1. Why Unemployment Affects Education More Than School Funding
Created by Olivia Staud. Updated April 28, 2025
This is a draft of a report on the relationship between school
funding, unemployment, and student achievement in West Virginia. The
data used in this report is from the West Virginia Department of
Education and the U.S. Census Bureau. I’m using test score data, school
spending information, and unemployment rates to see whether economic
conditions or school funding has a bigger impact on student performance.
Will provide results and stats here in final version.
Load assessment data
2. Data Description
I’m using three main datasets for this analysis:
- Science proficiency scores from WV Department of Education
(2021)
- School spending information from US Census Bureau (2022)
- County unemployment rates from Bureau of Labor Statistics
I cleaned the data by removing educational service cooperatives and
standardizing county names.
Key variables:
- Science proficiency: Percentage of students meeting
standards
- Unemployment rate: County-level unemployment
percentage
- Per-pupil spending: Total spending per student
- Revenue sources: Federal, state, and local funding
amounts
Joined data

3. Methods
I’m using correlation analysis to identify relationships between
economic factors, funding sources, and educational outcomes.
Correlations

Linear Regression Model
I still need to: - Build a linear regression model - Analyze which
variables have the strongest impact on proficiency - Calculate the
R-squared value
Error in if (is.null(geom_args[["fill"]]) && nrow(data) == 0) { :
missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed
4. Limitations
- The data comes from different time periods (2021 for assessment
data, 2022 for spending)
- County-level data might hide differences between schools in the same
county
- The analysis doesn’t account for other factors like parental
education levels
I need to add more limitations in my final version.
5. References
Will complete references section in final version.
---
title: "WV County Education Outcomes Prediction (Draft)"
output: html_notebook
---

```{r setup, include=FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE, warning = FALSE, message = FALSE)
```

#### 1. Why Unemployment Affects Education More Than School Funding
*Created by Olivia Staud. Updated April 28, 2025*

*This is a draft of a report on the relationship between school funding, unemployment, and student achievement in West Virginia. The data used in this report is from the West Virginia Department of Education and the U.S. Census Bureau. I'm using test score data, school spending information, and unemployment rates to see whether economic conditions or school funding has a bigger impact on student performance. Will provide results and stats here in final version.*

## Load assessment data

```{r}
library(tidyverse)
library(caret)
library(rpart)
library(readxl)
library(janitor)


assessment_path <- './wv ed student achievement/Historical_AssessmentResults_SY15-to-SY21.xlsx'


t_assess_raw_school <- read_excel(path = assessment_path,
                           sheet = 'SY21 School & District',
                           range = 'b2:f7312')


t_assess_raw_science <- read_excel(path = assessment_path,
                           sheet = 'SY21 School & District',
                           range = 'db3:db7312', 
                           col_names = c('science_proficiency'),
                           na = '**')

t_assess_raw <- t_assess_raw_school %>%
  bind_cols(t_assess_raw_science) %>% 
  janitor::clean_names()  


# Remove subgroups
t_assess <- t_assess_raw %>% 
  filter(school == 999) %>% 
  filter(population_group == 'Total Population') %>% 
  filter(county != 'Statewide') %>% 
  mutate(proficiency = as.numeric(science_proficiency))  

print(t_assess)

```

#### 2. Data Description

I'm using three main datasets for this analysis:

- Science proficiency scores from WV Department of Education (2021)
- School spending information from US Census Bureau (2022)
- County unemployment rates from Bureau of Labor Statistics

I cleaned the data by removing educational service cooperatives and standardizing county names.

Key variables:

- **Science proficiency**: Percentage of students meeting standards
- **Unemployment rate**: County-level unemployment percentage
- **Per-pupil spending**: Total spending per student
- **Revenue sources**: Federal, state, and local funding amounts

## Load spending data

```{r}
spending_path <- './us census ed spending/elsec22t.xls'

t_spending_raw <- read_excel(path = spending_path,
                           sheet = 'elsec22t',
                           range = 'a1:gb14106') %>% 
  janitor::clean_names()


cooperates <- c('MOUNTAIN STATE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES COOPERATIVE',
                'EASTERN PANHANDLE INSTRUCTIONAL COOPERATIVE',
                'SOUTHERN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES COOPERATIVE')

t_spending <- t_spending_raw %>% 
  filter(state == 49) %>% 
  filter(!name %in% cooperates) %>% 
  select(name, enroll, tfedrev, tstrev, tlocrev, totalexp, ppcstot) %>% 
  mutate(county = str_to_title(str_split_i(name, ' ',1)),
         county = ifelse(county == 'Mc', 'McDowell', county))


print(t_spending)
```

## Load demographic data

```{r}

  

t_demographics_unemployed <- read_csv('./demographics/unemployed.csv', 
                            skip = 4,
                            na = 'N/A') %>%
  janitor::clean_names() %>% 
  filter(county != 'West Virginia',
         county != 'United States',
         !is.na(value_percent)) %>% 
  select(county, value_percent) %>%
  rename(unemployed = value_percent)

#removing County from county names
t_demographics_unemployed <- t_demographics_unemployed %>%
  mutate(county = gsub(" County", "", county))

t_demographics <-  t_demographics_unemployed

print(t_demographics)
```

## Joined data

```{r}

# Merge data
t_merged <- t_assess %>%
  select(county, proficiency) %>%
  left_join(t_demographics, by = "county") %>%
  left_join(t_spending %>% 
              select(county, enroll, ppcstot, tfedrev, tstrev, tlocrev), 
            by = "county") %>%
  drop_na() %>%
  mutate(
    pp_fed_rev = tfedrev / enroll,
    pp_state_rev = tstrev / enroll,
    pp_local_rev = tlocrev / enroll
  )

# histograms of variables
par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
hist(t_merged$unemployed, main = "County Unemployment Rates", 
     xlab = "Unemployment (%)", col = "pink", breaks = 10)
hist(t_merged$ppcstot, main = "Per Pupil Spending", 
     xlab = "Dollars per Student", col = "lightgreen", breaks = 10)
hist(t_merged$proficiency, main = "Science Proficiency", 
     xlab = "Proficiency (%)", col = "lightyellow", breaks = 10)
hist(t_merged$pp_local_rev, main = "Local Revenue per Student", 
     xlab = "Dollars per Student", col = "lightblue", breaks = 10)
par(mfrow = c(1, 1))
```

#### 3. Methods

I'm using correlation analysis to identify relationships between economic factors, funding sources, and educational outcomes. 


## Correlations

```{r}
library(ggcorrplot)

numeric_vars <- t_merged %>%
  select(proficiency, unemployed, ppcstot, pp_fed_rev, pp_state_rev, pp_local_rev)
corr_matrix <- cor(numeric_vars, use = "complete.obs")

ggcorrplot(corr_matrix, 
           hc.order = TRUE, 
           type = "lower",
           lab = TRUE,
           lab_size = 3,
           title = "Correlation Matrix of Key Variables")


```


## Linear Regression Model

``` {r} 

```

I still need to:
- Build a linear regression model
- Analyze which variables have the strongest impact on proficiency
- Calculate the R-squared value

``` {r}
#library(usmap)

#plot_usmap(data = t, 
 #          values = "proficiency", 
  #         include = 'West Virginia') + 
  #scale_fill_continuous(name = "Proficiency",
   #                     low = 'red',
    #                    high = 'blue') + 
  #theme(legend.position = "right") +
  #labs('Proficiency')



```

#### 4. Limitations

- The data comes from different time periods (2021 for assessment data, 2022 for spending)
- County-level data might hide differences between schools in the same county
- The analysis doesn't account for other factors like parental education levels

I need to add more limitations in my final version.

#### 5. References

Will complete references section in final version.

