Chapter Two: It is All About Nitrogen, Reducing Rates with Plant Biostimulants in Springtime Malting Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)







































































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Chapter Three: Sodden Spring: the impact of biostimulant use on waterlogged Irish malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the greenhouse.





























































Chapter Four: Plant Biostimulants Beyond Plant Stimulation: Effects on Nitrous Oxide and Soil Microbiome.

ITS Alpha Diversity Indices

ITS analysis
Day 0
Day 10
Alpha diversity Indice High N Low N Bacteria + Low-N Hydrolysate + Low-N Seaweed + Low-N High N Low N Bacteria + Low-N Hydrolysate + Low-N Seaweed + Low-N
Chao 671.384 (19.141) 736.222 (7.852) 763.324 (25.033) 727.818 (30.381) 701.044 (9.422) 711.133 (69.721) 652.956 (45.53) 565.331 (17.864) 568.062 (13.035) 650.447 (36.948)
Dominance 0.13 (0.012) 0.132 (0.01) 0.133 (0.004) 0.13 (0.015) 0.114 (0.005) 0.122 (0.018) 0.138 (0.004) 0.14 (0.003) 0.159 (0.014) 0.157 (0.037)
Observed features 664 (20.384) 724 (8.689) 755.5 (24.415) 718.5 (30.41) 695 (9.174) 700.25 (65.728) 645.75 (45.491) 560.75 (17.571) 561 (11.804) 642.75 (36.197)
Pielou 0.553 (0.014) 0.556 (0.012) 0.547 (0.005) 0.55 (0.021) 0.567 (0.004) 0.548 (0.016) 0.531 (0.005) 0.524 (0.003) 0.506 (0.005) 0.496 (0.036)
Shannon 5.19 (0.16) 5.279 (0.109) 5.23 (0.064) 5.223 (0.229) 5.348 (0.038) 5.171 (0.185) 4.952 (0.048) 4.782 (0.047) 4.616 (0.056) 4.627 (0.372)
Simpson 0.87 (0.012) 0.869 (0.01) 0.867 (0.004) 0.87 (0.015) 0.886 (0.005) 0.878 (0.018) 0.862 (0.004) 0.86 (0.003) 0.841 (0.014) 0.843 (0.037)

16S Alpha Diversity Indices

16S analysis
Day 0
Day 10
Alpha diversity Indice High N Low N Bacteria + Low-N Hydrolysate + Low-N Seaweed + Low-N High N Low N Bacteria + Low-N Hydrolysate + Low-N Seaweed + Low-N
Chao 1709.874 (84.3757) 1689.195 (39.7168) 1644.2708 (48.9297) 1572.385 (85.4785) 1600.34 (28.222) 1726.7235 (19.2964) 1717.3818 (38.751) 1787.3213 (58.3558) 1722.5628 (22.1255) 1744.3933 (60.3036)
Dominance 0.0093 (0.0015) 0.0105 (0.0006) 0.0118 (0.0003) 0.0125 (0.0018) 0.0105 (0.0006) 0.0093 (0.0006) 0.0093 (0.0003) 0.008 (0.0007) 0.0093 (0.0003) 0.0093 (0.0006)
Observed features 1692.25 (81.6306) 1672 (40.2823) 1627.5 (47.5123) 1557.25 (84.6408) 1584 (25.2949) 1710.5 (18.3235) 1702.25 (35.5841) 1771.5 (56.0305) 1707.25 (21.484) 1727.25 (58.0221)
Pielou 0.8048 (0.0116) 0.79 (0.0048) 0.7798 (0.0037) 0.7753 (0.0134) 0.7868 (0.0043) 0.8043 (0.0052) 0.801 (0.0027) 0.8128 (0.008) 0.8028 (0.0025) 0.8033 (0.0046)
Shannon 8.6303 (0.1784) 8.459 (0.0783) 8.3183 (0.0585) 8.2223 (0.199) 8.361 (0.0528) 8.6368 (0.0634) 8.5995 (0.0498) 8.7705 (0.1188) 8.6175 (0.0311) 8.6383 (0.0841)
Simson 0.9908 (0.0015) 0.9895 (0.0006) 0.9883 (0.0003) 0.9875 (0.0018) 0.9895 (0.0006) 0.9908 (0.0006) 0.9908 (0.0003) 0.992 (0.0007) 0.9908 (0.0003) 0.9908 (0.0006)

Chapter Five: Biostimulants, Nitrogen Stabilisers and Nitrous oxide Emissions; a Field Trial in Winter Barley ()