library(afex) # to run the ANOVA and plot results
library(psych) # for the describe() command
library(ggplot2) # to visualize our results
library(expss) # for the cross_cases() command
library(car) # for the leveneTest() command
library(emmeans) # for posthoc tests
library(effsize) # for the cohen.d() command
library(apaTables) # to create our correlation table
library(kableExtra) # to create our correlation table
library(sjPlot) # to visualize our resultsAI Experiment Analysis
Loading Libraries
Importing Data
# # import your AI results dataset
d <- read.csv(file="Data/finalresults.csv", header=T)State Your Hypotheses & Chosen Tests
H1: Participants who experience higher stress will report higher levels of isolation. I will assess this using a correlation test. H2: Participants in the social support condition will report lower levels of isolation. I will assess this using a correlation test.
Check Your Variables
This is just basic variable checking that is used across all HW assignments.
colnames(d)[8] <- "stress"
colnames(d)[9] <- "isolation"
colnames(d)[10] <- "social_support"
# to view stats for all variables
describe(d) vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 100 50.50 29.01 50.5 50.50 37.06 1 100.0 99.0 0.00
identity* 2 100 50.50 29.01 50.5 50.50 37.06 1 100.0 99.0 0.00
consent* 3 100 2.21 0.43 2.0 2.15 0.00 1 3.0 2.0 1.03
age 4 100 42.20 14.89 35.0 39.71 4.45 21 93.0 72.0 1.45
race 5 100 4.53 1.52 4.5 4.62 2.22 1 7.0 6.0 -0.30
gender 6 100 1.55 0.50 2.0 1.56 0.00 1 2.0 1.0 -0.20
manip_out* 7 100 50.50 29.01 50.5 50.50 37.06 1 100.0 99.0 0.00
stress 8 100 2.56 0.45 2.6 2.56 0.59 2 3.4 1.4 -0.14
isolation 9 100 2.56 0.40 2.5 2.53 0.44 2 3.5 1.5 0.57
social_support 10 100 4.19 0.51 4.0 4.17 0.00 3 6.0 3.0 0.74
ai_manip* 11 100 50.50 29.01 50.5 50.50 37.06 1 100.0 99.0 0.00
condition 12 100 1.50 0.50 1.5 1.50 0.74 1 2.0 1.0 0.00
kurtosis se
id -1.24 2.90
identity* -1.24 2.90
consent* 0.08 0.04
age 1.41 1.49
race -1.34 0.15
gender -1.98 0.05
manip_out* -1.24 2.90
stress -1.67 0.05
isolation -0.88 0.04
social_support 0.82 0.05
ai_manip* -1.24 2.90
condition -2.02 0.05# we'll use the describeBy() command to view skew and kurtosis across our IVs
describeBy(d, group = d$stress)
Descriptive statistics by group
group: 2
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 34 50.94 27.39 50.5 50.43 30.39 2.0 100.0 98.0 0.11
identity 2 34 45.59 28.73 44.5 44.96 36.32 1.0 94.0 93.0 0.18
consent 3 34 2.18 0.46 2.0 2.14 0.00 1.0 3.0 2.0 0.65
age 4 34 39.56 12.45 34.5 37.86 3.71 21.0 71.0 50.0 1.31
race 5 34 4.71 1.45 5.5 4.79 0.74 2.0 6.0 4.0 -0.37
gender 6 34 1.50 0.51 1.5 1.50 0.74 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.00
manip_out 7 34 53.44 30.11 56.0 53.89 34.10 1.0 100.0 99.0 -0.23
stress 8 34 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.0 0.0 NaN
isolation 9 34 2.52 0.38 2.5 2.48 0.44 2.1 3.5 1.4 0.88
social_support 10 34 4.25 0.56 4.0 4.26 0.00 3.0 5.2 2.2 0.30
ai_manip 11 34 49.53 26.76 47.5 49.21 31.88 4.0 98.0 94.0 0.17
condition 12 34 1.50 0.51 1.5 1.50 0.74 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.00
kurtosis se
id -1.06 4.70
identity -1.25 4.93
consent 0.43 0.08
age 0.55 2.13
race -1.69 0.25
gender -2.06 0.09
manip_out -1.23 5.16
stress NaN 0.00
isolation -0.19 0.06
social_support -0.83 0.10
ai_manip -1.24 4.59
condition -2.06 0.09
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 2.2
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
id 1 1 95.0 NA 95.0 95.0 0 95.0 95.0 0 NA NA
identity 2 1 96.0 NA 96.0 96.0 0 96.0 96.0 0 NA NA
consent 3 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
age 4 1 93.0 NA 93.0 93.0 0 93.0 93.0 0 NA NA
race 5 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
gender 6 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
manip_out 7 1 18.0 NA 18.0 18.0 0 18.0 18.0 0 NA NA
stress 8 1 2.2 NA 2.2 2.2 0 2.2 2.2 0 NA NA
isolation 9 1 3.2 NA 3.2 3.2 0 3.2 3.2 0 NA NA
social_support 10 1 3.5 NA 3.5 3.5 0 3.5 3.5 0 NA NA
ai_manip 11 1 61.0 NA 61.0 61.0 0 61.0 61.0 0 NA NA
condition 12 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
se
id NA
identity NA
consent NA
age NA
race NA
gender NA
manip_out NA
stress NA
isolation NA
social_support NA
ai_manip NA
condition NA
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 2.3
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 3 74.67 18.88 79.0 74.67 17.79 54.0 91.0 37.0 -0.22
identity 2 3 81.67 27.43 97.0 81.67 1.48 50.0 98.0 48.0 -0.38
consent 3 3 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.0 0.0 NaN
age 4 3 65.00 25.98 80.0 65.00 0.00 35.0 80.0 45.0 -0.38
race 5 3 4.67 1.15 4.0 4.67 0.00 4.0 6.0 2.0 0.38
gender 6 3 1.67 0.58 2.0 1.67 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.38
manip_out 7 3 64.67 36.12 77.0 64.67 23.72 24.0 93.0 69.0 -0.30
stress 8 3 2.30 0.00 2.3 2.30 0.00 2.3 2.3 0.0 NaN
isolation 9 3 2.60 0.56 2.5 2.60 0.59 2.1 3.2 1.1 0.17
social_support 10 3 4.00 1.00 4.0 4.00 1.48 3.0 5.0 2.0 0.00
ai_manip 11 3 66.67 20.50 78.0 66.67 1.48 43.0 79.0 36.0 -0.38
condition 12 3 1.00 0.00 1.0 1.00 0.00 1.0 1.0 0.0 NaN
kurtosis se
id -2.33 10.90
identity -2.33 15.84
consent NaN 0.00
age -2.33 15.00
race -2.33 0.67
gender -2.33 0.33
manip_out -2.33 20.85
stress NaN 0.00
isolation -2.33 0.32
social_support -2.33 0.58
ai_manip -2.33 11.84
condition NaN 0.00
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 2.4
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 3 32.00 20.66 35.0 32.00 23.72 10.0 51.0 41.0 -0.14
identity 2 3 51.67 47.00 51.0 51.67 68.20 5.0 99.0 94.0 0.01
consent 3 3 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.0 0.0 NaN
age 4 3 50.33 27.43 35.0 50.33 1.48 34.0 82.0 48.0 0.38
race 5 3 3.67 2.52 4.0 3.67 2.97 1.0 6.0 5.0 -0.13
gender 6 3 1.67 0.58 2.0 1.67 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.38
manip_out 7 3 42.33 17.21 48.0 42.33 11.86 23.0 56.0 33.0 -0.29
stress 8 3 2.40 0.00 2.4 2.40 0.00 2.4 2.4 0.0 NaN
isolation 9 3 2.70 0.56 2.8 2.70 0.59 2.1 3.2 1.1 -0.17
social_support 10 3 4.17 0.58 4.5 4.17 0.00 3.5 4.5 1.0 -0.38
ai_manip 11 3 41.00 37.59 44.0 41.00 48.93 2.0 77.0 75.0 -0.08
condition 12 3 1.67 0.58 2.0 1.67 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.38
kurtosis se
id -2.33 11.93
identity -2.33 27.14
consent NaN 0.00
age -2.33 15.84
race -2.33 1.45
gender -2.33 0.33
manip_out -2.33 9.94
stress NaN 0.00
isolation -2.33 0.32
social_support -2.33 0.33
ai_manip -2.33 21.70
condition -2.33 0.33
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 2.5
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 7 50.29 37.53 56.0 50.29 48.93 3.0 97.0 94.0 -0.04
identity 2 7 57.57 25.66 59.0 57.57 38.55 27.0 87.0 60.0 -0.04
consent 3 7 2.29 0.49 2.0 2.29 0.00 2.0 3.0 1.0 0.75
age 4 7 43.00 12.01 37.0 43.00 5.93 33.0 60.0 27.0 0.50
race 5 7 4.43 1.51 4.0 4.43 1.48 3.0 6.0 3.0 0.12
gender 6 7 1.57 0.53 2.0 1.57 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.23
manip_out 7 7 33.43 28.72 22.0 33.43 28.17 3.0 71.0 68.0 0.21
stress 8 7 2.50 0.00 2.5 2.50 0.00 2.5 2.5 0.0 NaN
isolation 9 7 2.59 0.47 2.5 2.59 0.59 2.1 3.2 1.1 0.29
social_support 10 7 4.14 0.38 4.0 4.14 0.00 4.0 5.0 1.0 1.62
ai_manip 11 7 53.43 35.52 57.0 53.43 45.96 5.0 92.0 87.0 -0.37
condition 12 7 1.43 0.53 1.0 1.43 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.23
kurtosis se
id -1.97 14.18
identity -2.00 9.70
consent -1.60 0.18
age -1.79 4.54
race -2.16 0.57
gender -2.20 0.20
manip_out -1.99 10.86
stress NaN 0.00
isolation -1.83 0.18
social_support 0.80 0.14
ai_manip -1.72 13.43
condition -2.20 0.20
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 2.6
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 4 59.00 18.49 59.50 59.00 17.79 36.0 81.0 45 -0.06
identity 2 4 57.00 40.77 57.50 57.00 49.67 13.0 100.0 87 -0.01
consent 3 4 2.25 0.50 2.00 2.25 0.00 2.0 3.0 1 0.75
age 4 4 51.50 24.96 45.00 51.50 18.53 31.0 85.0 54 0.38
race 5 4 5.00 1.83 5.00 5.00 2.22 3.0 7.0 4 0.00
gender 6 4 1.75 0.50 2.00 1.75 0.00 1.0 2.0 1 -0.75
manip_out 7 4 68.25 34.64 82.00 68.25 10.38 17.0 92.0 75 -0.69
stress 8 4 2.60 0.00 2.60 2.60 0.00 2.6 2.6 0 NaN
isolation 9 4 2.58 0.43 2.45 2.58 0.22 2.2 3.2 1 0.56
social_support 10 4 4.62 0.95 4.25 4.62 0.37 4.0 6.0 2 0.62
ai_manip 11 4 36.00 30.47 32.00 36.00 31.88 9.0 71.0 62 0.12
condition 12 4 1.25 0.50 1.00 1.25 0.00 1.0 2.0 1 0.75
kurtosis se
id -1.90 9.25
identity -2.29 20.38
consent -1.69 0.25
age -2.01 12.48
race -2.24 0.91
gender -1.69 0.25
manip_out -1.73 17.32
stress NaN 0.00
isolation -1.79 0.22
social_support -1.79 0.47
ai_manip -2.30 15.24
condition -1.69 0.25
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 2.7
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
id 1 1 86.0 NA 86.0 86.0 0 86.0 86.0 0 NA NA
identity 2 1 28.0 NA 28.0 28.0 0 28.0 28.0 0 NA NA
consent 3 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
age 4 1 33.0 NA 33.0 33.0 0 33.0 33.0 0 NA NA
race 5 1 6.0 NA 6.0 6.0 0 6.0 6.0 0 NA NA
gender 6 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
manip_out 7 1 89.0 NA 89.0 89.0 0 89.0 89.0 0 NA NA
stress 8 1 2.7 NA 2.7 2.7 0 2.7 2.7 0 NA NA
isolation 9 1 2.1 NA 2.1 2.1 0 2.1 2.1 0 NA NA
social_support 10 1 4.0 NA 4.0 4.0 0 4.0 4.0 0 NA NA
ai_manip 11 1 94.0 NA 94.0 94.0 0 94.0 94.0 0 NA NA
condition 12 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
se
id NA
identity NA
consent NA
age NA
race NA
gender NA
manip_out NA
stress NA
isolation NA
social_support NA
ai_manip NA
condition NA
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 2.8
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 6 42.00 32.60 26.0 42.00 12.60 14.0 94.0 80.0 0.60
identity 2 6 40.83 36.12 40.0 40.83 55.60 2.0 81.0 79.0 0.02
consent 3 6 2.17 0.41 2.0 2.17 0.00 2.0 3.0 1.0 1.36
age 4 6 40.83 10.70 35.0 40.83 2.97 32.0 56.0 24.0 0.52
race 5 6 3.83 1.17 3.5 3.83 0.74 3.0 6.0 3.0 0.88
gender 6 6 1.83 0.41 2.0 1.83 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -1.36
manip_out 7 6 44.83 28.18 40.5 44.83 32.62 6.0 80.0 74.0 0.01
stress 8 6 2.80 0.00 2.8 2.80 0.00 2.8 2.8 0.0 NaN
isolation 9 6 2.28 0.22 2.2 2.28 0.15 2.0 2.6 0.6 0.26
social_support 10 6 4.32 0.49 4.0 4.32 0.00 4.0 5.0 1.0 0.55
ai_manip 11 6 58.17 24.00 53.0 58.17 26.69 30.0 87.0 57.0 0.19
condition 12 6 1.67 0.52 2.0 1.67 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.54
kurtosis se
id -1.67 13.31
identity -2.10 14.75
consent -0.08 0.17
age -1.91 4.37
race -0.90 0.48
gender -0.08 0.17
manip_out -1.80 11.50
stress NaN 0.00
isolation -1.73 0.09
social_support -1.93 0.20
ai_manip -1.97 9.80
condition -1.96 0.21
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 3
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 38 46.95 29.09 45.5 46.72 36.32 1.0 98.0 97.0 0.02
identity 2 38 50.34 26.86 50.0 50.41 34.10 6.0 95.0 89.0 -0.05
consent 3 38 2.24 0.43 2.0 2.19 0.00 2.0 3.0 1.0 1.19
age 4 38 40.34 12.12 35.0 39.22 5.93 21.0 76.0 55.0 1.10
race 5 38 4.55 1.59 5.5 4.69 0.74 1.0 6.0 5.0 -0.41
gender 6 38 1.50 0.51 1.5 1.50 0.74 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.00
manip_out 7 38 48.39 27.63 44.5 47.84 28.91 4.0 98.0 94.0 0.23
stress 8 38 3.00 0.00 3.0 3.00 0.00 3.0 3.0 0.0 NaN
isolation 9 38 2.65 0.40 2.6 2.64 0.59 2.1 3.5 1.4 0.27
social_support 10 38 4.10 0.38 4.0 4.08 0.00 3.3 5.0 1.7 0.64
ai_manip 11 38 50.08 30.80 51.5 49.78 41.51 1.0 100.0 99.0 0.11
condition 12 38 1.58 0.50 2.0 1.59 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.31
kurtosis se
id -1.28 4.72
identity -1.33 4.36
consent -0.60 0.07
age 0.56 1.97
race -1.38 0.26
gender -2.05 0.08
manip_out -1.09 4.48
stress NaN 0.00
isolation -1.09 0.06
social_support 0.66 0.06
ai_manip -1.34 5.00
condition -1.95 0.08
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 3.2
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 2 87.0 4.24 87.0 87.0 4.45 84.0 90.0 6 0
identity 2 2 66.5 9.19 66.5 66.5 9.64 60.0 73.0 13 0
consent 3 2 3.0 0.00 3.0 3.0 0.00 3.0 3.0 0 NaN
age 4 2 41.0 5.66 41.0 41.0 5.93 37.0 45.0 8 0
race 5 2 5.0 1.41 5.0 5.0 1.48 4.0 6.0 2 0
gender 6 2 1.5 0.71 1.5 1.5 0.74 1.0 2.0 1 0
manip_out 7 2 76.5 24.75 76.5 76.5 25.95 59.0 94.0 35 0
stress 8 2 3.2 0.00 3.2 3.2 0.00 3.2 3.2 0 NaN
isolation 9 2 2.1 0.00 2.1 2.1 0.00 2.1 2.1 0 NaN
social_support 10 2 4.5 0.71 4.5 4.5 0.74 4.0 5.0 1 0
ai_manip 11 2 44.5 53.03 44.5 44.5 55.60 7.0 82.0 75 0
condition 12 2 1.0 0.00 1.0 1.0 0.00 1.0 1.0 0 NaN
kurtosis se
id -2.75 3.0
identity -2.75 6.5
consent NaN 0.0
age -2.75 4.0
race -2.75 1.0
gender -2.75 0.5
manip_out -2.75 17.5
stress NaN 0.0
isolation NaN 0.0
social_support -2.75 0.5
ai_manip -2.75 37.5
condition NaN 0.0
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 3.4
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
id 1 1 19.0 NA 19.0 19.0 0 19.0 19.0 0 NA NA
identity 2 1 54.0 NA 54.0 54.0 0 54.0 54.0 0 NA NA
consent 3 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
age 4 1 36.0 NA 36.0 36.0 0 36.0 36.0 0 NA NA
race 5 1 3.0 NA 3.0 3.0 0 3.0 3.0 0 NA NA
gender 6 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
manip_out 7 1 37.0 NA 37.0 37.0 0 37.0 37.0 0 NA NA
stress 8 1 3.4 NA 3.4 3.4 0 3.4 3.4 0 NA NA
isolation 9 1 2.1 NA 2.1 2.1 0 2.1 2.1 0 NA NA
social_support 10 1 4.0 NA 4.0 4.0 0 4.0 4.0 0 NA NA
ai_manip 11 1 29.0 NA 29.0 29.0 0 29.0 29.0 0 NA NA
condition 12 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
se
id NA
identity NA
consent NA
age NA
race NA
gender NA
manip_out NA
stress NA
isolation NA
social_support NA
ai_manip NA
condition NAdescribeBy(d, group = d$social_support)
Descriptive statistics by group
group: 3
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 2 65.00 36.77 65.00 65.00 38.55 39.0 91.0 52.0 0
identity 2 2 74.50 31.82 74.50 74.50 33.36 52.0 97.0 45.0 0
consent 3 2 2.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.0 0.0 NaN
age 4 2 57.50 31.82 57.50 57.50 33.36 35.0 80.0 45.0 0
race 5 2 5.00 1.41 5.00 5.00 1.48 4.0 6.0 2.0 0
gender 6 2 1.50 0.71 1.50 1.50 0.74 1.0 2.0 1.0 0
manip_out 7 2 80.00 4.24 80.00 80.00 4.45 77.0 83.0 6.0 0
stress 8 2 2.15 0.21 2.15 2.15 0.22 2.0 2.3 0.3 0
isolation 9 2 2.20 0.14 2.20 2.20 0.15 2.1 2.3 0.2 0
social_support 10 2 3.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 0.00 3.0 3.0 0.0 NaN
ai_manip 11 2 60.00 25.46 60.00 60.00 26.69 42.0 78.0 36.0 0
condition 12 2 1.50 0.71 1.50 1.50 0.74 1.0 2.0 1.0 0
kurtosis se
id -2.75 26.00
identity -2.75 22.50
consent NaN 0.00
age -2.75 22.50
race -2.75 1.00
gender -2.75 0.50
manip_out -2.75 3.00
stress -2.75 0.15
isolation -2.75 0.10
social_support NaN 0.00
ai_manip -2.75 18.00
condition -2.75 0.50
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 3.3
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
id 1 1 92.0 NA 92.0 92.0 0 92.0 92.0 0 NA NA
identity 2 1 10.0 NA 10.0 10.0 0 10.0 10.0 0 NA NA
consent 3 1 3.0 NA 3.0 3.0 0 3.0 3.0 0 NA NA
age 4 1 28.0 NA 28.0 28.0 0 28.0 28.0 0 NA NA
race 5 1 6.0 NA 6.0 6.0 0 6.0 6.0 0 NA NA
gender 6 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
manip_out 7 1 69.0 NA 69.0 69.0 0 69.0 69.0 0 NA NA
stress 8 1 3.0 NA 3.0 3.0 0 3.0 3.0 0 NA NA
isolation 9 1 2.1 NA 2.1 2.1 0 2.1 2.1 0 NA NA
social_support 10 1 3.3 NA 3.3 3.3 0 3.3 3.3 0 NA NA
ai_manip 11 1 99.0 NA 99.0 99.0 0 99.0 99.0 0 NA NA
condition 12 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
se
id NA
identity NA
consent NA
age NA
race NA
gender NA
manip_out NA
stress NA
isolation NA
social_support NA
ai_manip NA
condition NA
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 3.5
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 7 42.86 27.33 37.0 42.86 16.31 10.0 95.0 85.0 0.73
identity 2 7 56.00 26.92 51.0 56.00 23.72 17.0 96.0 79.0 0.08
consent 3 7 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.0 0.0 NaN
age 4 7 46.43 22.02 35.0 46.43 4.45 32.0 93.0 61.0 1.25
race 5 7 4.57 1.81 6.0 4.57 0.00 2.0 6.0 4.0 -0.31
gender 6 7 1.43 0.53 1.0 1.43 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.23
manip_out 7 7 35.86 25.52 28.0 35.86 23.72 8.0 84.0 76.0 0.71
stress 8 7 2.51 0.47 2.4 2.51 0.59 2.0 3.0 1.0 0.05
isolation 9 7 2.89 0.44 3.2 2.89 0.00 2.1 3.2 1.1 -0.70
social_support 10 7 3.50 0.00 3.5 3.50 0.00 3.5 3.5 0.0 NaN
ai_manip 11 7 53.14 29.39 61.0 53.14 25.20 13.0 96.0 83.0 -0.05
condition 12 7 1.71 0.49 2.0 1.71 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.75
kurtosis se
id -0.77 10.33
identity -1.54 10.17
consent NaN 0.00
age -0.07 8.32
race -2.04 0.69
gender -2.20 0.20
manip_out -0.93 9.65
stress -2.10 0.18
isolation -1.33 0.17
social_support NaN 0.00
ai_manip -1.61 11.11
condition -1.60 0.18
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 3.8
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
id 1 1 72.0 NA 72.0 72.0 0 72.0 72.0 0 NA NA
identity 2 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
consent 3 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
age 4 1 32.0 NA 32.0 32.0 0 32.0 32.0 0 NA NA
race 5 1 4.0 NA 4.0 4.0 0 4.0 4.0 0 NA NA
gender 6 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
manip_out 7 1 74.0 NA 74.0 74.0 0 74.0 74.0 0 NA NA
stress 8 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
isolation 9 1 2.5 NA 2.5 2.5 0 2.5 2.5 0 NA NA
social_support 10 1 3.8 NA 3.8 3.8 0 3.8 3.8 0 NA NA
ai_manip 11 1 25.0 NA 25.0 25.0 0 25.0 25.0 0 NA NA
condition 12 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
se
id NA
identity NA
consent NA
age NA
race NA
gender NA
manip_out NA
stress NA
isolation NA
social_support NA
ai_manip NA
condition NA
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 4
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 59 52.05 28.54 53.0 52.41 38.55 1 100.0 99.0 -0.14
identity 2 59 48.64 28.26 48.0 48.69 37.06 2 95.0 93.0 0.01
consent 3 59 2.29 0.46 2.0 2.24 0.00 2 3.0 1.0 0.91
age 4 59 40.47 12.01 35.0 39.08 4.45 21 76.0 55.0 1.19
race 5 59 4.64 1.54 6.0 4.78 0.00 1 6.0 5.0 -0.46
gender 6 59 1.47 0.50 1.0 1.47 0.00 1 2.0 1.0 0.10
manip_out 7 59 52.88 30.81 53.0 53.45 38.55 1 100.0 99.0 -0.11
stress 8 59 2.59 0.45 2.8 2.60 0.30 2 3.4 1.4 -0.29
isolation 9 59 2.55 0.39 2.5 2.53 0.44 2 3.5 1.5 0.53
social_support 10 59 4.00 0.00 4.0 4.00 0.00 4 4.0 0.0 NaN
ai_manip 11 59 51.27 30.50 54.0 51.51 38.55 1 100.0 99.0 -0.04
condition 12 59 1.47 0.50 1.0 1.47 0.00 1 2.0 1.0 0.10
kurtosis se
id -1.22 3.72
identity -1.32 3.68
consent -1.19 0.06
age 0.52 1.56
race -1.35 0.20
gender -2.02 0.07
manip_out -1.30 4.01
stress -1.58 0.06
isolation -0.79 0.05
social_support NaN 0.00
ai_manip -1.37 3.97
condition -2.02 0.07
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 4.1
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
id 1 1 98.0 NA 98.0 98.0 0 98.0 98.0 0 NA NA
identity 2 1 83.0 NA 83.0 83.0 0 83.0 83.0 0 NA NA
consent 3 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
age 4 1 58.0 NA 58.0 58.0 0 58.0 58.0 0 NA NA
race 5 1 3.0 NA 3.0 3.0 0 3.0 3.0 0 NA NA
gender 6 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
manip_out 7 1 60.0 NA 60.0 60.0 0 60.0 60.0 0 NA NA
stress 8 1 3.0 NA 3.0 3.0 0 3.0 3.0 0 NA NA
isolation 9 1 2.2 NA 2.2 2.2 0 2.2 2.2 0 NA NA
social_support 10 1 4.1 NA 4.1 4.1 0 4.1 4.1 0 NA NA
ai_manip 11 1 55.0 NA 55.0 55.0 0 55.0 55.0 0 NA NA
condition 12 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
se
id NA
identity NA
consent NA
age NA
race NA
gender NA
manip_out NA
stress NA
isolation NA
social_support NA
ai_manip NA
condition NA
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 4.4
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
id 1 1 60.0 NA 60.0 60.0 0 60.0 60.0 0 NA NA
identity 2 1 23.0 NA 23.0 23.0 0 23.0 23.0 0 NA NA
consent 3 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
age 4 1 32.0 NA 32.0 32.0 0 32.0 32.0 0 NA NA
race 5 1 6.0 NA 6.0 6.0 0 6.0 6.0 0 NA NA
gender 6 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
manip_out 7 1 68.0 NA 68.0 68.0 0 68.0 68.0 0 NA NA
stress 8 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
isolation 9 1 2.5 NA 2.5 2.5 0 2.5 2.5 0 NA NA
social_support 10 1 4.4 NA 4.4 4.4 0 4.4 4.4 0 NA NA
ai_manip 11 1 26.0 NA 26.0 26.0 0 26.0 26.0 0 NA NA
condition 12 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA NA
se
id NA
identity NA
consent NA
age NA
race NA
gender NA
manip_out NA
stress NA
isolation NA
social_support NA
ai_manip NA
condition NA
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 4.5
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 9 41.11 25.32 36.0 41.11 23.72 7.0 78.0 71.0 0.22
identity 2 9 46.22 31.14 45.0 46.22 31.13 5.0 99.0 94.0 0.23
consent 3 9 2.22 0.44 2.0 2.22 0.00 2.0 3.0 1.0 1.12
age 4 9 41.78 16.55 35.0 41.78 4.45 30.0 82.0 52.0 1.53
race 5 9 4.67 2.00 6.0 4.67 1.48 1.0 7.0 6.0 -0.51
gender 6 9 1.56 0.53 2.0 1.56 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.19
manip_out 7 9 44.67 26.67 34.0 44.67 16.31 19.0 88.0 69.0 0.65
stress 8 9 2.82 0.27 3.0 2.82 0.00 2.4 3.0 0.6 -0.70
isolation 9 9 2.62 0.54 2.5 2.62 0.59 2.1 3.5 1.4 0.43
social_support 10 9 4.50 0.00 4.5 4.50 0.00 4.5 4.5 0.0 NaN
ai_manip 11 9 49.44 33.19 53.0 49.44 44.48 2.0 95.0 93.0 -0.09
condition 12 9 1.67 0.50 2.0 1.67 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.59
kurtosis se
id -1.52 8.44
identity -1.40 10.38
consent -0.80 0.15
age 0.96 5.52
race -1.34 0.67
gender -2.17 0.18
manip_out -1.38 8.89
stress -1.56 0.09
isolation -1.68 0.18
social_support NaN 0.00
ai_manip -1.72 11.06
condition -1.81 0.17
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 4.9
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
id 1 1 30.0 NA 30.0 30.0 0 30.0 30.0 0 NA NA
identity 2 1 56.0 NA 56.0 56.0 0 56.0 56.0 0 NA NA
consent 3 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
age 4 1 36.0 NA 36.0 36.0 0 36.0 36.0 0 NA NA
race 5 1 3.0 NA 3.0 3.0 0 3.0 3.0 0 NA NA
gender 6 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
manip_out 7 1 6.0 NA 6.0 6.0 0 6.0 6.0 0 NA NA
stress 8 1 2.8 NA 2.8 2.8 0 2.8 2.8 0 NA NA
isolation 9 1 2.2 NA 2.2 2.2 0 2.2 2.2 0 NA NA
social_support 10 1 4.9 NA 4.9 4.9 0 4.9 4.9 0 NA NA
ai_manip 11 1 46.0 NA 46.0 46.0 0 46.0 46.0 0 NA NA
condition 12 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA NA
se
id NA
identity NA
consent NA
age NA
race NA
gender NA
manip_out NA
stress NA
isolation NA
social_support NA
ai_manip NA
condition NA
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 5
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 15 38.20 29.09 29.0 37.00 37.06 2.0 90.0 88.0 0.32
identity 2 15 59.47 28.40 60.0 60.62 35.58 6.0 98.0 92.0 -0.35
consent 3 15 2.07 0.46 2.0 2.08 0.00 1.0 3.0 2.0 0.28
age 4 15 45.27 16.56 37.0 44.46 8.90 21.0 80.0 59.0 0.64
race 5 15 4.00 1.13 4.0 3.92 1.48 3.0 6.0 3.0 0.55
gender 6 15 1.87 0.35 2.0 1.92 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -1.95
manip_out 7 15 49.60 24.29 51.0 48.85 29.65 10.0 99.0 89.0 0.10
stress 8 15 2.39 0.48 2.0 2.35 0.00 2.0 3.2 1.2 0.52
isolation 9 15 2.50 0.36 2.5 2.48 0.44 2.1 3.2 1.1 0.60
social_support 10 15 5.00 0.00 5.0 5.00 0.00 5.0 5.0 0.0 NaN
ai_manip 11 15 51.47 22.78 50.0 51.31 29.65 15.0 90.0 75.0 -0.04
condition 12 15 1.60 0.51 2.0 1.62 0.00 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.37
kurtosis se
id -1.49 7.51
identity -1.21 7.33
consent 1.27 0.12
age -0.84 4.28
race -1.31 0.29
gender 1.93 0.09
manip_out -0.82 6.27
stress -1.61 0.12
isolation -1.00 0.09
social_support NaN 0.00
ai_manip -1.20 5.88
condition -1.98 0.13
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 5.2
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 2 96.0 4.24 96.0 96.0 4.45 93.0 99.0 6.0 0
identity 2 2 29.0 18.38 29.0 29.0 19.27 16.0 42.0 26.0 0
consent 3 2 2.0 0.00 2.0 2.0 0.00 2.0 2.0 0.0 NaN
age 4 2 33.0 1.41 33.0 33.0 1.48 32.0 34.0 2.0 0
race 5 2 4.5 2.12 4.5 4.5 2.22 3.0 6.0 3.0 0
gender 6 2 1.5 0.71 1.5 1.5 0.74 1.0 2.0 1.0 0
manip_out 7 2 39.5 43.13 39.5 39.5 45.22 9.0 70.0 61.0 0
stress 8 2 2.0 0.00 2.0 2.0 0.00 2.0 2.0 0.0 NaN
isolation 9 2 2.8 0.42 2.8 2.8 0.44 2.5 3.1 0.6 0
social_support 10 2 5.2 0.00 5.2 5.2 0.00 5.2 5.2 0.0 NaN
ai_manip 11 2 28.0 28.28 28.0 28.0 29.65 8.0 48.0 40.0 0
condition 12 2 1.0 0.00 1.0 1.0 0.00 1.0 1.0 0.0 NaN
kurtosis se
id -2.75 3.0
identity -2.75 13.0
consent NaN 0.0
age -2.75 1.0
race -2.75 1.5
gender -2.75 0.5
manip_out -2.75 30.5
stress NaN 0.0
isolation -2.75 0.3
social_support NaN 0.0
ai_manip -2.75 20.0
condition NaN 0.0
------------------------------------------------------------
group: 6
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
id 1 1 62.0 NA 62.0 62.0 0 62.0 62.0 0 NA
identity 2 1 100.0 NA 100.0 100.0 0 100.0 100.0 0 NA
consent 3 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA
age 4 1 85.0 NA 85.0 85.0 0 85.0 85.0 0 NA
race 5 1 4.0 NA 4.0 4.0 0 4.0 4.0 0 NA
gender 6 1 2.0 NA 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 2.0 0 NA
manip_out 7 1 17.0 NA 17.0 17.0 0 17.0 17.0 0 NA
stress 8 1 2.6 NA 2.6 2.6 0 2.6 2.6 0 NA
isolation 9 1 2.4 NA 2.4 2.4 0 2.4 2.4 0 NA
social_support 10 1 6.0 NA 6.0 6.0 0 6.0 6.0 0 NA
ai_manip 11 1 9.0 NA 9.0 9.0 0 9.0 9.0 0 NA
condition 12 1 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 0 NA
kurtosis se
id NA NA
identity NA NA
consent NA NA
age NA NA
race NA NA
gender NA NA
manip_out NA NA
stress NA NA
isolation NA NA
social_support NA NA
ai_manip NA NA
condition NA NA# also use histograms and scatterplots to examine your continuous variables
hist(d$isolation)
hist(d$stress)
hist(d$social_support)
plot(d$isolation, d$social_support)
Check Your Assumptions
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Assumptions
- Should have two measurements for each participant for each variable (confirmed by earlier procedures – we dropped any participants with missing data)
- Variables should be continuous and normally distributed, or assessments of the relationship may be inaccurate (will do below)
- Outliers should be identified and removed, or results will be inaccurate (will do below)
- Relationship between the variables should be linear, or they will not be detected (will do below)
Run a Multiple Linear Regression
To check the assumptions for Pearson’s correlation coefficient, we run our regression and then check our diagnostic plots.
# use the lm() command to run the regression
# dependent/outcome variable on the left, independent/predictor variables on the right
reg_model <- lm(d$isolation ~ d$stress + d$social_support, data = d)Check linearity with Residuals vs Fitted plot
For some examples of good Residuals vs Fitted plot and ones that show serious errors, check out this page.
For your homework, you’ll simply need to generate this plot and talk about how your plot compares to the good and problematic plots linked to above. Is it closer to the ‘good’ plots or one of the ‘bad’ plots? This is going to be a judgement call, and that’s okay! In practice, you’ll always be making these judgement calls as part of a team, so this assignment is just about getting experience with it, not making the perfect call.
plot(reg_model, 1)
Check for outliers using Cook’s distance and a Residuals vs Leverage plot
For your homework, you’ll simply need to generate these plots, assess Cook’s distance in your dataset, and then identify any potential cases that are prominent outliers.
# Cook's distance
plot(reg_model, 4)
# Residuals vs Leverage
plot(reg_model, 5)
Issues with My Data
Cook’s distance and Residuals show considerable variation in the data. This could be caused by a fairly low sample size, or issues with the AI data training. Respondent 52 shows a high enough Cook’s distance to be considered an outlier and would be dropped under normal circumstances.
Run Your Analysis
Run a Correlation Test
Create a Correlation Matrix
# d2 <- subset(d, select=-c(DROP ANY VARIABLES YOU DO NOT WANT IN THE CORRELATION))
corr_output_m <- corr.test(d$stress, d$isolation)View Test Output
- Strong effect: Between |0.50| and |1|
- Moderate effect: Between |0.30| and |0.49|
- Weak effect: Between |0.10| and |0.29|
- Trivial effect: Less than |0.09|
corr_output_mCall:corr.test(x = d$stress, y = d$isolation)
Correlation matrix
[1] 0.02
Sample Size
[1] 100
These are the unadjusted probability values.
The probability values adjusted for multiple tests are in the p.adj object.
[1] 0.81
To see confidence intervals of the correlations, print with the short=FALSE optionRun a Correlation Test
Create a Correlation Matrix
# d2 <- subset(d, select=-c(DROP ANY VARIABLES YOU DO NOT WANT IN THE CORRELATION))
corr_output_m <- corr.test(d$social_support, d$isolation)View Test Output
- Strong effect: Between |0.50| and |1|
- Moderate effect: Between |0.30| and |0.49|
- Weak effect: Between |0.10| and |0.29|
- Trivial effect: Less than |0.09|
corr_output_mCall:corr.test(x = d$social_support, y = d$isolation)
Correlation matrix
[1] -0.04
Sample Size
[1] 100
These are the unadjusted probability values.
The probability values adjusted for multiple tests are in the p.adj object.
[1] 0.69
To see confidence intervals of the correlations, print with the short=FALSE optionWrite Up Results
Correlation Test
My hypothesis was that higher levels of reported perceived stress would correlate with higher levels of isolation, and that higher levels of social support would correlate with lower levels of isolation. The data showed significant variance and one outlier was present, but not removed. The correlation tests found a trivial positive relationship between stress and isolation (r = 0.02) and a trivial negative relationship between social support and isolation (r = -0.04). As such, there is not enough evidence to support either H1 or H2.
References
Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York, NY: Routledge Academic.