Alpha Diversity

Alpha Diversity Associations

Figure 1. Summary of alpha diversity analysis results, categorized by metric type: richness (observed OTUs/ASVs, Chao1), richness and evenness (Shannon index, Simpson index, and/or alongside richness metrics), and phylogenetic diversity (Faith’s Phylogenetic Diversity).

Geographic Distribution of Alpha Diversity Associations

Figure 2. Geographical distribution of studies examining alpha diversity measures and their association with SEP. Blue indicates a positive association (as SEP increases, alpha diversity increases), while red represents a negative association (as SEP decreases, alpha diversity increases). Only studies reporting a significant association are displayed.

Beta Diversity

Beta Diversity Associations

Figure 3. Summary of beta diversity analysis results across the reviewed literature.

Taxonomic Composition

Phylum-Level Taxonomic Associations with SEP

Figure 4. Taxonomic associations at the phylum level with SEP across the reviewed literature. Blue indicates a positive association (taxa are more abundant in higher SEP), while red represents a negative association (taxa are more abundant in lower SEP). Only taxa reported in at least two studies are shown. The number above each bar represents the number of associations. (a) Overall associations across all populations. (b) Associations stratifed by Western and Non-Western populations.

Class-Level Taxonomic Associations with SEP

Figure 5. Taxonomic associations at the class level with SEP across the reviewed literature. Blue indicates a positive association (taxa are more abundant in higher SEP), while red represents a negative association (taxa are more abundant in lower SEP). Only taxa reported in at least two studies are shown. The number above each bar represents the number of associations. (a) Overall associations across all populations. (b) Associations stratifed by Western and Non-Western populations.

Order-Level Taxonomic Associations with SEP

Figure 6. Taxonomic associations at the order level with SEP across the reviewed literature. Blue indicates a positive association (taxa are more abundant in higher SEP), while red represents a negative association (taxa are more abundant in lower SEP). Only taxa reported in at least two studies are shown. The number above each bar represents the number of associations. (a) Overall associations across all populations. (b) Associations stratifed by Western and Non-Western populations.

Family-Level Taxonomic Associations with SEP

Figure 7. Taxonomic associations at the family level with SEP across the reviewed literature. Blue indicates a positive association (taxa are more abundant in higher SEP), while red represents a negative association (taxa are more abundant in lower SEP). Only taxa reported in at least two studies are shown. The number above each bar represents the number of associations. (a) Overall associations across all populations. (b) Associations stratifed by Western and Non-Western populations.

Genus-Level Taxonomic Associations with SEP

Figure 8. Taxonomic associations at the genus level with SEP across the reviewed literature. Blue indicates a positive association (taxa are more abundant in higher SEP), while red represents a negative association (taxa are more abundant in lower SEP). Only taxa reported in at least two studies are shown. The number above each bar represents the number of associations. (a) Overall associations across all populations. (b) Associations stratifed by Western and Non-Western populations.

Species-Level Taxonomic Associations with SEP

Figure 9. Taxonomic associations at the species level with SEP across the reviewed literature. Blue indicates a positive association (taxa are more abundant in higher SEP), while red represents a negative association (taxa are more abundant in lower SEP). Only taxa reported in at least two studies are shown. The number above each bar represents the number of associations. (a) Overall associations across all populations. (b) Associations stratifed by Western and Non-Western populations.