_numeric <- as.numeric(preds_class == positive_class)

    return(preds_numeric)

  })

  # Confusion matrix

  cm <- confusionMatrix(preds_class, y_test, positive = positive_class)

  # Extract confusion matrix metrics

  accuracy <- cm$overall["Accuracy"]

  precision <- cm$byClass["Precision"]

  recall <- cm$byClass["Recall"]

  f1 <- cm$byClass["F1"]

  # Compute AUC if probabilities available and valid

  if(is.numeric(preds_prob) && length(unique(preds_prob)) > 1) {

    roc_obj <- roc(response = y_test, predictor = preds_prob, levels = rev(levels(y_test)))

    auc_val <- auc(roc_obj)

  } else {

    auc_val <- NA

  }

  # Return named vector of metrics

  c(Accuracy = as.numeric(accuracy),

    Precision = as.numeric(precision),

    Recall = as.numeric(recall),

    F1_Score = as.numeric(f1),

    AUC = as.numeric(auc_val)

  )

}

# Calculate metrics for baseline models

baseline_metrics <- lapply(results, compute_model_metrics, x_test=x_test, y_test=y_test)

baseline_df <- do.call(rbind, baseline_metrics) %>%

  as.data.frame() %>%

  tibble::rownames_to_column("Model") %>%

  dplyr::mutate(across(where(is.numeric), ~round(.x, 4)))

# Calculate metrics for improved models

improved_metrics <- lapply(results_improved, compute_model_metrics, x_test=x_test, y_test=y_test)

improved_df <- do.call(rbind, improved_metrics) %>%

  as.data.frame() %>%

  tibble::rownames_to_column("Model") %>%

  dplyr::mutate(across(where(is.numeric), ~round(.x, 4)))

# Present reults

cat("\nBaseline Models Performance Metrics:\n")

print(knitr::kable(baseline_df, caption = "Baseline Models Evaluation Metrics"))

cat("\nTuned Models Performance Metrics:\n")

print(knitr::kable(improved_df, caption = "Tuned Models Evaluation Metrics"))



# Predict using the best Random Forest model (baseline)

final_rf_model <- results$Random_Forest

rf_predictions <- predict(final_rf_model, newdata = x_test)
conf_matrix <- confusionMatrix(rf_predictions, y_test)
print(conf_matrix)